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Gogoi B, Acharjee SA, Bharali P, Sorhie V, Walling B, Alemtoshi. A critical review on the ecotoxicity of heavy metal on multispecies in global context: A bibliometric analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118280. [PMID: 38272294 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) have become a significant concern in the current era, with deleterious effects on diverse living organisms when exposed beyond threshold concentrations. Both nature and human beings have been constantly casting out HMs into environmental matrices through various activities. Innumerable cases of threatened diseases such as cancer, respiratory ailments, reproductive defects, skin diseases, and several others have been a cause of significant concern for humans as the number of instances has been increasing with each decade. HMs migrates via several pathways to infiltrate biological organisms and amass within them. Even though numerous treatment approaches are available for remediating HM pollution, however, they are expensive, along with other setbacks. Due to such constraints, combating HM contamination requires environmentally conscious strategies like bioremediation, which employs an array of biological systems to remove HMs from the environment. Nonetheless, to address the current global HM pollution situation, it is critical to comprehend not only how these hazardous HMs cause toxicity in various living organisms but also the knowledge gaps that currently exist concerning the subject of HM ecotoxicity. In the present investigation, data was extracted from Google Scholar using software program called Harzing's Publish or Perish. The collected information has been subsequently displayed as a network file using the VOSViewer software tool. Thus, the current review presents a significant insight with the inclusion of a readily accessible bibliometric analysis to comprehend the present status of HMs research, global research trends, existing knowledge discrepancies, and research challenges. Further, it also provides an in-depth review of HMs ecotoxicity, with a focus on arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb). Thus, as indicated by the bibliometric study, the present review will assist future investigators studying HMs ecotoxicity by providing baseline data concerning a wide range of living organisms and by addressing research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyudoy Gogoi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Shiva Aley Acharjee
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Pranjal Bharali
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India.
| | - Viphrezolie Sorhie
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Bendangtula Walling
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
| | - Alemtoshi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, HQ: Lumami, Zunheboto-798627, Nagaland, India
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Astuti RDP, Maria R, Nurohman H, Shoedarto RM, Rusydi AF, Marganingrum D, Damayanti R, Mulyono A, Rahayudin Y, Dida EN, Yuliyanti A. Potentially toxic elements contamination in the water resources: an integrated risk assessment approach in the upper Citarum watershed area. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2024; 46:77. [PMID: 38367034 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01818-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
The Citarum watershed is West Java Province's most important water resource; hence, harmful compounds should be monitored regularly. This study assessed pollution levels along with ecological and health risks from Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Hg contamination in river water, sediment, groundwater, and soil in Citarum's upper watershed. In river water, the average amounts of Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Hg were 0.002, 0.05, 0.092, 0.649, 0.022, 0.001, and 0.421 mg/L. In sediment, they were 7.4, 1175.1, 32,289.9, 37.3, 3.9, and 0.015 mg/kg. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cr, and Hg in groundwater were 0.004, 0.046, 0.567, 0.366, 0.019, 0.001, and 0.177 mg/L, and in soil, BDL, 10.2, 744.6, 50,094.1, 45.6, 5.9, and 0.015 mg/kg. The river water and groundwater were highly polluted by PTEs, with HPI values of 14,733 and 933, respectively. While PTEs pollution levels and risk in sediment and soil were low based on I-geo, CF, PLI, and M-ERM-Q values, PTEs contamination in river water may cause adverse impacts on aquatic living organisms (HQ > 1). The population doing recreational activities in river ecosystems was still safe from non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic impacts due to PTEs exposure from river water and sediment (THI < 1 and TCR value < 1E-04), while the population in the upper Citarum River was not safe from the carcinogenic risk due to PTE exposure from groundwater and soil (TCR > 1E-04). The sensitivity analysis showed that Cd concentration in groundwater is the most influential factor in cancer risk, with a total contribution of 99.9%. Therefore, a reduction in Cd concentration in groundwater is important to reduce cancer risk in the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Dwi Puji Astuti
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60155, Indonesia.
| | - Rizka Maria
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia.
| | - Heri Nurohman
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | | | - Anna Fadliah Rusydi
- Research Center for Limnology and Water Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Dyah Marganingrum
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damayanti
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Asep Mulyono
- Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Yudi Rahayudin
- Polytechnic of Energy and Mining, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, Bandung, 40211, Indonesia
| | - Eki Naidania Dida
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
| | - Anita Yuliyanti
- Research Center for Geological Resources, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bandung, 40135, Indonesia
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Aly SM, Elfiky S, Mohamed YG, Soliman RAM, Shalaby N, Beauval N, Gaulier JM, Allorge D, Omran A. Lead, Mercury, and Cadmium Concentrations in Blood Products Transfused to Neonates: Elimination Not Just Mitigation. TOXICS 2023; 11:712. [PMID: 37624217 PMCID: PMC10458708 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) are identified as potent developmental neurotoxicants. Neonates are the main group receiving multiple blood transfusions. The exposure of neonates to these heavy metals (HMs) can occur through blood transfusions. This study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium (Cd) in various blood products (plasma, platelets, packed red blood cells (pRBCs), and whole blood (WB)) to explore the probability of concurrent exposure of these HMs and to identify the metal load per transfusion with risk assessment. Residual bloods from blood bank bags were collected after neonatal transfusion. Pb, Hg, and Cd concentrations were determined in 120 samples of blood products by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Pb and Cd levels were over the normal levels in 19.2 and 5.9% of all blood units, respectively. In 35 and 0.8% of blood units, the Pb and Cd concentrations, respectively, were higher than that recommended for transfusions in premature neonates. The anticipated safe value was surpassed by 2.5% for Cd of all transfusions, primarily because of WB. However, Hg was detected only in 5.8% of all samples and their concentrations were within the normal range. The concurrent neonatal exposure to Pb, Hg, and Cd was statistically significant. Hazard quotients of Hg and Cr were >1 and Pb cancer risk was 2.41 × 10-4. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first report examining Pb, Hg, and Cd in blood products other than WB and pRBCs using ICP-MS. This study demonstrated the exposure of neonates to Pb, Hg, and Cd during transfusion with a considerable amount of Pb. It confirms the significant concurrent exposure to the three HMs, which maximize their potential developmental neurotoxicity with a high probability of developing non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa M. Aly
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Samar Elfiky
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Yasmine G. Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Radwa A. M. Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Nancy Shalaby
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Damietta University, New Damietta 34517, Egypt
| | - Nicolas Beauval
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université de Lille, ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaulier
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université de Lille, ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Delphine Allorge
- CHU Lille, Service de Toxicologie-Génopathies, F-59000 Lille, France
- Université de Lille, ULR 4483—IMPECS—IMPact de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ahmed Omran
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Varrica D, Alaimo MG. Determination of Water-Soluble Trace Elements in the PM 10 and PM 2.5 of Palermo Town (Italy). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:724. [PMID: 36613045 PMCID: PMC9819477 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study contributes to the current knowledge on the solubility of trace elements in the atmospheric particulate matter of the urban area of Palermo. Daily sample filters of PM10 and PM2.5 were collected in monitoring stations within and outside the urban area, characterized by variable traffic density. The bulk of compositions in PM10 and PM2.5 were determined by ICP-MS. The water-soluble trace elements (WSTE) and major ion components of particulate matter were determined by ICP-MS and ion chromatography, respectively. A significant difference in the metals content was observed between the samples taken in urban areas and those from suburban areas. The calculated enrichment factor highlights the high values for Cu, Mo, Sb, V, and Zn, confirming the contribution of human activities. The leaching test was applied to PM10 and PM2.5 filters and showed different behaviors and transport of metals and metalloids. The calculated leaching coefficient highlights the metals typically produced by anthropic activities, compared to those of geogenic origin, are much more soluble in water and have greater mobility. The factor analysis was used to identify the sources of water-soluble ions. The main sources are anthropic, geogenic, and sea spray. The final objective of this study is to obtain, with the aid of leaching experiments on PM2.5 and PM10 filter samples, information about the bioavailability and mobility of the different metals and metalloids that could be used as the scientific basis for public health intervention and to raise the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the urban environment, especially in densely populated areas.
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Dai L, Wang L, Wan X, Yang J, Wang Y, Liang T, Song H, Shaheen SM, Antoniadis V, Rinklebe J. Potentially toxic elements exposure biomonitoring in the elderly around the largest polymetallic rare earth ore mining and smelting area in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158635. [PMID: 36087673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) can be released during mining operations and ore processing. The pollution and health risk related to PTEs in total suspended particulates (TSPs) around the largest polymetallic rare earth mining area (Bayan Obo) and smelting area (Baotou) in Inner Mongolia, China, were evaluated. PTEs in the hair of the elderly living in these two areas and a reference area (Hohhot) were also examined. Relationships between PTEs in TSPs and hair with categorical factors (location, gender, etc.) were also modeled. Multivariate statistical analyses were carried out to analyze the possible sources of the PTEs in TSPs. The bubble maps of the concentrations of PTEs indicated that high concentrations of PTEs were near the industrial area where smelting plants and power plants were located. In addition, health risks were assessed for adults in the mining and smelting area. The carcinogenic risk of Cr was high for residents in the study areas. Also, the residents were exposed to a non-carcinogenic risk of Ni. Significant mean value differences were observed between PTEs in the hair of the elderly in Baotou and Hohhot. Results of the linear regression model indicated that around 31 % of the Pb in hair could be explained by the linear regression model, it could be affected by Ni and Zn in TSPs, but location, gender, and sampling time showed no significant contribution. Age was not significantly associated with the PTEs levels in hair in Baotou and Bayan Obo. The results provide important scientific evidence for a better understanding of the effects of PTEs in TSPs in polymetallic ore mining and smelting areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lingqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Xiaoming Wan
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hocheol Song
- Department of Environment, Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Vasileios Antoniadis
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Greece
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
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Mendoza-Cano O, Murillo-Zamora E, Ochoa-Martínez ÁC, Mendoza-Olivo VA, Ríos-Silva M, Trujillo X, Huerta M, Bricio-Barrios JA, Benites-Godínez V, González-Curiel I, Pérez-Rodríguez RY, Pelallo-Martínez NA, Lugo-Radillo A. Insight into the Burden of Malignant Respiratory Tumors and their Relationship with Smoking Rates and Lead Contamination in Mexico. TOXICS 2022; 10:708. [PMID: 36422916 PMCID: PMC9699460 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10110708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to report the results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 related to respiratory malignant tumors (tracheal, bronchial, and lung) in Mexico. We also evaluated the relationship between the burden of these neoplasms and the proportion of daily smokers and total lead emissions in 2019. A cross-sectional analysis of ecological data was performed. The burden of these tumors was 152,189 disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and years of life lost (YLL) contributed to 99% of them. The highest DALYs rates (per 100,000) were observed in the states of Sinaloa, Chihuahua, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Nayarit. We documented a linear relationship between the DALYs rates and the prevalence of daily smokers (β = 8.50, 95% CI 1.58-15.38) and the total lead emissions (tons/year: β = 4.04, 95% CI 0.07-8.01). If later replicated, our study would provide insight into the major relevance of regulating tobacco use and the activities associated with the production of lead dust and other hazardous contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Mendoza-Cano
- Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Colima, km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán C.P. 28400, Colima, Mexico
| | - Efrén Murillo-Zamora
- Departamento de Epidemiología, Unidad de Medicina Familiar No. 19, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Av. Javier Mina 301, Col. Centro, Colima C.P. 28000, Colima, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad 333, Col. Las Víboras, Colima C.P. 28040, Colima, Mexico
| | - Ángeles Catalina Ochoa-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Coordinación Para La Innovación y Aplicación de La Ciencia y La Tecnología (CIACyT), Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Col. Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, Col. Lomas los Filtros, San Luis Potosí C.P. 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Valeria Argentina Mendoza-Olivo
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán C.P. 28400, Colima, Mexico
| | - Mónica Ríos-Silva
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima—CONACyT, Av. 25 de Julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima C.P. 28045, Colima, Mexico
| | - Xóchitl Trujillo
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de Julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima C.P. 28045, Colima, Mexico
| | - Miguel Huerta
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Av. 25 de Julio 965, Col. Villas San Sebastián, Colima C.P. 28045, Colima, Mexico
| | - Jaime Alberto Bricio-Barrios
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Av. Universidad 333, Col. Las Víboras, Colima C.P. 28040, Colima, Mexico
| | - Verónica Benites-Godínez
- Coordinación de Educación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Calzada del Ejercito Nacional 14, Col. Fray Junípero Serra, Tepic C.P. 63160, Nayarit, Mexico
- Unidad Académica de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Ciudad de la Cultura Amado Nervo, Tepic C.P. 631555, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Irma González-Curiel
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Campus UAZ, Siglo XXI. Carr. Zacatecas-Guadalajara Km. 6., Zacatecas C.P. 98160, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Rebeca Yasmín Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, DCNE, University of Guanajuato, Campus Guanajuato, Guanajuato C.P. 36700, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nadia Azenet Pelallo-Martínez
- Facultad de Ingeniería Civil, Universidad de Colima, km. 9 Carretera Colima-Coquimatlán, Coquimatlán C.P. 28400, Colima, Mexico
| | - Agustín Lugo-Radillo
- CONACYT—Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Oaxaca C.P. 68020, Oaxaca, Mexico
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Optimization of Carboniferous Egyptian Kaolin Treatment for Pharmaceutical Applications. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14042388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper quantitatively determines the occurrences of potentially toxic elements in Carboniferous kaolin in southwestern Sinai, Egypt. This research describes, in detail, the experimental treatment optimization to be used in pharmaceutical applications. The concentrations of As, Co, Ni, Pb, and V in these kaolin deposits exceed the Permitted Concentrations of Elemental Impurities for oral use in pharmaceutical applications. Herein, six desorbing agents (acetic acid, citric acid, DTPA, EDDS, EDTA, and NTA) were utilized as extracting solutions in batch-wise extractions to select the proper reagents. Parameters such as the pH, the mixing speed and time, and the solid–solution ratio were varied to optimize the extraction conditions. The findings indicate that citric acid and EDTA were effective in the removal of the aforementioned elements. The results reveal that the optimum removal of potentially toxic elements from kaolin can be achieved using citric acid and EDTA concentrations of 0.2 M and 0.1 M, respectively, for the treatment of 5 g of kaolin, under a pH of 4 for citric acid, and a pH of 10 for EDTA. The ideal mixing speed and time are 500 rpm and 6 h, respectively. Using 1:10 S/L of citric acid and EDTA showed removal rates of 100% for all the investigated PTEs. We recommend this treatment for different kinds of kaolin showing various degrees of contamination.
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