Oral ondansetron for paediatric gastroenteritis in primary care: a randomised controlled trial

Advances in human norovirus research: Vaccines, genotype distribution and antiviral strategies

Norovirus, belonging to the Caliciviridae family, is a non-enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. It is widely acknowledged as a significant etiological agent responsible for non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis and considered a major cause thereof. Norovirus is primarily tranmitted via fecal-oral route, but can also be transmitted via airborne routes. Clinical manifestations often include symptoms associated with acute gastroenteritis, like nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, stomach cramps, and others. Due to the specific pathogenic mechanism of the virus, and genomic diversity, there are currently no preventive vaccines or effective antiviral drugs available for treating norovirus-induced acute gastroenteritis infections. The management of such infections mainly relies on oral rehydration therapy while prevention necessitates adherence to personal hygiene measures. The present paper discusses the nature, transmission route, clinical manifestations, immune response mechanism, and vaccine research of Norovirus. The objective of this review manuscript is to systematically gather, analyze, and summarize recent research and investigations on norovirus in order to enhance our understanding of its characteristics and pathogenesis. This not only facilitates subsequent researchers in acquiring a more expedited and comprehensive grasp of the existing knowledge about norovirus but also provides clearer directions and goals for future studies.

Enablers and Barriers to Home Management for Children with Gastroenteritis: Systematic Review

Objective

To identify enablers and barriers to home management for children with acute gastroenteritis perceived by health care professionals and caregivers.

Study design

A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health. Studies from high-income countries published from 2003 to 2023 who included children with acute gastroenteritis younger than 6 years, treated via home management, and addressed enablers or barriers from the perspective of healthcare professionals or caregivers, were eligible for inclusion. Studies were independently reviewed for inclusion, data extraction, and quality assessment. Data synthesis was conducted using the Theoretical Domains Framework and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior model.

Results

In total, 4476 studies were screened, with 16 meeting the inclusion criteria. The commonest enablers for health care professionals concerned the "opportunity" component (ie, access to clinical decision tools, protocols, provision of free oral rehydration therapy), followed by their "capability" component (ie, knowledge about guidelines, oral rehydration therapy, and ondansetron) to initiate home management. Conversely, caregivers' factors relied more on internal factors within the "motivation" component (ie, emotions, insecurity, need for reassurance), whereas "opportunity" components (ie, information sheets, monitoring calls) could assist them in managing their child with gastroenteritis at home.

Conclusions

Health care professionals could benefit from enhanced capabilities and clinical decision support systems, whereas caregivers may require access to information resources and support for positive emotions and beliefs in their capabilities. Addressing these aspects could optimize home management, potentially allowing more children with acute gastroenteritis to be treated at home.

Comparing the Efficacy of Ondansetron, Domperidone, and Metoclopramide in Treating Vomiting in Pediatric Patients With Acute Gastroenteritis: A Network Meta-Analysis

This network meta-analysis compared the efficacy of ondansetron, domperidone, and metoclopramide in managing vomiting in pediatric acute gastroenteritis. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Embase, from their inception to July 25, 2024. Additionally, Google Scholar was searched to identify further relevant studies. In total, 19 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. The primary outcome was cessation of vomiting. The results indicated that ondansetron was significantly more effective than placebo in achieving cessation of vomiting. While domperidone and metoclopramide also showed improved efficacy compared to placebo, these differences were not statistically significant. Ondansetron emerged as the most effective intervention, followed by domperidone and metoclopramide. These findings have significant clinical implications, suggesting that ondansetron should be the preferred antiemetic for pediatric acute gastroenteritis. Its use may reduce the need for intravenous rehydration and hospitalization, potentially improving patient outcomes and reducing healthcare costs. However, the study has limitations, including a lack of data on secondary outcomes and safety profiles of the interventions. Future prospective, multicenter studies are needed to assess both the efficacy and safety of these antiemetics comprehensively in pediatric acute gastroenteritis.

Comparing healthcare systems between the Netherlands and Australia in management for children with acute gastroenteritis

BACKGROUND

Acute gastroenteritis is a highly contagious disease demanding effective public health and clinical care systems for prevention and early intervention to avoid outbreaks and symptom deterioration. The Netherlands and Australia are both top-performing, high-income countries where general practitioners (GPs) act as healthcare gatekeepers. However, there is a lower annual incidence and per-case costs for childhood gastroenteritis in Australia. Understanding the systems and policies in different countries can lead to improvements in processes and care. Therefore, we aimed to compare public health systems and clinical care for children with acute gastroenteritis in both countries.

METHODS

A cross-country expert study was conducted for the Netherlands and Australia. Using the Health System Performance Assessment framework and discussions within the research group, two questionnaires (public health and clinical care) were developed. Questionnaires were delivered to local experts in the Netherlands and the state of Victoria, Australia. Data synthesis employed a narrative approach with constant comparison.

RESULTS

In Australia, rotavirus vaccination is implemented in a national program with immunisation requirements and legislation for prevention, which is not the case in the Netherlands. Access to care differs, as Dutch children must visit their regular GP before the hospital, while in Australia, children have multiple options and can go directly to hospital. Funding varies, with the Netherlands providing fully funded healthcare for children, whilst in Australia it depends on which GP (co-payment required or not) and hospital (public or private) they visit. Additionally, the guideline-recommended dosage of the antiemetic ondansetron is lower in the Netherlands.

CONCLUSIONS

Healthcare approaches for managing childhood gastroenteritis differ between the Netherlands and Australia. The lower annual incidence and per-case costs for childhood gastroenteritis in Australia cannot solely be explained by the differences in healthcare system functions. Nevertheless, Australia's robust public health system, characterized by legislation for vaccinations and quarantine, and the Netherland's well-established clinical care system, featuring fully funded continuity of care and lower ondansetron dosages, offer opportunities for enhancing healthcare in both countries.

Rotavirus Sickness Symptoms: Manifestations of Defensive Responses from the Brain

Rotavirus is infamous for being extremely contagious and for causing diarrhea and vomiting in infants. However, the symptomology is far more complex than what could be expected from a pathogen restricted to the boundaries of the small intestines. Other rotavirus sickness symptoms like fever, fatigue, sleepiness, stress, and loss of appetite have been clinically established for decades but remain poorly studied. A growing body of evidence in recent years has strengthened the idea that the evolutionarily preserved defensive responses that cause rotavirus sickness symptoms are more than just passive consequences of illness and rather likely to be coordinated events from the central nervous system (CNS), with the aim of maximizing the survival of the individual as well as the collective group. In this review, we discuss both established and plausible mechanisms of different rotavirus sickness symptoms as a series of CNS responses coordinated from the brain. We also consider the protective and the harmful nature of these events and highlight the need for further and deeper studies on rotavirus etiology.

Nutraceuticals and biotics in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders

In recent years there has been growing interest in the use of nutraceuticals and biotics in both pediatric and adult clinical practice. The overlapping and often ambiguous symptoms of both functional and organic gastrointestinal disorders have led to a search for alternative therapeutic approaches that avoid the use of synthetic or chemical treatments. However, while nutraceuticals and natural supplements are widely used, their health benefits are often not supported by adequate scientific evidence, and an unregulated use of nutraceuticals can be potentially harmful. The correct use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics can optimize the results of drug therapy in some cases and reduce the risk of side effects. This review aims to provide clinicians with guidance on the use of complementary therapies for pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, highlighting the scarcity of studies on the kinetics and dynamics of nutraceuticals and biotics. While it is generally difficult to associate their intakes with adverse events due to the often-coexisting pharmacological treatments, it is essential to avoid the abandonment of traditional drugs with proven efficacy in the treatment of single diseases. Overall, the use of nutraceuticals, prebiotics, and probiotics in pediatric gastroenterological practice requires caution and medical supervision. Further research is needed to determine the effects of alternative therapies on pediatric gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders, and to ensure their safe and effective use in the clinical practice.

Gut dysmotility in children with neurological impairment: the nutritional management

Intestinal motility disorders represent a frequent problem in children with neurological impairment. These conditions are characterized by abnormal movements of the gut, which can result in symptoms such as constipation, diarrhea, reflux, and vomiting. The underlying mechanisms leading to dysmotility are various, and the clinical manifestations are often nonspecific. Nutritional management is an important aspect of care for children with gut dysmotility, as it can help to improve their quality of life. Oral feeding, when safe and in the absence of risk of ingestion or severe dysphagia, should always be encouraged. When oral nutrition is insufficient or potentially harmful, it is necessary to switch to an enteral by tube or parenteral nutrition before the onset of malnutrition. In most cases, children with severe gut dysmotility may require feeding via a permanent gastrostomy tube to ensure adequate nutrition and hydration. Drugs may be necessary to help manage gut dysmotility, such as laxatives, anticholinergics and prokinetic agents. Nutritional management of patients with neurological impairment often requires an individualized care plan to optimize growth and nutrition and to improve overall health outcomes. This review tries to sum up most significant neurogenetic and neurometabolic disorders associated with gut dysmotility that may require a specific multidisciplinary care, identifying a proposal of nutritional and medical management.

Course of uncomplicated acute gastroenteritis in children presenting to out-of-hours primary care

Background

The aim of this article is to describe the courses of vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and clinical deterioration, in children with uncomplicated gastroenteritis at presentation. This study was performed as a 7-day prospective follow-up study in an out-of-hours primary care service. The course of vomiting, diarrhea, and fever was analyzed by generalized linear mixed modeling. Because young children (≤ 12 months) and children with severe vomiting are at increased risk of dehydration, the potentially more complicated courses of these groups are described separately. The day(s) most frequently associated with deterioration and the symptoms present in children who deteriorated during follow-up were also described.

Results

In total, 359 children presented with uncomplicated acute gastroenteritis to the out-of-hours primary care service. Of these, 31 (8.6%) developed a complicated illness and needed referral or hospitalization. All symptoms decreased within 5 days in most children (> 90%). Vomiting and fever decreased rapidly, but diarrhea decreased at a somewhat slower pace, especially among children aged 6–12 months. Children who deteriorated during follow-up had a higher frequency of vomiting at presentation and higher frequencies of vomiting and fever during follow-up.

Conclusions

The frequency of vomiting, not its duration, appears to be the more important predictor of deterioration. When advising parents, it is important to explain the typical symptom duration and to focus on alarm symptoms. Clinicians should be vigilant for children with higher vomiting frequencies at presentation and during follow-up because these children are more likely to deteriorate.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12875-022-01739-2.

Rotavirus and illness severity in children presenting with acute gastroenteritis at the primary care out-of-hours service

BACKGROUND

Rotavirus is a common cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children in the Netherlands, where rotavirus vaccination has not yet been implemented.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate a difference in illness severity course depending on the presence of rotavirus infection and assess the prevalence of viruses and the referral rate in children with acute gastroenteritis.

METHODS

A prospective cohort of children aged 6 months to 6 years presenting with acute gastroenteritis to a primary care out-of-hours service from October 2016 to March 2018. Faeces were sampled and sent to a laboratory where viral pathogens were identified and quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Severe course of acute gastroenteritis was defined as a Modified Vesikari Score of ≥11. In addition, we assessed referral rates. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate differences between groups.

RESULTS

We included 75 children (34 boys) with a median age of 1.5 years (interquartile range, 0.9-2.0 years). The prevalence of rotavirus was 65.3% (95% confidence interval, 53.5-76.0) with a median cycle threshold of 16.0. Severe course of acute gastroenteritis was present in 31 of 71 children (4 were lost to follow-up). Those with rotavirus (20/47) did not have a severe course more often than those without (11/24): odds ratio, 0.88 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-2.36). Referral rates were comparable for rotavirus (15.2%) and non-rotavirus (14.3%).

CONCLUSION

In out-of-hours primary care, rotavirus is common but not associated with increased severity and higher referral rates in children with acute gastroenteritis.

Cost-effectiveness of oral ondansetron for children with acute gastroenteritis in primary care: a randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Acute gastroenteritis is a common childhood condition with substantial medical and indirect costs, mostly because of referral, hospitalisation, and parental absence from work.

AIM

To determine the cost-effectiveness of adding oral ondansetron to care as usual (CAU) for children with acute gastroenteritis presenting to out-of-hours primary care (OOH-PC).

DESIGN AND SETTING

A pragmatic randomised controlled trial from December 2015 to January 2018, at three OOHPC centres in the north of the Netherlands (Groningen, Zwolle, and Assen) with a follow-up of 7 days.

METHOD

Children were recruited at the OOH-PC and parents kept a parental diary. Inclusion criteria were: aged 6 months-6 years; diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis; at least four reported episodes of vomiting 24 hours before presentation, at least one of which was in the 4 hours before presentation; and written informed consent from both parents. Children were randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio to either CAU (oral rehydration therapy) or CAU plus one dose of 0.1 mg/kg oral ondansetron.

RESULTS

In total, 194 children were included for randomisation. One dose of oral ondansetron decreased the proportion of children who continued vomiting within the first 4 hours from 42.9% to 19.5%, (a decrease of 54.5%), with an odds ratio of 0.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2 to 0.7; number needed to treat: four). Total mean costs in the ondansetron group were 31.2% lower (€488 [£420] versus €709 [£610]), and the total incremental mean costs for an additional child free of vomiting in the first 4 hours was -€9 (£8) (95% CI = -€41 [£35] to €3 [£3]).

CONCLUSION

A single oral dose of ondansetron for children with acute gastroenteritis, given in OOH-PC settings, is both clinically beneficial and cost-effective.