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Díaz-Asencio L, Chamero-Lago D, Rojas-Abrahantes GL, Alonso-Hernández CM, Dechraoui Bottein MY. Establishing a Receptor Binding Assay for Ciguatoxins: Challenges, Assay Performance and Application. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:60. [PMID: 38276536 PMCID: PMC10818520 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatera, a global issue, lacks adequate capacity for ciguatoxin analysis in most affected countries. The Caribbean region, known for its endemic ciguatera and being home to a majority of the global small island developing states, particularly needs established methods for ciguatoxin detection in seafood and the environment. The radioligand receptor binding assay (r-RBA) is among the in vitro bioassays currently used for ciguatoxin analysis; however, similarly to the other chemical-based or bioassays that have been developed, it faces challenges due to limited standards and interlaboratory comparisons. This work presents a single laboratory validation of an r-RBA developed in a Cuban laboratory while characterizing the performance of the liquid scintillation counter instrument as a key external parameter. The results obtained show the assay is precise, accurate and robust, confirming its potential as a routine screening method for the detection and quantification of ciguatoxins. The new method will aid in identifying high-risk ciguatoxic fish in Cuba and the Caribbean region, supporting monitoring and scientific management of ciguatera and the development of early warning systems to enhance food safety and food security, and promote fair trade fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Díaz-Asencio
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (D.C.-L.); (G.L.R.-A.)
| | - Donaida Chamero-Lago
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (D.C.-L.); (G.L.R.-A.)
| | - Gabriel L. Rojas-Abrahantes
- Centro de Estudios Ambientales de Cienfuegos (CEAC), Carretera a Castillo de Jagua Km 1 ½ Ciudad Nuclear, Cienfuegos 59350, Cuba; (D.C.-L.); (G.L.R.-A.)
| | - Carlos M. Alonso-Hernández
- Marine Environment Laboratories, Department of Nuclear Science and Application, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, 98000 Monaco, Monaco;
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Parsons ML, Richlen ML, Smith TB, Anderson DM, Abram AL, Erdner DL, Robertson A. CiguaMOD I: A conceptual model of ciguatoxin loading in the Greater Caribbean Region. HARMFUL ALGAE 2024; 131:102561. [PMID: 38212086 PMCID: PMC10784636 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most common form of phycotoxin-borne seafood poisoning globally, affecting thousands of people on an annual basis. It most commonly occurs in residential fish of coral reefs, which consume toxin-laden algae, detritus, and reef animals. The class of toxins that cause CP, ciguatoxins (CTXs), originate in benthic, epiphytic dinoflagellates of the genera, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which are consumed by herbivores and detritivores that facilitate food web transfer. A number of factors have hindered adequate environmental monitoring and seafood surveillance for ciguatera including the low concentrations in which the toxins are found in seafood causing illness (sub-ppb), a lack of knowledge on the toxicity equivalence of other CTXs and contribution of other benthic algal toxins to the disease, and the limited availability of quantified toxin standards and reference materials. While progress has been made on the identification of the dinoflagellate taxa and toxins responsible for CP, more effort is needed to better understand the dynamics of toxin transfer into reef food webs in order to implement a practical monitoring program for CP. Here, we present a conceptual model that utilizes empirical field data (temperature, Gambierdiscus cell densities, macrophyte cover) in concert with other published studies (grazing rates and preference) to produce modeling outputs that suggest approaches that may be beneficial to developing monitoring programs: 1) targeting specific macrophytes for Gambierdiscus and toxin measurements to monitor toxin levels at the base of the food web (i.e., toxin loading); and 2) adjusting these targets across sites and over seasons. Coupling this approach with other methodologies being incorporated into monitoring programs (artificial substrates; FISH probes; toxin screening) may provide an "early warning" system to develop strategic responses to potential CP flare ups in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Parsons
- The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA.
| | - Mindy L Richlen
- Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Tyler B Smith
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands 00802, USA
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, MS #32, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Ashley L Abram
- The Water School, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Blvd South, Fort Myers, FL 33965, USA
| | - Deana L Erdner
- University of Texas Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX 78373, USA
| | - Alison Robertson
- School of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA; Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, AL 36528, USA
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Clausing RJ, Ben Gharbia H, Sdiri K, Sibat M, Rañada-Mestizo ML, Lavenu L, Hess P, Chinain M, Bottein MYD. Tissue Distribution and Metabolization of Ciguatoxins in an Herbivorous Fish following Experimental Dietary Exposure to Gambierdiscus polynesiensis. Mar Drugs 2023; 22:14. [PMID: 38248639 PMCID: PMC10817614 DOI: 10.3390/md22010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Ciguatoxins (CTXs), potent neurotoxins produced by dinoflagellates of the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, accumulate in commonly consumed fish species, causing human ciguatera poisoning. Field collections of Pacific reef fish reveal that consumed CTXs undergo oxidative biotransformations, resulting in numerous, often toxified analogs. Following our study showing rapid CTX accumulation in flesh of an herbivorous fish, we used the same laboratory model to examine the tissue distribution and metabolization of Pacific CTXs following long-term dietary exposure. Naso brevirostris consumed cells of Gambierdiscus polynesiensis in a gel food matrix over 16 weeks at a constant dose rate of 0.36 ng CTX3C equiv g-1 fish d-1. CTX toxicity determination of fish tissues showed CTX activity in all tissues of exposed fish (eight tissues plus the carcass), with the highest concentrations in the spleen. Muscle tissue retained the largest proportion of CTXs, with 44% of the total tissue burden. Moreover, relative to our previous study, we found that larger fish with slower growth rates assimilated a higher proportion of ingested toxin in their flesh (13% vs. 2%). Analysis of muscle extracts revealed the presence of CTX3C and CTX3B as well as a biotransformed product showing the m/z transitions of 2,3-dihydroxyCTX3C. This is the first experimental evidence of oxidative transformation of an algal CTX in a model consumer and known vector of CTX into the fish food web. These findings that the flesh intended for human consumption carries the majority of the toxin load, and that growth rates can influence the relationship between exposure and accumulation, have significant implications in risk assessment and the development of regulatory measures aimed at ensuring seafood safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Clausing
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell’Ambiente e della Vita, Università degli Studi di Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hela Ben Gharbia
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Khalil Sdiri
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Manoëlla Sibat
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Ma. Llorina Rañada-Mestizo
- IAEA Collaborating Center on Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) Studies, Chemistry Research Section, Department of Science and Technology, Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (DOST-PNRI), Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines;
| | - Laura Lavenu
- IAEA Marine Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 98000 Monaco, Monaco; (H.B.G.); (K.S.); (L.L.)
| | - Philipp Hess
- Ifremer, ODE/PHYTOX/METALG, Rue de l’île d’Yeu, F-44300 Nantes, France; (M.S.); (P.H.)
| | - Mireille Chinain
- Laboratoire des Biotoxines Marines, UMR 241 EIO, Institut Louis Malardé, BP 30, Papeete-Tahiti 98713, French Polynesia;
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Ahuja V, Singh A, Paul D, Dasgupta D, Urajová P, Ghosh S, Singh R, Sahoo G, Ewe D, Saurav K. Recent Advances in the Detection of Food Toxins Using Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1834-1863. [PMID: 38059476 PMCID: PMC10731662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Edibles are the only source of nutrients and energy for humans. However, ingredients of edibles have undergone many physicochemical changes during preparation and storage. Aging, hydrolysis, oxidation, and rancidity are some of the major changes that not only change the native flavor, texture, and taste of food but also destroy the nutritive value and jeopardize public health. The major reasons for the production of harmful metabolites, chemicals, and toxins are poor processing, inappropriate storage, and microbial spoilage, which are lethal to consumers. In addition, the emergence of new pollutants has intensified the need for advanced and rapid food analysis techniques to detect such toxins. The issue with the detection of toxins in food samples is the nonvolatile nature and absence of detectable chromophores; hence, normal conventional techniques need additional derivatization. Mass spectrometry (MS) offers high sensitivity, selectivity, and capability to handle complex mixtures, making it an ideal analytical technique for the identification and quantification of food toxins. Recent technological advancements, such as high-resolution MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), have significantly improved sensitivity, enabling the detection of food toxins at ultralow levels. Moreover, the emergence of ambient ionization techniques has facilitated rapid in situ analysis of samples with lower time and resources. Despite numerous advantages, the widespread adoption of MS in routine food safety monitoring faces certain challenges such as instrument cost, complexity, data analysis, and standardization of methods. Nevertheless, the continuous advancements in MS-technology and its integration with complementary techniques hold promising prospects for revolutionizing food safety monitoring. This review discusses the application of MS in detecting various food toxins including mycotoxins, marine biotoxins, and plant-derived toxins. It also explores the implementation of untargeted approaches, such as metabolomics and proteomics, for the discovery of novel and emerging food toxins, enhancing our understanding of potential hazards in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Ahuja
- University
Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
- University
Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Amanpreet Singh
- Department
of Chemistry, University Institute of Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab 140413, India
| | - Debarati Paul
- Amity
Institute of Biotechnology, AUUP, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Diptarka Dasgupta
- Material
Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian
Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun 248005, India
| | - Petra Urajová
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Sounak Ghosh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Roshani Singh
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Gobardhan Sahoo
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Ewe
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
| | - Kumar Saurav
- Laboratory
of Algal Biotechnology-Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň 379
01, Czech Republic
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Costa PR, Churro C, Rodrigues SM, Frazão B, Barbosa M, Godinho L, Soliño L, Timóteo V, Gouveia N. A 15-Year Retrospective Review of Ciguatera in the Madeira Islands (North-East Atlantic, Portugal). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:630. [PMID: 37999493 PMCID: PMC10674775 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The first ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Portugal dates from 2008 when 11 people reported CFP symptoms after consuming a 30 kg amberjack caught around the Selvagens Islands (Madeira Archipelago). Since then, 49 human poisonings have been reported. The emergence of a new threat challenged scientists and regulators, as methods for toxic microalgae analyses and ciguatoxin (CTX) detection were not implemented. To minimise the risk of ciguatera, the Madeira Archipelago authorities interdicted fisheries in Selvagens Islands and banned the capture of amberjacks weighing more than 10 kg in the entire region of Madeira Archipelago. The accurate identification and quantification of the benthic toxin-producing algae species spreading to new areas require efforts in terms of both microscopy and molecular techniques. Two ciguatera-causing dinoflagellates, Gambierdiscus excentricus and Gambierdiscus australes, were identified in the Madeira Island and Selvagens sub-archipelago, respectively. Regarding the CTX analysis (N2a cell-based assay and LC-MS) in fish, the results indicate that the Selvagens Islands are a ciguatera risk area and that fish vectoring CTX are not limited to top predator species. Nevertheless, advances and improvements in screening methods for the fast detection of toxicity in seafood along with certified reference material and sensitive and selective targeted analytical methods for the determination of CTX content are still pending. This study aims to revise the occurrence of ciguatera cases in the Madeira Archipelago since its first detection in 2008, to discuss the risk management strategy that was implemented, and to provide a summary of the available data on the bioaccumulation of CTX in marine fish throughout the marine food web, taking into consideration their ecological significance, ecosystem dynamics, and fisheries relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Reis Costa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve, Campus of Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Catarina Churro
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Margarida Rodrigues
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Bárbara Frazão
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Miguel Barbosa
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lia Godinho
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Lucía Soliño
- IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Rua Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho 6, 1495-165 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.C.); (S.M.R.); (B.F.); (M.B.); (L.G.); (L.S.)
| | - Viriato Timóteo
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal; (V.T.); (N.G.)
| | - Neide Gouveia
- Laboratório Regional de Veterinária e Segurança Alimentar, Caminho das Quebradas de Baixo nº 79, S. Martinho, 9000-254 Funchal, Portugal; (V.T.); (N.G.)
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