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Sajjadi SF, Milajerdi A, Azadbakht L. The association of glycemic index and glycemic load with elevated blood pressure in Iranian women. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2019; 11:272-279. [PMID: 31824608 PMCID: PMC6891046 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2019.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Dietary intake is a risk factor related to elevated blood pressure (EBP). Few studies have investigated an association of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) with the EBP. The aim of the current study was to examine the association of dietary GI and GL with the EBP among a group of healthy women.
Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 306 healthy women. Dietary GI and GL were measured using a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Blood pressure (BP) was measured twice by a mercury sphygmomanometer from the right arm. Anthropometric measurements were also assessed according to the standard protocols.
Results: Before controlling for potential confounders, no significant association was seen between dietary GI/GL and SBP/DBP. Also after controlling for potential confounders, the associations did not change between dietary GI and SBP (odds ratio [OR]: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.42-2.17, P = 0.87), between GI and DBP (OR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.35-1.45, P = 0.37), as well as between GL and SBP (OR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.43-2.49, P = 1.00) and between GL and DBP (OR: 1.20; 95% CI: 0.56-2.00, P = 0.61). In a stratified analysis by obesity and overweight, differences between tertiles of GI were not significant (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.42-1.31, P = 0.31), even after adjustment for the potential confounders (OR: 1.54; 95% CI: 0.70-3.40, P = 0.26).
Conclusion: This study did not show a significant association between dietary GI/GL and the risk of high SBP/DBP. In addition, no significant association was found between dietary GI/GL and odds of overweight or obesity in adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Forough Sajjadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Azadbakht
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Sanjarimoghaddam F, Bahadori F, Bakhshimoghaddam F, Alizadeh M. Association between quality and quantity of dietary carbohydrate and pregnancy-induced hypertension: A case-control study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 33:158-163. [PMID: 31451254 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a pregnancy-specific disorder that increases maternal and infant mortality and morbidity. The quantity and quality of consumed carbohydrates are probably the main dietary factors affecting blood pressure. The present study aimed to evaluate the association of carbohydrate quality and quantity with PIH. METHODS This case-control study was performed on 202 pregnant women with or without PIH. The dietary data were collected using 168-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Daily glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), ratio of whole grains to total grains, ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, dietary fiber and carbohydrate intake, and carbohydrate quality index (CQI) were calculated and their associations with PIH were evaluated using logistic regression. We eliminated collinearity within independent variables using factor analysis and then with evaluating the relationship between extracted factors and PIH. RESULTS In pregnant women in whom the daily carbohydrate intake and GL were higher than median increased frequency of PIH compared to whom had lower than median ones (OR = 3.23, 95% CI 1.46-7.17, and P = 0.004; OR = 2.60, 95% CI 1.21-5.56; and P = 0.035, respectively). Furthermore, we showed a significant inverse association between extracted factor that was mostly related to total fiber intake frequency of PIH (OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.20-0.97, and P = 0.049 when higher than median values compared to lower than ones). The GI, ratio of whole grains to total grains, ratio of solid carbohydrates to total carbohydrates, and CQI did not associate with PIH. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that carbohydrate intake and GL are related to higher and daily fiber intake to lower frequency of PIH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fereshteh Sanjarimoghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bahadori
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Farnush Bakhshimoghaddam
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mohammad Alizadeh
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Beverages Safety Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Soltani S, Shirani F, Chitsazi MJ, Salehi-Abargouei A. The effect of dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on weight and body composition in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Obes Rev 2016; 17:442-54. [PMID: 26990451 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet is rich in foods that are proposed to be inversely associated with obesity. Therefore, DASH might better affect body weight; however, published data are conflicting. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of DASH on body weight and composition in adults. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Google scholar were searched up to December 2015, for relevant randomized controlled clinical trials. Mean changes in body weight, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) were extracted. RESULTS Thirteen articles (ten for body weight, six for BMI and two for WC) were eligible. Meta-analysis revealed that adults on DASH diet lose more weight (weighted mean difference [WMD] = -1.42 kg, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: -2.03, -0.82) in 8-24 weeks, BMI (WMD = -0.42 kg m(-2) , 95%CI: -0.64, -0.20) in 8-52 weeks and WC (WMD = -1.05 cm, 95%CI: -1.61, -0.49) in 24 weeks compared with controls. Low caloric DASH led to even more weight reduction when compared with other low-energy diets. In addition, the effect was greater in overweight/obese participants and when compared with typical (Western or population's usual) diets. CONCLUSION DASH diet is a good choice for weight management particularly for weight reduction in overweight and obese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Soltani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Shirani
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam J Chitsazi
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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4
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Zhang X, Zhu Y, Cai L, Ma L, Jing J, Guo L, Jin Y, Ma Y, Chen Y. Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and their relationship to cardiovascular risk factors in Chinese children. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:391-6. [PMID: 26944225 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the cross-sectional associations between dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in Chinese children. A total of 234 Chinese schoolchildren aged 8-11 years in Guangdong participated in the study. Dietary intake was assessed via a 3-day dietary record. Seven established cardiovascular indicators were analyzed in this study: fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Higher dietary GI was significantly associated with higher TG levels (P = 0.037) and lower HDL-C levels (P = 0.005) after adjusting for age, sex, nutritional intake, physical activity, and body mass index z score. LDL-C was found to differ across tertiles of dietary GL. The middle tertile tended to show the highest level of LDL-C. TC, FPG, and blood pressure were independent of both dietary GI and GL. Our findings suggest that higher dietary GI is differentially associated with some CVD risk factors, including lower HDL-C and higher TG, in school-aged children from south China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Cai
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Lu Ma
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Jing
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Guo
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Jin
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghua Ma
- b Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- a Department of Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou 510080, Guangdong, China
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5
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Juanola-Falgarona M, Salas-Salvadó J, Buil-Cosiales P, Corella D, Estruch R, Ros E, Fitó M, Recondo J, Gómez-Gracia E, Fiol M, Lapetra J, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Serra-Majem L, Pintó X, Muñoz MA, Ruiz-Gutiérrez V, Alfredo Martínez J, Castro-Quezada I, Bulló M. Dietary Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load Are Positively Associated with Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome in Middle-Aged and Elderly Adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016; 63:1991-2000. [PMID: 26480969 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate how glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) are associated with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its features in middle-aged and elderly adults at high cardiovascular risk. DESIGN Prospective, longitudinal, population-based cohort. SETTING PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea study. PARTICIPANTS Men and women (N = 6,606) divided into three age groups (<65, 65-74, ≥75). MEASUREMENTS Energy and nutrient intake was evaluated using a validated 137-item food frequency questionnaire. MetS and its features were defined in accordance with the criteria of the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. RESULTS A positive association was observed between GI and MetS prevalence in the youngest and middle age groups for participants without diabetes mellitus, but no relationship was found for those with diabetes mellitus. During the median follow-up of 4.8 years, higher GI and GL were related to greater risk of MetS in the middle age group, independent of the presence of diabetes mellitus. Changes in dietary GI were associated with risk of developing the high fasting glucose component of the MetS in the oldest age category, and changes in dietary GL were associated with risk of developing abdominal obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high blood pressure in the youngest age category. CONCLUSION Dietary GI and GL have a potential role in the development of MetS and associated clinical features, with particular age-dependent considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martí Juanola-Falgarona
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Buil-Cosiales
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Primary Health Care, Servicio Navarro de Salud, Health Care Centre of Azpilagaña, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Estruch
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Internal Medicine, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Ros
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipid Clinic, Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Fitó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition Research Group (Regicor Study Group), Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Recondo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Txagorritxu, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
| | - Miquel Fiol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute of Health Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands and Hospital Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Family Medicine, Primary Care Division of Sevilla, San Pablo Health Center, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa M Lamuela-Raventós
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Serra-Majem
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Primary Health Care Division and Research, Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi Sunyer, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valentina Ruiz-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de la Grasa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Alfredo Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Nutrition and Food Sciences, Physiology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Itandehui Castro-Quezada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Mònica Bulló
- Human Nutrition Unit, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan de Reus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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LI H, LIU H, CHEN J, LI L, WANG H, LI J, WANG L. Relationship between Glycemic Load and Blood Lipid Level in Hospitalized Adult Chinese. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 44:318-24. [PMID: 25905074 PMCID: PMC4402409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic diseases in China have been on the rise in recent decades, partially due to reduced cereal consumption and excessive intake of low glycemic index (GI) foods such as meat and oil. Although the relationship between dietary glycemic load (GL) and various metabolic diseases has been extensively studied worldwide, it is unclear whether dietary GL is related to blood lipid levels and dyslipidemia risk in Chinese. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between dietary GL and blood lipid levels and dyslipidemia risk in hospitalized Chinese adults. METHODS Dietary GL in 2258 hospitalized Chinese adults was calculated based upon GI, carbohydrate content and daily intake of individual foods. In addition, fasting total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) data were collected. Multiple regression and logistic regression analysis were used to determine the relationship between dietary GL and plasma lipid levels or dyslipidemia risk. RESULTS Dietary GL remained inversely associated with blood total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P<0.01). With increasing dietary GL, risks of hypercholesterolemia and high blood LDL-C were significantly reduced (P<0.01). In the meantime dietary GL remained negatively associated with blood triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P<0.01), but showed no significant influence on risk of hypertriglyceridemia and low blood HDL-C (P>0.05). CONCLUSION High GL diet, as represented by traditional Chinese dietary pattern, may contribute to reduced risk of dyslipidemia in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui LI
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng LIU
- Dept. of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhong CHEN
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Li LI
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Huanyu WANG
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Jing LI
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China
| | - Lei WANG
- Dept. of Clinical Nutrition, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing, China,Corresponding Author:
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7
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Dietary contributors to glycemic load in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke study. Nutrition 2014; 31:708-15. [PMID: 25837217 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High dietary glycemic load (GL) has been associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and selected cancers. The aim of this study was to identify the main food and food group contributors to dietary GL in a representative sample of US adults to inform future interventions. METHODS Participants were from the REGARDS (REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) study, a longitudinal cohort of 30 239 community-dwelling black and white women and men ages ≥45 y from throughout the United States. Diet was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire. The amount of each carbohydrate food, and its glycemic index, were used to calculate GL values for each carbohydrate food reported. These were totaled to estimate the mean total daily GL for each participant. Individual carbohydrate foods also were collapsed into 18 carbohydrate food groups, and the portion of the total GL contributed by each carbohydrate food and food group was determined. Analyses were conducted overall, by race/sex groups, and by region. RESULTS Sweetened beverages were the main contributors to GL overall (12.14 median percentage [median %] of daily GL), by far the largest contributors in black men (17.79 median %) and black women (16.43 median %), and major contributors in white men (12.02 median %) and white women (11.22 median %). Other important contributors to GL overall and in all race/sex groups and regions included breads, starchy side dishes, and cereals. CONCLUSIONS In this US cohort of white and black adults, sweetened beverages were major contributors to GL overall, especially in black participants. This information may help to inform future interventions targeting reduction in dietary GL.
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8
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Reductions in glycemic and lipid profiles in hypertensive patients undergoing the Brazilian Dietary Approach to Break Hypertension: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Res 2014; 34:682-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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9
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The role of glycemic index and glycemic load in cardiovascular disease and its risk factors: a review of the recent literature. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2014; 16:381. [PMID: 24271882 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-013-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of meta-analyses of cohort studies have assessed the impact of glycemic load (GL) and glycemic index (GI) on cardiovascular outcomes. The picture that emerges is that for women, a significant association appears to exist between the consumption of high GL/GI diets and increased cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. This association appears to be stronger in those with greater adiposity and possibly in those with diabetes, although these findings are not uniform. There is also an indication that raised CRP levels may be reduced, which has special implications for women whose CRP levels, as an emerging CVD risk factor, may be higher than men. For men, the situation is not as clear-cut. Although some studies show association, the meta-analyses have not demonstrated a significant direct association with CVD, despite current evidence that risk factors, including LDL-C, may be reduced on low-GI diets. Moreover, in a recent meta-analysis, increases in dietary GL have been associated with increased risk of diabetes, another CVD risk factor, in both men and women. Studies in men expressing relative risk of CVD in relation to GL and GI, with corresponding confidence intervals, are needed to provide the necessary power for future meta-analyses on this topic.
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10
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Murakami K, Sasaki S, Uenishi K. Dietary glycemic index, but not glycemic load, is positively associated with serum homocysteine concentration in free-living young Japanese women. Nutr Res 2014; 34:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Jones JM. Concerns about Adding Glycemic Index Values for Use in the NHANES Database. J Acad Nutr Diet 2013; 113:767-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2013.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Dietary approach to hypertension based on low glycaemic index and principles of DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension): a randomised trial in a primary care service. Br J Nutr 2013; 110:1472-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114513000718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Brazil. Diet may play an important role in reducing blood pressure (BP), as has been shown for diets high in fruits, vegetables and low-fat dairy products and low in salt (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)-Na). A low-glycaemic index Brazilian diet combined with the principles of the DASH-Na diet was evaluated in a randomised study of 206 individuals who were followed for 6 months. In the control group (CG), counselling was based on standard care and mainly focused on salt intake reduction. An intention-to-treat analysis showed that, after 6 months, systolic BP was reduced by 14·4 mmHg and diastolic BP by 9·7 mmHg in the experimental group (EG), compared with 6·7 and 4·6 mmHg, respectively, in the CG. After adjusting for body weight, BP at baseline and age, these changes were 12·1 and 7·9 mmHg, respectively. Urinary Na excretion was also reduced by 43·4 mEq/24 h in the EG. Food intake was modified accordingly during the intervention with an increase in the consumption of vegetables (2·97–5·85 frequency of consumption measured in three non-consecutive days), fruits (4·09–7·18), beans (1·94–3·13) and fish (1·80–2·74) by the EG. The present study showed the feasibility of a Brazilian dietary approach to treating hypertension by reducing urinary Na excretion and BP, changes that may have a great impact on public health and promote the benefits of controlling hypertension.
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Lin PH, Chen C, Young DR, Mitchell D, Elmer P, Wang Y, Batch B, Champagne C. Glycemic index and glycemic load are associated with some cardiovascular risk factors among the PREMIER study participants. Food Nutr Res 2012; 56:9464. [PMID: 22675288 PMCID: PMC3368490 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v56i0.9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical significance of glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) is inconclusive. OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to examine the association of GI and GL with clinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors including body weight, blood pressure (BP), serum lipids, fasting glucose, insulin and homocysteine over time among the PREMIER participants. DESIGN PREMIER was an 18-month randomized lifestyle intervention trial, conducted from 2000 to 2002, designed to help participants reduce BP by following the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) dietary pattern, losing weight, reducing sodium and increasing physical activity. GI and GL were estimated from 24 h diet recall data at baseline, 6 and 18 months after intervention. PROC MIXED model was used to examine the association of changes in GI or GL with changes in CVD risk factors. RESULTS A total of 756 randomized participants, 62% females and 34% African Americans and who averaged 50.0±0.3 years old and 95.3±0.7 kg, were included in this report. Neither GI nor GL changes was associated with changes in any risk factors at 6 months. At 18 months, however, the GI change was significantly and positively associated with total cholesterol (TC) change only (p<0.05, β=23.80±12.11 mg/dL or 0.62±0.31 mmol/L) with a significant age interaction. The GL change was significantly associated with TC (p=0.02, β=0.28±0.15 mg/dL or 0.01±0.00 mmol/L) positively and with low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) changes negatively (p=0.03, β=-0.01±0.00 mg/dL or -0.00±0.00 mmol/L), and significant age interactions were observed for both. CONCLUSIONS GI and GL was associated with TC and LDL-C after controlling for energy, fat and fiber intake and other potential confounders and the associations were modified by age. Further investigation into this relationship is important because of its potential clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Hwa Lin
- Department of Medicine, Nephrology Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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