1
|
McNamee N, de la Fuente LR, Santos-Martinez MJ, O'Driscoll L. Proteomics profiling identifies extracellular vesicles' cargo associated with tumour cell induced platelet aggregation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1023. [PMID: 36171564 PMCID: PMC9520807 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10068-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer patients have an increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism, with up to 30% dying within a month of their development. Some cancer cells are known to induce platelet aggregation, and this interaction is understood to contribute to thrombosis and haematogenous metastasis. Many researchers have reported on extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from platelets. However, less is known about how cancer cells’ EVs may affect platelet function. Here EVs released by triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line variants were extensively investigated in this regard. Methods EVs were separated from conditioned media of TNBC Hs578T and Hs578Ts(i)8 cells using filtration and ultracentrifugation and were characterised by nanoparticle tracking analysis, immunoblots, and transmission electron microscopy. Blood samples from consenting donors were procured, and their platelets collected by differential centrifugation. Light transmission aggregometry and optical microscopy evaluated the potential interaction of TNBC cells and their EVs with platelets. Global proteomic analysis was performed on the EVs, by in-solution digestion and mass spectrometry. Data analysis included the use of Perseus, FunRich, and Vesiclepedia. Immunoblotting was used as a secondary method to investigate some key EV cargo proteins identified by the global proteomics approach. Results Both TNBC cell variants induced platelet aggregation. Increasing cell numbers significantly reduced the time taken for platelet aggregation to occur. EVs released by the cells also resulted in platelet aggregation. The time to induce platelet aggregation was EV dose-dependent. Proteomics profiling and immunoblotting of the EVs’ cargo identified candidate proteins (including uPAR and PDGFRβ) that may be involved during this process. Conclusions TNBC cells induce platelet aggregation. Furthermore, the cell-free EVs induced this undesirable effect. A number of EV cargo proteins were identified that may be relevant as therapeutic targets. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10068-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh McNamee
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Rodriguez de la Fuente
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Maria Jose Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lorraine O'Driscoll
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Yang Z, Zhou P, Yu M, Li B, Liu Y, Jin J, Liu W, Jing H, Du J, Tian J, Zhao Z, wang J, Chu Y, Zhang C, Novakovic VA, Shi J, Wu C. Phosphatidylserine-exposing tumor-derived microparticles exacerbate coagulation and cancer cell transendothelial migration in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:6445-6460. [PMID: 33995667 PMCID: PMC8120203 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is relevant to the formation of thromboembolism and secondary neoplasms in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Chemotherapy-induced breast cancer cell-derived microparticles (BCMPs) may have important thrombogenic and pro-metastatic effects on platelets and endothelium, which may be related to the expression and distribution of phosphatidylserine (PS). However, investigating these interactions is challenging due to technical limitations. Methods: A study was conducted in 20 healthy individuals and 18 patients who had been recently diagnosed with TNBC and were undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide. BCMPs were isolated from patient blood samples and doxorubicin-treated breast cancer cell lines. Their structure and morphology were studied by electron microscopy and antigen levels were measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. In an inhibition assay, isolated BCMPs were pretreated with lactadherin or tissue factor antibodies. Platelets isolated from healthy subjects were treated with BCMPs and coagulation time, fibrin formation, and expression of intrinsic/extrinsic factor Xase (FXa) and thrombin were evaluated. The effects of BCMPs on endothelial thrombogenicity and integrity were assessed by confocal microscopy, electron microscopy, measurement of intrinsic/extrinsic FXa, prothrombinase assay, and transwell permeability assay. Results: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy significantly increased the expression of PS+ BCMPs in patient plasma. Its expression was associated with a rapid increase in procoagulant activity. Treatment with lactadherin, a PS-binding scavenging molecule, markedly reduced the adhesion of BCMPs and abolished their procoagulant activity, but this was not observed with tissue factor antibody treatment. Intravenous injection of BCMPs in mice induced a significant hypercoagulable state, reducing the extent of plasma fibrinogen and promoting the appearance of new thrombus. Cancer cells incubated with doxorubicin released large numbers of PS+ BCMPs, which stimulated and transformed endothelial cells into a procoagulant phenotype and increased the aggregation and activation of platelets. Moreover, cancer cells exploited this BCMP-induced endothelial leakiness and showed promoted metastasis. Pretreatment with lactadherin increased uptake of both PS+ BCMPs and cancer cells by endothelial cells and limited the transendothelial migration of cancer cells. Conclusion: Lactadherin, a biosensor that we developed, was used to study the extracellular vesicle distribution of PS, which revealed a novel PS+ BCMPs administrative axis that initiated a local coagulation cascade and facilitated metastatic colonization of circulating cancer cells.
Collapse
|
3
|
Longjohn MN, Hudson JABJ, Smith NC, Rise ML, Moorehead PC, Christian SL. Deciphering the messages carried by extracellular vesicles in hematological malignancies. Blood Rev 2020; 46:100734. [PMID: 32736879 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2020.100734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane-bound particles released from all living cells examined thus far. EVs can transfer information in the form of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from donor cells to recipient cells. Here we summarize recent advances in understanding the role(s) EVs play in hematological malignancies (HM) and outline potential prognostic and diagnostic strategies using EVs. EVs have been shown to promote proliferation and angiogenesis, and alter the bone marrow microenvironment to favour the growth and survival of diverse HM. They also promote evasion of anti-cancer immune responses and increase multi-drug resistance. Using knowledge of EV biology, including HM-specific packaging of cargo, EV based diagnostics and therapeutic approaches show substantial clinical promise. However, while EVs may represent a new paradigm to solve many of the challenges in treating and/or diagnosing HM, much work is needed before they can be used clinically to improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jo-Anna B J Hudson
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada; University of Ottawa, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole C Smith
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Matthew L Rise
- Department of Ocean Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Paul C Moorehead
- Discipline of Pediatrics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Sherri L Christian
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aguilera-Rojas M, Badewien-Rentzsch B, Plendl J, Kohn B, Einspanier R. Exploration of serum- and cell culture-derived exosomes from dogs. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:179. [PMID: 29884196 PMCID: PMC5994050 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1509-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes are defined as extracellular membrane vesicles, 30–150 nm in diameter, derived from all types of cells. They originate via endocytosis and then they are released through exocytosis to the extracellular space, being found in various biological fluids as well as in cell culture medium. In the last few years, exosomes have gained considerable scientific interest due to their potential use as biomarkers, especially in the field of cancer research. This report describes a method to isolate, quantify and identify serum- and cell culture-derived exosomes from dog samples, using small volumes (100 μL and 1 mL, respectively). Results Quantification and sizing of exosomes contained in serum and cell culture samples were assessed by utilizing nanoparticle tracking analysis, transmission electron microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy. Detected particles showed the normal size (30–150 nm) and morphology described for exosomes, as well as presence of the transmembrane protein CD63 known as exosomal marker. Conclusions Based on a validated rapid isolation procedure of nanoparticles from small volumes of different types of dog samples, a characterization and exploration of intact exosomes, as well as facilitation for their analysis in downstream applications was introduced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matias Aguilera-Rojas
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brit Badewien-Rentzsch
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna Plendl
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nielsen T, Kristensen AF, Pedersen S, Christiansen G, Kristensen SR. Investigation of procoagulant activity in extracellular vesicles isolated by differential ultracentrifugation. J Extracell Vesicles 2018; 7:1454777. [PMID: 29696077 PMCID: PMC5912197 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2018.1454777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF) is the main initiator of coagulation and procoagulant phospholipids (PPL) are key components in promoting coagulation activity in blood. Both TF and PPL may be presented on the surface of extracellular vesicles (EVs), thus contributing to their procoagulant activity. These EVs may constitute a substantial part of pathological hypercoagulability that is responsible for triggering a higher risk of thrombosis in certain patients. The aim of this study was to describe a model system for the isolation of EVs required for investigating their effect on coagulation. Differential ultracentrifugation (DUC) with and without a single washing step was used to isolate and evaluate the procoagulant capacity of EVs from healthy volunteers through analysis of thrombin generation and PPL activity. Ultracentrifugation at 20,000 × g and 100,000 × g resulted in pellets containing larger vesicles and smaller vesicles, respectively. Isolation yield of particle concentration was assessed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Immunoelectron microscopy and western blotting revealed vesicles positive for the commonly used EV-marker CD9. Plasma proteins and lipoproteins were co-isolated with the EVs; however, application of a washing step clearly diminished the amount of contaminants. The isolated EVs were capable of enhancing thrombin generation, mainly due to PPL predominantly present in pellets from 20,000 × g centrifugation, and correlated with the activity measured by a PPL activity assay. Thus, DUC was proficient for the isolation of EVs with minimal contamination from plasma proteins and lipoproteins, and the setup can be used to study EV-associated procoagulant activity. This may be useful in determining the procoagulant activity of EVs in patients at potentially increased risk of developing thrombosis, e.g. cancer patients. Abbreviations: TF: Tissue factor; PL: Phospholipids; EVs: Extracellular vesicles; FXa: Activated coagulation factor X; TGA: Thrombin generation assay; PPL: Procoagulant phospholipids; DUC: Differential ultracentrifugation; NTA: Nanoparticle tracking analysis; TEM: Transmission electron microscopy; SPP: Standard pool plasma; CTI: Corn trypsin inhibitor; 20K: 20,000 × g; 100K: 100,000 × g; FVIII: Coagulation factor VIII
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thøger Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Flou Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Shona Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Risom Kristensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Radu CM, Spiezia L, Gavasso S, Fadin M, Woodhams B, Vettor R, Campello E, Zabeo E, Simioni P. Hypercoagulability in overweight and obese subjects who are asymptomatic for thrombotic events. Thromb Haemost 2017; 113:85-96. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-02-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe role of circulating microparticles (MP) of different origin and tissue factor (TF)-bearing in overweight and obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome is still a matter of debate. In a case-control study, the presence of hypercoagulability was evaluated in overweight and obese patients by measuring MP, thrombin generation (TG) and FVIIa-AT complexes. Twenty overweight patients (body mass index [BMI] range 25–29.9 kg/m2), 20 with I degree (30–34.9 kg/m2), 20 with II degree (35–39.9 kg/m2) and 20 with III degree obesity (≥ 40 kg/m2) were enrolled and compared to 40 age and gender-matched normal weight individuals. A significant increase in median levels of all MP subtypes was observed in the three degrees of obese patients compared to controls. Overweight patients had higher levels of annexin V-MP (AMP), endothelial-derived, leukocyte-derived and TF-bearing MP than controls. Obese patients had a significantly shorter median lag time (p< 0.05), higher median peak thrombin (p< 0.01) and increased median endogenous thrombin potential [ETP] (p< 0.001) compared to controls. Overweight subjects had significantly increased ETP compared to controls (p< 0.05). Both AMP levels and ETP were found to positively correlate with BMI, waist circumference, and inflammatory parameters. No significant increase in FVIIa-AT complex was seen in cases compared to controls. We conclude that obesity is associated with overproduction of procoagulant MP and increase TG. Interestingly, hypercoagulability is found in overweight patients free of metabolic syndrome and increases with the severity of obesity. Assessment of MP and TG may be helpful in the early characterisation of the prothrombotic state in obese patients.
Collapse
|
7
|
Che SPY, Park JY, Stokol T. Tissue Factor-Expressing Tumor-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Activate Quiescent Endothelial Cells via Protease-Activated Receptor-1. Front Oncol 2017; 7:261. [PMID: 29164060 PMCID: PMC5673848 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2017.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue factor (TF)-expressing tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can promote metastasis and pre-metastatic niche formation, but the mechanisms by which this occurs remain largely unknown. We hypothesized that generation of activated factor X (FXa) by TF expressed on tumor-derived EV could activate protease-activated receptors (PARs) on non-activated endothelial cells to induce a pro-adhesive and pro-inflammatory phenotype. We obtained EV from TF-expressing breast (MDA-MB-231) and pancreatic (BxPC3 and Capan-1) tumor cell lines. We measured expression of E-selectin and secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells after exposure to EV and various immunologic and chemical inhibitors of TF, FXa, PAR-1, and PAR-2. After 6 h of exposure to tumor-derived EV (pretreated with factor VIIa and FX) in vitro, endothelial cells upregulated E-selectin expression and secreted IL-8. These changes were decreased with an anti-TF antibody, FXa inhibitors (FPRCK and EGRCK), and PAR-1 antagonist (E5555), demonstrating that FXa generated by TF-expressing tumor-derived EV was signaling through endothelial PAR-1. Due to weak constitutive PAR-2 expression, these endothelial responses were not induced by a PAR-2 agonist peptide (SLIGKV) and were not inhibited by a PAR-2 antagonist (FSLLRY) after exposure to tumor-derived EV. In conclusion, we found that TF-expressing cancer-derived EVs activate quiescent endothelial cells, upregulating E-selectin and inducing IL-8 secretion through generation of FXa and cleavage of PAR-1. Conversion of resting endothelial cells to an activated phenotype by TF-expressing cancer-derived EV could promote cancer metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara P. Y. Che
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Jeannie Y. Park
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tracy Stokol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Breast-cancer extracellular vesicles induce platelet activation and aggregation by tissue factor-independent and -dependent mechanisms. Thromb Res 2017; 159:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
9
|
Bouvy C, Wannez A, Laloy J, Chatelain C, Dogné JM. Transfer of multidrug resistance among acute myeloid leukemia cells via extracellular vesicles and their microRNA cargo. Leuk Res 2017; 62:70-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
10
|
The effect of corn trypsin inhibitor, anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor antibodies and phospholipids on microvesicle-associated thrombin generation in patients with pancreatic cancer and healthy controls. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184579. [PMID: 28910348 PMCID: PMC5598995 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating microvesicles (MVs) are suggested to be important contributors to cancer-associated thrombosis due to the presence of surface-bound procoagulant molecules like tissue factor (TF) and phosphatidylserine (PS). Pancreatic cancer is considered to be one of the most prothrombotic malignancies. The aim of this study was to describe the impact of analytical variables on MV-associated thrombin generation in patients with pancreatic cancer and in healthy controls. MVs were isolated from citrated plasma and added to pooled normal plasma (PNP). Thrombin generation was measured by the calibrated automated thrombogram. The impact of corn trypsin inhibitor (CTI), anti-tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) antibodies and phospholipids was described. Antibodies against TF were used to assess TF-dependency, and MV-bound PS activity was measured with the Zymuphen MP-activity kit. MVs from the pancreatic cancer patients displayed higher thrombin generation and higher PS-activity than MVs from the healthy control group, while TF-dependency was observed in only 1 out of 13 patient samples. Adequate thrombin generation-curves were only achieved when CTI was omitted and anti-TFPI antibodies were added to PNP prepared in low contact-activating tubes. Addition of phospholipids reduced the significant differences between the two groups, and should be omitted. This modified thrombin generation assay could be useful for measurement of procoagulant circulating MVs, allowing the contribution from MVs affecting both the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway to be measured.
Collapse
|
11
|
Cherre S, Granberg M, Østergaard O, Heegaard NHH, Rozlosnik N. Generation and Characterization of Cell-Derived Microvesicles from HUVECs. BIONANOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12668-017-0438-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Tripisciano C, Weiss R, Eichhorn T, Spittler A, Heuser T, Fischer MB, Weber V. Different Potential of Extracellular Vesicles to Support Thrombin Generation: Contributions of Phosphatidylserine, Tissue Factor, and Cellular Origin. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6522. [PMID: 28747771 PMCID: PMC5529579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03262-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells release diverse types of vesicles constitutively or in response to proliferation, injury, inflammation, or stress. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are crucial in intercellular communication, and there is emerging evidence for their roles in inflammation, cancer, and thrombosis. We investigated the thrombogenicity of platelet-derived EVs, which constitute the majority of circulating EVs in human blood, and assessed the contributions of phosphatidylserine and tissue factor exposure on thrombin generation. Addition of platelet EVs to vesicle-free human plasma induced thrombin generation in a dose-dependent manner, which was efficiently inhibited by annexin V, but not by anti-tissue factor antibodies, indicating that it was primarily due to the exposure of phosphatidylserine on platelet EVs. Platelet EVs exhibited higher thrombogenicity than EVs from unstimulated monocytic THP-1 cells, but blockade of contact activation significantly reduced thrombin generation by platelet EVs. Stimulation of monocytic cells with lipopolysaccharide enhanced their thrombogenicity both in the presence and in the absence of contact activation, and thrombin generation was efficiently blocked by anti-tissue factor antibodies. Our study provides evidence that irrespective of their cellular origin, EVs support the propagation of coagulation via the exposure of phosphatidylserine, while the expression of functional tissue factor on EVs appears to be limited to pathological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Tripisciano
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Tanja Eichhorn
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Core Facility Flow Cytometry & Surgical Research Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Heuser
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bernhard Fischer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria. .,Center for Biomedical Technology, Department for Health Sciences and Biomedicine, Danube University Krems, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Strasse 30, 3500, Krems, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hell L, Wisgrill L, Ay C, Spittler A, Schwameis M, Jilma B, Pabinger I, Altevogt P, Thaler J. Procoagulant extracellular vesicles in amniotic fluid. Transl Res 2017; 184:12-20.e1. [PMID: 28236427 PMCID: PMC6544525 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Embolization of amniotic fluid (AF) into the blood circulation leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Procoagulant phosphatidylserine (PS)- and tissue factor (TF)-exposing extracellular vesicles (EVs) might play an important role in AF embolism-induced DIC. It was the aim of the present study to perform analyses of the procoagulant properties of AF with a panel of functional coagulation assays and flow cytometry. We applied a prothrombinase assay (that quantifies PS exposure on EVs), an EV-associated TF activity assay, a fibrin generation assay, a thrombin generation assay, a whole blood clotting model, and flow cytometry in AF and control plasma. We found that PS exposure on EVs was 21-fold increased in AF compared with plasma. Also, EV-associated TF activity was highly increased in AF compared with plasma. AF-derived EVs activated the blood coagulation cascade via PS and TF in the fibrin and thrombin generation assays. In a whole blood clotting model, AF-derived EVs significantly shortened the clotting time from 734 ± 139 seconds in the presence to 232 ± 139 seconds in the absence of an anti-TF antibody. The contact activation pathway via factor XII (FXII) was not affected. Applying flow cytometry, a subpopulation of PS+ and TF+ EVs was identified in AF but not in control plasma. In conclusion, we investigated the effect of AF on blood coagulation and found that PS+ and TF+ EVs determine their procoagulant potential. Taken together, our data further delineate the pathomechanisms underlying AF-induced coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Hell
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Wisgrill
- Clinical Division of Neonatology, Paediatric Intensive Care & Neuropaediatrics, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cihan Ay
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Spittler
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schwameis
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Pabinger
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Altevogt
- Tumor Immunology Programme, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Thaler
- Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles as a potential biomarker for risk of thrombosis and DIC in patients with acute leukaemia. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2017; 43:224-232. [PMID: 28074413 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-016-1471-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Haemostatic complication is common for patients with hematologic malignancies. Recent studies suggest that the procoagulant activity (PCA) of extracellular vesicles (EV) may play a major role in venous thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in acute leukaemia. To study the impact of EVs from leukaemic patients on thrombin generation and to assess EV-PCA as a potential biomarker for thrombotic complications in patients with acute leukaemia. Blood samples from a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed acute leukaemia were obtained before treatment (D-0), 3 and 7 days after treatment (D-3 and D-7). Extracellular vesicles were isolated and concentrated by ultracentrifugation. EV-PCA was assessed by thrombin generation assay, and EV-associated tissue factor activity was measured using a commercial bio-immunoassay (Zymuphen MP-TF®). Of the 53 patients, 6 had increased EV-PCA at D-0 and 4 had a thrombotic event. Patients without thrombotic events (n = 47) had no elevated EV-PCA. One patient had increased EVs with procoagulant activity at D-3 and developed a DIC at D-5. This patient had no increased EVs-related tissue factor activity from D-0 to D-7 (<2 pg/ml). Eight patients had increased EVs with tissue factor activity (>2 pg/ml), of these, four had a thrombosis and two had haemorrhages. Procoagulant activity of extracellular vesicles could have a predictive value in excluding the risk of thrombotic events. Our findings also suggest a possible association between thrombotic events and EV-PCA.
Collapse
|
15
|
Enjeti AK, Ariyarajah A, D'Crus A, Seldon M, Lincz LF. Correlative analysis of nanoparticle tracking, flow cytometric and functional measurements for circulating microvesicles in normal subjects. Thromb Res 2016; 145:18-23. [PMID: 27429418 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Circulating microvesicles (MV) can be analysed using a number of different techniques. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between functional procoagulant based assays including thrombin generation, factor Xa activation test (XaCT), and phosphatidylserine factor Xa-activity by ELISA with optical MV enumeration by flow cytometry and nanoparticle tracking analysis. METHODS Citrated blood samples were collected from 60 healthy volunteer blood donors after informed consent. Platelet free plasma was prepared using a standardized published protocol. MV subsets were enumerated by flow cytometry (BDFACS Canto) after staining with specific antibodies for platelets (CD41), endothelial cells (CD105), red cells (CD235) monocytes (CD14), tissue factor (CD142) and for phosphatidylserine expression by binding to annexin V. A standardized protocol using counting beads was employed. Nanotracking analysis was performed on both scatter and fluorescent settings after MV staining with quantum dot stain, Qdot 655. Procoagulant function was assessed by the XaCT assay on an automated coagulation analyser and by thrombin generation assay measuring endogenous thrombin potential (ETP), lagtime, peak (PEAK) and time to peak (ttPEAK) using a Calibrated Automated Thrombogram (CAT). The statistical analysis was carried out with Statistica 12 software using non-parametric tests (Spearman rank order correlations, with significance set at p<0.05). RESULTS In normal healthy subjects, thrombin generation parameters correlated with levels of MV measured by flow cytometry. ETP, lagtime, ttPEAK and PEAK correlated with MV expressing phosphatidylserine (rs, Spearman rank order correlation was 0.29, 0.40, 0.31 and 0.34 respectively, p<0.05), and MV expressing tissue factor (rs was 0.29, 0.40, 0.31 and 0.34 respectively, p<0.05), whilst red cell derived MV correlated with lagtime, ttPEAK and PEAK (rs, was 0.35,0.30 and 0.3, respectively, p<0.05). Lagtime and ttPEAK negatively correlated with the clot based XaCT test (rs, was -0.34 and -0.30 respectively, p<0.05) and positively correlated with the ELISA MP-activity assay (rs=0.42 for both, p<0.05). In addition, endothelial MV levels weakly correlated with white cell counts (rs = 0.27, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Thrombin generation and flow cytometry for phosphatidylserine or tissue factor expressing MV correlate well as markers for procoagulant activity. A combination of optical or non-optical enumeration as well as functional methods may be required for a complete profiling of circulating MV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anoop K Enjeti
- Haematology Department, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia; Pathology North-Hunter, New Lambton, NSW, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia; Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Angel D'Crus
- Haematology Department, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Australia
| | - Michael Seldon
- Haematology Department, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Australia; School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Australia; Pathology North-Hunter, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa F Lincz
- Haematology Department, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Australia; Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, Australia; Hunter Cancer Research Alliance, Calvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, NSW, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Breast Cancer-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Characterization and Contribution to the Metastatic Phenotype. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:634865. [PMID: 26601108 PMCID: PMC4639645 DOI: 10.1155/2015/634865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer progression is a complex and rapidly evolving field. Whole categories of cellular interactions in cancer which were originally presumed to be due solely to soluble secreted molecules have now evolved to include membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles (EVs), which include both exosomes and shed microvesicles (MVs), and can contain many of the same molecules as those secreted in soluble form but many different molecules as well. EVs released by cancer cells can transfer mRNA, miRNA, and proteins to different recipient cells within the tumor microenvironment, in both an autocrine and paracrine manner, causing a significant impact on signaling pathways, mRNA transcription, and protein expression. The transfer of EVs to target cells, in turn, supports cancer growth, immunosuppression, and metastasis formation. This review focuses exclusively on breast cancer EVs with an emphasis on breast cancer-derived exosomes, keeping in mind that breast cancer-derived EVs share some common physical properties with EVs of other cancers.
Collapse
|
17
|
Avoiding false positive antigen detection by flow cytometry on blood cell derived microparticles: the importance of an appropriate negative control. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127209. [PMID: 25978814 PMCID: PMC4433223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microparticles (MPs), also called microvesicles (MVs) are plasma membrane-derived fragments with sizes ranging from 0.1 to 1μm. Characterization of these MPs is often performed by flow cytometry but there is no consensus on the appropriate negative control to use that can lead to false positive results. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed MPs from platelets, B-cells, T-cells, NK-cells, monocytes, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) B-cells. Cells were purified by positive magnetic-separation and cultured for 48h. Cells and MPs were characterized using the following monoclonal antibodies (CD19,20 for B-cells, CD3,8,5,27 for T-cells, CD16,56 for NK-cells, CD14,11c for monocytes, CD41,61 for platelets). Isolated MPs were stained with annexin-V-FITC and gated between 300nm and 900nm. The latex bead technique was then performed for easy detection of MPs. Samples were analyzed by Transmission (TEM) and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM). RESULTS Annexin-V positive events within a gate of 300-900nm were detected and defined as MPs. Our results confirmed that the characteristic antigens CD41/CD61 were found on platelet-derived-MPs validating our technique. However, for MPs derived from other cell types, we were unable to detect any antigen, although they were clearly expressed on the MP-producing cells in the contrary of several data published in the literature. Using the latex bead technique, we confirmed detection of CD41,61. However, the apparent expression of other antigens (already deemed positive in several studies) was determined to be false positive, indicated by negative controls (same labeling was used on MPs from different origins). CONCLUSION We observed that mother cell antigens were not always detected on corresponding MPs by direct flow cytometry or latex bead cytometry. Our data highlighted that false positive results could be generated due to antibody aspecificity and that phenotypic characterization of MPs is a difficult field requiring the use of several negative controls.
Collapse
|
18
|
Szatanek R, Baran J, Siedlar M, Baj-Krzyworzeka M. Isolation of extracellular vesicles: Determining the correct approach (Review). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:11-7. [PMID: 25902369 PMCID: PMC4494580 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has revised the interpretation of intercellular communication. It is now well established that EVs play a significant role in coagulation, inflammation, cancer and stem cell renewal and expansion. Their release presents an intriguing, transporting/trafficking network of biologically active molecules, which are able to reach and modulate the function/behavior of the target cells in a variety of ways. Moreover, the presence of EVs in various body fluids points to their potential for use as biomarkers and prognostic indicators in the surveillance/monitoring of a variety of diseases. Although vast knowledge on the subject of EVs has accumulated over the years, there are still fundamental issues associated with the correct approach for their isolation. This review comprises the knowledge on EV isolation techniques that are currently available. The aim of this reveiw was to make both experienced researchers and newcomers to the field aware that different types of EVs require unique isolation approaches. The realization of this 'uniqueness' is the first step in the right direction for the complete assessment of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Szatanek
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jarek Baran
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Maciej Siedlar
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| | - Monika Baj-Krzyworzeka
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transplantology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yu J, Tao D, Ng EX, Drum CL, Liu AQ, Chen CH. Real-time measurement of thrombin generation using continuous droplet microfluidics. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:052108. [PMID: 25332735 PMCID: PMC4189542 DOI: 10.1063/1.4894747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin, which has the leading role in the blood coagulation cascade, is an important biomarker in hemostasis and cardiovascular disease (CVD) development. In this study, a measurement system capable of continuously monitoring individual thrombin generation using droplet microfluidic technology is manipulated. The thrombin generation assay based on fluogenic substrate is performed within the droplets and the thrombin generation curve of plasma sample activated by tissue factor is measured in real-time to reflect the sample conditions dynamically. The injection of the inhibitor of thrombin generation is developed to assay the inhibited curve which relates to thrombin self-inhibition in biological systems. This microfluidic system is integrated with the microdialysis probe, which is useful to connect to the living animals for future in vivo real time thrombin measurements for rapid CVD diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575
| | - Ding Tao
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119228
| | - Ee Xing Ng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore , Singapore 117575
| | - Chester L Drum
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , Singapore 119228
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Devalet B, Mullier F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Chatelain C. The central role of extracellular vesicles in the mechanisms of thrombosis in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: a review. J Extracell Vesicles 2014; 3:23304. [PMID: 24672668 PMCID: PMC3965713 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v3.23304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired disorder of the haematopoietic stem cell that makes blood cells more sensitive to the action of complement. PNH patients experience an increased risk of arterial and venous thrombosis – major causes of death due to this disease. Though many potential interlaced mechanisms are suspected, extracellular vesicles (EVs) of various origins may play a central role. The processes possibly involved are haemolysis, platelet activation, injured endothelial cells and monocyte activation. The impact of transfusion should be evaluated. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved may help to propose guidelines for the prophylaxis and treatment of thrombosis in PNH. In this paper, we propose an updated review of the pathophysiology of the underlying mechanisms of thrombosis associated with PNH, with specific focus on the prominent role of EVs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bérangère Devalet
- Department of Hematology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - François Mullier
- Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium ; Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Bernard Chatelain
- Hematology Laboratory, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Christian Chatelain
- Department of Hematology, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Dinant-Godinne UCL Namur, Yvoir, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gheldof D, Mullier F, Bailly N, Devalet B, Dogné JM, Chatelain B, Chatelain C. Microparticle bearing tissue factor: a link between promyelocytic cells and hypercoagulable state. Thromb Res 2013; 133:433-9. [PMID: 24290525 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hematological malignancies have a 28-fold increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Among patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), the 2-year cumulative incidence of VTE is 5.2%. Several studies suggest that microvesicles (MVs) harboring TF may play a role in VTE and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). The aim of this study was to assess the capacity of untreated (APL) cells to shed procoagulant MVs. APL cells (NB4 and HL-60 cell lines) and MVs were separated by filtration (0.1-0.22-0.45-0.65 μm). The procoagulant activity (PCA) was assessed by thrombin generation assay (TGA). Alternatively, MVs were incubated with anti-Tissue Factor (TF) antibodies, with annexin V to assess the contribution of TF and phospholipids (PL) to the PCA, respectively. NB4 cells had a high PCA mainly triggered by MVs of size under 0.45 μm. The PCA of MVs was related to the expression of active TF and PL. HL-60 cells had a weaker PCA since TF is mostly present in its inactive form. Moreover, HL-60 do not produce MVs<0.65 μm associated with PCA. MVs could have a predicting value for VTE and DIC in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia and could inform physicians about the optimal use of a thromboprophylaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gheldof
- Hematology Laboratory, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
| | - François Mullier
- Hematology Laboratory, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium; Department of Pharmacy, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Bailly
- Hematology Laboratory, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Bérangère Devalet
- Hematology, CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Dogné
- Department of Pharmacy, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium
| | - Bernard Chatelain
- Hematology Laboratory, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Christian Chatelain
- Hematology, CHU UCL Mont-Godinne-Dinant, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hardij J, Cecchet F, Berquand A, Gheldof D, Chatelain C, Mullier F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM. Characterisation of tissue factor-bearing extracellular vesicles with AFM: comparison of air-tapping-mode AFM and liquid Peak Force AFM. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:21045. [PMID: 24223257 PMCID: PMC3823107 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed from cells and carry markers of the parent cells. Vesicles derived from cancer cells reach the bloodstream and locally influence important physiological processes. It has been previously shown that procoagulant vesicles are circulating in patients’ fluids. These EVs are therefore considered as promising biomarkers for the thrombotic risk. Because of their small size, classical methods such as flow cytometry suffer from limitation for their characterisation. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been proposed as a promising complementary method for the characterisation of EVs. Objectives The objectives of this study are: (a) to develop and validate AFM with specific antibodies (anti-TF) and (b) to compare air and liquid modes for EVs’ size and number determination as potential biomarkers of the prothrombotic risk. Methods AFM multimode nanoscope III was used for air tapping mode (TM). AFM catalyst was used for liquid Peak Force Tapping (PFT) mode. Vesicles are generated according to Davila et al.'s protocol. Substrates are coated with various concentrations of antibodies, thanks to ethanolamine and glutaraldehyde. Results Vesicles were immobilised on antibody-coated surfaces to select tissue factor (TF)-positive vesicles. The size range of vesicles observed in liquid PFT mode is 6–10 times higher than in air mode. This corresponds to the data found in the literature. Conclusion We recommend liquid PFT mode to analyse vesicles on 5 µg/ml antibody-coated substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Hardij
- Department of Pharmacy, NARILIS, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Gheldof D, Hardij J, Cecchet F, Chatelain B, Dogné JM, Mullier F. Thrombin generation assay and transmission electron microscopy: a useful combination to study tissue factor-bearing microvesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2013; 2:19728. [PMID: 24009889 PMCID: PMC3760633 DOI: 10.3402/jev.v2i0.19728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Patients with cancer have a 7- to 10-fold increased risk of developing venous thromboembolism. Circulating microvesicles could be a useful predictive biomarker for venous thromboembolism in cancer. Validated and standardised techniques that could be used to determine the complete microvesicle phenotype are required. Objectives These were two-fold: a) to characterise tissue factor (TF)-bearing microvesicles released by cultured breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 by flow cytometry (FCM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thrombin generation assay (TGA); and b) to validate the sensitivity and variability intra/inter-assay of TGA as a useful method to study the procoagulant activity (PCA) of microvesicles. Methods Cultured breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231 were incubated for 45 minutes at 37°C. Samples were then centrifuged or not at 4,500 g for 15 minutes, and cells and MVs or MV-containing supernatants were used for TEM, FCM and TGA. In activity assays, microvesicles (i.e. cell-depleted supernatants) were incubated with anti-TF antibodies or with annexin V to assess the contribution of TF and phospholipids to the PCA. Alternatively, supernatants were filtered through 0.1, 0.22, 0.45 or 0.65 µm membranes and subjected to TGA. Results The majority of the PCA was associated with microvesicles smaller than 0.1 µm, and the mean microvesicle size estimated by TEM after 10,000 g centrifugation was 121±54 nm with a majority of vesicles between 100 and 200 nm. Microvesicles derived from 5,000 MDA-MB-231cells/ml were sufficient to significantly increase the thrombin generation of normal pooled plasma. Conclusions TEM, FCM and filtration coupled to TGA represent a useful combination to study the PCA of TF-bearing microvesicles, whatever their size. And it will be interesting to implement these techniques in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damien Gheldof
- Department of Pharmacy, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), University of Namur, Belgium ; Haematology Laboratory, Namur Research Institute for LIfe Sciences, Namur Thrombosis and Hemostasis Center (NTHC), CHU Mont-Godinne, Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|