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Peng Y, Qiao S, Wang H, Shekhar S, Wang S, Yang J, Fan Y, Yang X. Enhancement of Macrophage Immunity against Chlamydial Infection by Natural Killer T Cells. Cells 2024; 13:133. [PMID: 38247825 PMCID: PMC10813948 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung macrophage (LM) is vital in host defence against bacterial infections. However, the influence of other innate immune cells on its function, including the polarisation of different subpopulations, remains poorly understood. This study examined the polarisation of LM subpopulations (monocytes/undifferentiated macrophages (Mo/Mφ), interstitial macrophages (IM), and alveolar macrophages (AM)). We further assessed the effect of invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) on LM polarisation in a protective function against Chlamydia muridarum, an obligate intracellular bacterium, and respiratory tract infection. We found a preferentially increased local Mo/Mφ and IMs with a significant shift to a type-1 macrophage (M1) phenotype and higher expression of iNOS and TNF-α. Interestingly, during the same infection, the alteration of macrophage subpopulations and the shift towards M1 was much less in iNKT KO mice. More importantly, functional testing by adoptively transferring LMs isolated from iNKT KO mice (iNKT KO-Mφ) conferred less protection than those isolated from wild-type mice (WT-Mφ). Further analyses showed significantly reduced gene expression of the JAK/STAT signalling pathway molecules in iNKT KO-Mφ. The data show an important role of iNKT in promoting LM polarisation to the M1 direction, which is functionally relevant to host defence against a human intracellular bacterial infection. The alteration of JAK/STAT signalling molecule gene expression in iNKT KO-Mφ suggests the modulating effect of iNKT is likely through the JAK/STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Sai Qiao
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Sudhanshu Shekhar
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Shuhe Wang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Yijun Fan
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Immunology, Rady Max College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
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Démoulins T, Techakriengkrai N, Ebensen T, Schulze K, Liniger M, Gerber M, Nedumpun T, McCullough KC, Guzmán CA, Suradhat S, Ruggli N. New Generation Self-Replicating RNA Vaccines Derived from Pestivirus Genome. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2786:89-133. [PMID: 38814391 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3770-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
While mRNA vaccines have shown their worth, they have the same failing as inactivated vaccines, namely they have limited half-life, are non-replicating, and therefore limited to the size of the vaccine payload for the amount of material translated. New advances averting these problems are combining replicon RNA (RepRNA) technology with nanotechnology. RepRNA are large self-replicating RNA molecules (typically 12-15 kb) derived from viral genomes defective in at least one essential structural protein gene. They provide sustained antigen production, effectively increasing vaccine antigen payloads over time, without the risk of producing infectious progeny. The major limitations with RepRNA are RNase-sensitivity and inefficient uptake by dendritic cells (DCs), which need to be overcome for efficacious RNA-based vaccine design. We employed biodegradable delivery vehicles to protect the RepRNA and promote DC delivery. Condensing RepRNA with polyethylenimine (PEI) and encapsulating RepRNA into novel Coatsome-replicon vehicles are two approaches that have proven effective for delivery to DCs and induction of immune responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Démoulins
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand.
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Matthias Liniger
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Teerawut Nedumpun
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kenneth C McCullough
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sanipa Suradhat
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Chulalongkorn University (CU-EIDAs), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Ebensen T, Arntz A, Schulze K, Hanefeld A, Guzmán CA, Scherließ R. Pulmonary Application of Novel Antigen-Loaded Chitosan Nano-Particles Co-Administered with the Mucosal Adjuvant C-Di-AMP Resulted in Enhanced Immune Stimulation and Dose Sparing Capacity. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041238. [PMID: 37111723 PMCID: PMC10145907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The most successful medical intervention for preventing infectious diseases is still vaccination. This effective strategy has resulted in decreased mortality and extended life expectancy. However, there is still a critical need for novel vaccination strategies and vaccines. Antigen cargo delivery by nanoparticle-based carriers could promote superior protection against constantly emerging viruses and subsequent diseases. This should be sustained by the induction of vigorous cellular and humoral immunity, capable of acting both at the systemic and mucosal levels. Induction of antigen-specific responses at the portal of entry of pathogens is considered an important scientific challenge. Chitosan, which is widely regarded as a biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic material for functionalized nanocarriers, as well as having adjuvant activity, enables antigen administration via less-invasive mucosal routes such as sublingual or pulmonic application route. In this proof of principle study, we evaluate the efficacy of chitosan nanocarriers loaded with the model antigen Ovalbumin (OVA) co-administrated with the STING agonist bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) given by pulmonary route. Here, BALB/c mice were immunized with four doses of the formulation that stimulates enhanced antigen-specific IgG titers in sera. In addition, this vaccine formulation also promotes a strong Th1/Th17 response characterized by high secretion of IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-17, as well as induction of CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the novel formulation exhibited strong dose-sparing capacity, enabling a 90% reduction of the antigen concentration. Altogether, our results suggest that chitosan nanocarriers, in combination with the mucosal adjuvant c-di-AMP, are a promising technology platform for the development of innovative mucosal vaccines against respiratory pathogens (e.g., Influenza or RSV) or for therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Arntz
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Hanefeld
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Straße 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzmán
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Scherließ
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Kiel University, Grasweg 9a, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Chavda VP, Pandya A, Kypreos E, Patravale V, Apostolopoulos V. Chlamydia trachomatis: quest for an eye-opening vaccine breakthrough. Expert Rev Vaccines 2022; 21:771-781. [PMID: 35470769 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2022.2061461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly referred to as chlamydia (a bacterium), is a common sexually transmitted infection, and if attended to early, it can be treatable. However, if left untreated it can lead to serious consequences. C. trachomatis infects both females and males although its occurrence in females is more common, and it can spread to the eyes causing disease and in some case blindness. AREA COVERED With ongoing attempts in the most impoverished regions of the country, trachoma will be eradicated as a blinding disease by the year 2022. A prophylactic vaccine candidate with established safety and efficacy is a cogent tool to achieve this goal. This manuscript covers the vaccine development programs for chlamydial infection. EXPERT OPINION Currently, the Surgery Antibiotics Facial Environmental (SAFE) program is being implemented in endemic countries in order to reduce transmission and control of the disease. Vaccines have been shown over the years to protect against infectious diseases. Charge variant-based adjuvant can also be used for the successful delivery of chlamydial specific antigen for efficient vaccine delivery through nano delivery platform. Thus, a vaccine against C. trachomatis would be of great public health benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek P Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad India
| | - Anjali Pandya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai India
| | - Erica Kypreos
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Vandana Patravale
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai India
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne VIC Australia
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Lanfermann C, Kohn M, Laudeley R, Rheinheimer C, Klos A. Chlamydia trachomatis Cross-Serovar Protection during Experimental Lung Reinfection in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080871. [PMID: 34451996 PMCID: PMC8402589 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis causes most bacterial sexually transmitted diseases worldwide. Different major outer membrane proteins (MOMPs) define various serovars of this intracellular pathogen: In women, D to L3 can cause urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis, and oophoritis, and, thus, infertility. Protective immunity might be serovar-specific since chlamydial infection does not appear to induce an effective acquired immunity and reinfections occur. A better understanding of induced cross-serovar protection is essential for the selection of suitable antigens in vaccine development. In our mouse lung infection screening model, we evaluated the urogenital serovars D, E, and L2 in this regard. Seven weeks after primary infection or mock-infection, respectively, mice were infected a second time with the identical or one of the other serovars. Body weight and clinical score were monitored for 7 days. Near the peak of the second lung infection, bacterial load, myeloperoxidase, IFN-γ, and TNF-α in lung homogenate, as well as chlamydia-specific IgG levels in blood were determined. Surprisingly, compared with mice that were infected then for the first time, almost independent of the serovar combination used, all acquired parameters of disease were similarly diminished. Our reinfection study suggests that efficient cross-serovar protection could be achieved by a vaccine combining chlamydial antigens that do not include nonconserved MOMP regions.
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