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Kriswandini IL, Budi HS, Justitia FM. Examination of the Structure and Formation Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Induced by Glucose, Lactose, Soy Protein, and Iron. Eur J Dent 2024. [PMID: 38555642 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Streptococcus mutans, the main causative agent of caries, have the ability to form biofilms on the surface of teeth. The availability of nutrients such as glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron can influence S. mutans in biofilm formation. All four sources of nutrients have been shown to increase the formation of S. mutans biofilms. The purpose of this study was to determine the structure and thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. MATERIALS AND METHODS This experimental laboratory study aimed to examine the formation of biofilm structures (chemical elements) and determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron. The structures (chemical elements) were examined using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to determine the thickness of S. mutans biofilms with an Olympus FV1000 microscope, and the findings were analyzed using Olympus Fluoview Ver. 4.2a software. RESULTS It was established that the results of SEM-EDX examination of the structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose had oxygen (O) as the dominant chemical element (30.24 w%); lactose reported oxygen (O) as the dominant element (29.65 w%); soy protein had carbon (C) as the dominant element (34.31 w%); and iron showed oxygen (O) as the dominant element (32.51 w%). The thickness (measured by the CLSM examination) of biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, soy protein, and iron were 17,666, 12,666, 18,000, and 15,666 nm, respectively. CONCLUSION The structure of S. mutans biofilms induced by glucose, lactose, and iron contain the following elements in amounts from the highest to lowest: O, C, N, P, and S; the biofilm produced by S. mutans induced by soy protein in amounts from the highest to lowest comprised the elements: C, O, N, S, and P. The S. mutans biofilms induced by soy protein had the maximum thickness, followed by those induced by glucose, iron, and lactose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hendrik Setia Budi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Fuadia Mumaiyyiah Justitia
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Pharmacology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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2
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Abdelaziz M. Detection, Diagnosis, and Monitoring of Early Caries: The Future of Individualized Dental Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3649. [PMID: 38132233 PMCID: PMC10742918 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries remains a significant global health issue. It was highlighted by the World Health Organization's 2022 reports that despite the efforts and scientific advancements in caries detection and management, the situation has only marginally improved over the past three decades. The persistence of this problem may be linked to outdated concepts developed almost a century ago but are still guiding dentists' approach to caries management today. There is a need to reconsider professional strategies for preventing and managing the disease. Contemporary dentistry could benefit from embracing new concepts and technologies for caries detection and management. Dentists should explore, among others, alternative methods for caries detection such as optical-based caries detection. These tools have been established for over a decade and they align with current disease understanding and international recommendations, emphasizing early detection and minimally invasive management. This narrative review presents the current state of knowledge and recent trends in caries detection, diagnosis, monitoring, and management, offering insights into future perspectives for clinical applications and research topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Abdelaziz
- Division of Cariology and Endodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Medicine and Primary Care, University Clinics of Dental Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel-Servet 1, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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Volgenant CMC, van der Waal SV, Brandt BW, Buijs MJ, van der Veen MH, Rosema NAM, Fiebich BL, Rose T, Schmitter T, Gajfulin M, Crielaard W, Zaura E. The Evaluation of the Effects of Two Probiotic Strains on the Oral Ecosystem: A Randomized Clinical Trial. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 3:825017. [PMID: 35434705 PMCID: PMC9007728 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2022.825017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of two well-defined probiotic strains, Lactobacillus paracasei LPc-G110 (CCTCC M 2013691) and Lactobacillus plantarum GOS42 (DSM 32131), during an experimental gingivitis challenge. The primary objective was to evaluate clinically the effectiveness of lozenges containing one of the two oral probiotic strains, compared with placebo lozenges, on the gingival bleeding (bleeding on marginal probing; BOMP change) after a two-week experimental gingivitis period. The secondary objectives were to assess the effects of the test products on gingival health (Modified Gingival Index; MGI), dental plaque accumulation and fluorescence, and the dynamics of immunological and microbiological aspects after the wash-in phase, followed by a two-week period refraining from oral hygiene and a two-week wash-out phase. Methods This single-center challenge intervention study was a triple-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial with three parallel groups. The full study population consisted of 117 healthy 18-55 years old human volunteers. Subjects were instructed to use one lozenge, 3 times daily after each meal, containing either L. plantarum, L. paracasei, or lozenges without probiotics (placebo group). After a 2-week wash-in period, the subjects were requested to refrain from any form of oral hygiene for 2 weeks. Results There were no differences in the primary outcome (BOMP change) among the groups. However, gingival health (MGI) in individuals from the groups exposed to the test products recovered better from experimental gingivitis than the individuals in the placebo group (p = 0.021, one-way ANOVA). The two test products inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß production, measured in saliva, during the experimental gingivitis period. Both test strains significantly reduced bacterial DNA in tongue samples and L. paracasei strain showed stronger microbiome-modulating potential than the L. plantarum strain. Conclusions The two tested lozenges with the L. paracasei or L. plantarum strains did show potential for beneficial effects for the oral health of the host during experimental gingivitis to the oral ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. C. Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Suzette V. van der Waal
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bernd W. Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark J. Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monique H. van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - N. A. M. Rosema
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Max Gajfulin
- Symrise AG, Holzminden, Germany
- Spindiag GmbH, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Automated caries detection in vivo using a 3D intraoral scanner. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21276. [PMID: 34711853 PMCID: PMC8553860 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00259-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of 3D intraoral scanners (IOS) and software that can support automated detection and objective monitoring of oral diseases such as caries, tooth wear or periodontal diseases, is increasingly receiving attention from researchers and industry. This study clinically validates an automated caries scoring system for occlusal caries detection and classification, previously defined for an IOS system featuring fluorescence (TRIOS 4, 3Shape TRIOS A/S, Denmark). Four algorithms (ALG1, ALG2, ALG3, ALG4) are assessed for the IOS; the first three are based only on fluorescence information, while ALG4 also takes into account the tooth color information. The diagnostic performance of these automated algorithms is compared with the diagnostic performance of the clinical visual examination, while histological assessment is used as reference. Additionally, possible differences between in vitro and in vivo diagnostic performance of the IOS system are investigated. The algorithms show comparable in vivo diagnostic performance to the visual examination with no significant difference in the area under the ROC curves (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p>0.05$$\end{document}p>0.05). Only minor differences between their in vitro and in vivo diagnostic performance are noted but no significant differences in the area under the ROC curves, (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$p>0.05$$\end{document}p>0.05). This novel IOS system exhibits encouraging performance for clinical application on occlusal caries detection and classification. Different approaches can be investigated for possible optimization of the system.
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Marya A, Steier L, Karobari MI, Venugopal A. Benefits of Using Fluorescence Induced Theragnosis in Fixed Orthodontic Therapy: Status, Technology and Future Trends. Dent J (Basel) 2021; 9:90. [PMID: 34436002 PMCID: PMC8393472 DOI: 10.3390/dj9080090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental biofilm is often found to be the source of bacteria that releases toxins, peptides, lipopolysaccharides as well as organic acids, which lead to gingival inflammation and tooth caries. Further, the persistent plaque may result in the continued destruction of the surrounding soft and hard tissues. During fixed orthodontic therapy, arch-wires, brackets, and elastic modules have been shown to be sites of significant plaque accumulation, making it difficult for a patient to maintain proper oral hygiene. The problem most dentists face is that they cannot visualize this biofilm completely to be able to carry out efficient plaque removal. Visual assessment is, to date, the most common method for plaque visualization, and various indexes have been demonstrated to be sufficient for quantification of the amount of plaque present. However, the problem is that visual assessments are inconsistent, operator dependent and often subjective, which can lead to inconsistency in results. Fluorescence is one such method that can be explored for its use in effective plaque identification and removal. Literature has it that dentists and patients find it particularly useful for monitoring oral hygiene status during treatment. Fluorescence has the capability of offering clinical orthodontists and researchers a new method of detection of demineralization during orthodontic treatment, furthermore, for efficient removal of orthodontic adhesive cements, fluorescent light may be used in conjunction with high-speed burs to deliver fast, less time consuming, and safer results. The benefit of direct visual treatment using fluorescence enhanced theragnosis is that the patient receives controlled and guided therapy. It has multiple benefits, such as early diagnosis of caries, biofilm identification, and even helps to achieve improved treatment outcomes by better resin selection for esthetic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Marya
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Liviu Steier
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, Health Campus, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia;
| | - Adith Venugopal
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India;
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Andrade SA, Pratavieira S, Bagnato VS, Varotti FDP. Use of wide-field optical fluorescence for visualization of oral biofilm in a patient with peri-implant mucositis: a new approach. EINSTEIN-SAO PAULO 2021; 19:eRC5638. [PMID: 34037088 PMCID: PMC8121375 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021rc5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Peri-implant diseases, caused by bacteria from biofilm related to dental implants, are one of the main causes of late loss of implants. In this sense, peri-implant diseases are divided into peri-implant mucositis, when it affects only the soft tissues, and peri-implantitis, when there is a bone involvement, which can lead to the failure of dental implant therapy. Thus, biofilm removal is essential for peri-implant health, allowing long-term success in implant therapy. To improve the visualization of oral biofilm, which is usually transparent or colorless, disclosing agents have been routinely used. However, disclosing agents have allergenic potential and can cause staining extrinsically in restorative and prosthetic materials, leading to aesthetic impairment. Thus, the use of fluorescence has been studied as an alternative for visualization of oral biofilm. Therefore, this report describes the use of wide-field optical fluorescence for visualization of oral biofilm associated with implants and teeth, in a routine appointment and follow-up of a partially edentulous patient with peri-implant mucositis. In addition, this report showed wide-field optical fluorescence can be used in a clinical routine of care of patients with dental implants. In this sense, wide-field optical fluorescence allowed easy and immediate visualization of the mature oral biofilm for its adequate removal, evaluation of the quality of restoration to sealing of screw access-hole of implant and identification of cariogenic lesions, without risk of allergic reactions or staining of prostheses and restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Araújo Andrade
- Universidade Federal da São João del-ReiDivinópolisMGBrazilUniversidade Federal da São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
| | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- Universidade de São PauloSão CarlosSPBrazilUniversidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Fernando de Pilla Varotti
- Universidade Federal da São João del-ReiDivinópolisMGBrazilUniversidade Federal da São João del-Rei, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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Cardoso A, Fernandes JT, Bussadori SK, Horliana ACRT, Fernandes KPS, Gonçalves MLL, Motta LJ. Use of optical fluorescence for the diagnosis of dental biofilm in young permanent molars - A case series. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102216. [PMID: 33592330 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluorescence appears clearly in oral biofilm in red tones, showing the presence of microorganisms in regions where there is biofilm accumulation. This study aims to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of the diagnosis of oral biofilm with the optical fluorescence technique using the EVINCE (Evidenciador Clínico - MMOptics, São Carlos, SP, Brazil) equipment. Furthermore, to compare the efficacy of the optical fluorescence diagnostic method with the traditional method of clinical disclosure of Fuchsin-based dye biofilm and to observe their combined use. METHODS Sixteen children, aged between 7 and 12, were included in this case series, following the Oral Hygiene Index - Simplificated (OHI-S) evaluation. They were evaluated by 3 different professionals. The 1 st evaluator checked the OHI-S observing only with EVINCE. In the second stage, a 2nd evaluator performed the traditional disclosure technique with Fucsina, and finally a 3rd evaluator who observed with EVINCE the teeth previously stained in stage 2, combining the two methods. Descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and comparative tests of repeated measures to evaluate differences between the results of the three evaluation methodologies. RESULTS There is no significant difference between the observation made only with EVINCE and with the traditional methodology of plaque disclosure. However, there is a difference when the two techniques are used in the third evaluation moment, showing that the combination could provide better results. CONCLUSIONS The association of both the conventional method and the use of EVINCE showed a very satisfactory result for the diagnosis of the presence of biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aretusa Cardoso
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Terra Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Francisco Glicério Avenue, 8 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcela Leticia Leal Gonçalves
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Dentistry College, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos, Francisco Glicério Avenue, 8 - Encruzilhada, 11045-002, Santos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho University, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, ZIP 01504-001, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Ganss C, Glanz A, Glanz T, Schlueter N, Ruf S. Red fluorescence of plaque in the dentition-a comparison of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF-D) images and conventional images of disclosed plaque. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102063. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Clinical assessment of an automated fluorescent plaque index scoring with quantitative light-induced fluorescence. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102011. [PMID: 32949788 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to evaluate the clinical applicability of a new fluorescent plaque index scoring (FPI) with the Turesky modified Quigley-Hein plaque index (mQH) and to evaluate its relationship with plaque maturity. METHODS In total 69 subjects participated in this study. White-light and fluorescent images of anterior teeth were acquired using a Qraycam (AIOBIO, Seoul, Korea). FPI was obtained from fluorescent images using the proprietary software (Q-Ray v.1.39, Inspektor Research System BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands). Teeth were stained with a two-tone disclosing agent. mQH was used to manually score the combined red and blue disclosed plaque (Combi-mQH) and blue disclosed plaque (Blue-mQH) with the white-light images. Linear relationships between FPI and Combi-mQH (or Blue-mQH) were evaluated by using simple linear regression analysis. Differences of Combi-mQH (or Blue-mQH) with respect to FPI scores were statistically evaluated by using ANOVA with Duncan post hoc correction. RESULTS FPI showed a moderate positive correlation with Combi-mQH (r = 0.66, P < 0.001) and a high positive correlation with Blue-mQH (r = 0.78, P < 0.001). The model explanatory power (R2) between FPI and Blue-mQH was 60.8 %, which is 16.8 % higher than the explanatory power observed with Combi-mQH (44.0 %). Both Combi-mQH and Blue-mQH increased significantly with increasing FPI score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this study we found that the FPI scoring system can be used to detect plaque and quantitatively distinguish plaque levels. In addition, FPI was determined to be useful in clinic because of its ability to detect and distinguish old and mature plaque.
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Rijkschroeff P, Schoenmaker T, Caspers M, Verschuren L, Keijser BJF, Nicu EA, Loos BG. Dentistry and OMICS: Transcriptome Dynamics of an Oral Ecosystem as Measured by Changes in Oral Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils in Experimental Gingivitis. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2020; 24:531-540. [PMID: 32559408 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2020.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oral health and dentistry are essential components of systems medicine, which has received lesser attention in comparison to other medical fields, such as cancer biology. In this context, oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) play an important role in the maintenance of oral health. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report original observations on the transcriptional responses of oPMNs during experimentally induced gingivitis, by temporarily refraining from regular oral care. Oral rinses were prospectively collected at four different time points for oPMNs isolation from healthy volunteers: day 1 (start of the experimental gingivitis challenge), day 9 (during challenge), day 14 (end of the challenge), and day 21 (postchallenge). Transcriptome of oPMNs was determined by RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected at p < 0.01 level, and evaluated for pathway regulation using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis suite. We found four major clusters of DEGs, consisting of 256 initial response DEGs (day 9 only), 221 late response DEGs (day 14 only), 53 persistent responsive DEGs (consistent at day 9 and 14), and 524 DEGs showing responses only in the postchallenge phase (day 21 only). Pathway analysis of the initial and late response DEGs showed involvement in many immune regulatory pathways and PMN function, whereas DEGs at day 21 were associated with epithelial adherence signaling and other miscellaneous related signaling pathways. The results from this pilot study showed that oPMNs mediate oral inflammatory processes, suggesting their immunomodulatory role in oral equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Rijkschroeff
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UVA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UVA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martien Caspers
- Microbiology and System Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Microbiology and System Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J F Keijser
- Microbiology and System Biology, TNO Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Zeist, The Netherlands.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena A Nicu
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UVA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Opris Dent SRL, Sibiu, Romania
| | - Bruno G Loos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UVA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Klaus K, Glanz T, Glanz AG, Ganss C, Ruf S. Comparison of Quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D) images and images of disclosed plaque for planimetric quantification of dental plaque in multibracket appliance patients. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4478. [PMID: 32161288 PMCID: PMC7066241 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present cross-sectional clinical study was to check the ability of plaque detection and quantification by QLF-D against conventional digital photographs of disclosed plaque in multibracket appliance (MB) patients. 20 patients were included according to the following criteria: (1) upper and lower jaw treated by MB appliance, (2) patients being 16 years of age or older, (3) all central and lateral incisors as well as canines in situ, (4) absence of developmental defects, carious lesions, surface fillings, prosthetic restorations or recessions greater than 1/3 of root length in central/lateral incisors and canines as well as (5) declaration of consent. QLF-D and conventional photographs were analyzed planimetrically regarding plaque coverage on buccal and oral surfaces of central/lateral incisors and canines. The conventional photographs of stained plaque served as gold standard. On average, in QLF-D pictures 20.7% ± 17.4 of the tooth surfaces were covered with plaque, while the conventional photographs of disclosed plaque presented a mean plaque-covered area of 36.2% ± 23.5. The Bland-Altman plot for both imaging modalities showed a very large inconsistent scattering with both negative and positive deviations. The method discrepancy increased with increasing plaque coverage, thus indicating a systematic method error. On average, the deviation of the methods from the optimal line of accordance was -15.5%. In patients wearing MB appliances, there was no clinical significant agreement regarding the plaque-covered tooth surface depicted by QLF-D respectively conventional images of disclosed plaque. Due to the large method discrepancy, QLF-D is currently not reliable for precise plaque quantification in MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Klaus
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany.
| | - Tabea Glanz
- Private Practice, Lüdenscheid, Germany (Dr. Arndt Himmen, Freiherr-vom-Stein-Str. 24, 58511, Lüdenscheid, Germany
| | - Alexander Georg Glanz
- Private Orthodontic Practice, Zweibrücken, Germany (Dr. Michael Wagner, Poststr. 5, 66482, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Carolina Ganss
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Germany (Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Gießen, Germany
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Petruzzi M, Della Vella F, Cassandro A, Mosca A, Di Comite M, Contaldo M, Grassi FR, Lauritano D. Dorsal tongue porphyrin autofluorescence and Candida saprophytism: A prospective observational study. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223072. [PMID: 31557235 PMCID: PMC6762088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To investigate the correlation between the dorsal tongue porphyrin autofluorescence, revealed using VELscope, and Candida saprophytism. Material and methods Consecutive patients underwent an autofluorescence examination by the VELscope device to establish the presence or absence of porphyrin fluorescence. A tongue swab was collected for the Candida cultural test. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, negative predictive value and positive predictive value were calculated considering the oral swab as the gold standard. The degree of agreement between the two tests was calculated using Cohen's K coefficient. Results One hundred twenty-six patients were enrolled. Porphyrin fluorescence method showed a sensitivity of 78%, specificity of 76% and an accuracy of 78%. Negative predictive value and positive predictive value were respectively 90% and 59%. The strength of agreement between the two methods resulted to be moderate (k = 0.551). Conclusions Off-label use of tongue autofluorescence examination to detect the presence of Candida species is characterized by a loss of porphyrin fluorescence. The high negative predictive value of porphyrin fluorescence loss suggests its use in preliminary selection of Candida carriers, in order to plan preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Petruzzi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Fedora Della Vella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Cassandro
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Adriana Mosca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University "Aldo Moro" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mariasevera Di Comite
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Felice Roberto Grassi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Dorina Lauritano
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
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13
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Sharma M, Graham JY, Walczak PA, Nguyen R, Lee LK, Carson MD, Nelson LY, Patel SN, Xu Z, Seibel EJ. Optical pH measurement system using a single fluorescent dye for assessing susceptibility to dental caries. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 30623630 PMCID: PMC6985695 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.1.017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Sugar-rich diets and poor dental hygiene promote the formation of a biofilm (plaque) that strongly adheres to the dental enamel surface and fosters the evolution of aciduric bacteria. The acid contributes to demineralization of the exterior tooth enamel, which accelerates after the pH drops below a critical value (∼5.5) for extended time periods resulting in the need for restorative procedures. Preventative techniques to alert the dentist and caries-susceptible patients regarding vulnerability to dental decay require a clinical measure of plaque activity. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate the acid production capability of plaque deposits in the pits and fissures of occlusal and interproximal regions. A ratiometric fluorescence pH-sensing device has been developed using an FDA-approved dye and LED excitation. Fluorescein spectral profiles were collected using a spectrometer and analyzed with a spectral unmixing algorithm for calibration over the pH range of 4.5 to 7. An in vivo pilot study on human subjects was performed using a sucrose rinse to accelerate bacterial metabolism and to measure the time-dependent drop in pH. The optical system is relatively immune to confounding factors such as photobleaching, dye concentration, and variation in excitation intensity associated with earlier dye-based pH measurement techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuja Sharma
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Jasmine Y. Graham
- University of California, Berkeley – University of California, San Francisco, Department of Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Philip A. Walczak
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Ryan Nguyen
- University of Washington, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Lauren K. Lee
- University of Washington, Department of Biochemistry, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew D. Carson
- University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Leonard Y. Nelson
- University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Shwetak N. Patel
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Zheng Xu
- University of Washington, School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Eric J. Seibel
- University of Washington, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Human Photonics Lab, Seattle, Washington, United States
- University of Washington, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seattle, Washington, United States
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14
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Lee MA, Kang SM, Kim SY, Kim JS, Kim JB, Jeong SH. Fluorescence change of Fusobacterium nucleatum due to Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Microbiol 2018; 56:628-633. [PMID: 30141157 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-018-7515-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure changes in the fluorescence of Fusobacterium nucleatum interacting with Porphyromonas gingivalis for excitation with blue light at 405-nm. P. gingivalis was mono- and co-cultivated in close proximity with F. nucleatum. The fluorescence of the bacterial colonies was photographed using a QLF-D (Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital) Biluminator camera system with a 405 nm light source and a specific filter. The red, green and blue intensities of fluorescence images were analyzed using the image analysis software. A fluorescence spectrometer was used to detect porphyrin synthesized by each bacterium. F. nucleatum, which emitted green fluorescence in single cultures, showed intense red fluorescence when it was grown in close proximity with P. gingivalis. F. nucleatum co-cultivated with P. gingivalis showed the same pattern of fluorescence peaks as for protoporphyrin IX in the red part of the spectrum. We conclude that the green fluorescence of F. nucleatum can change to red fluorescence in the presence of adjacent co-cultured with P. gingivalis, indicating that the fluorescence character of each bacterium might depend on the presence of other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ah Lee
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Mook Kang
- Department of Preventive Dentistry & Public Oral Health, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Yeon Kim
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Bom Kim
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwa Jeong
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, BK21 PLUS Project, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Lee ES, de Josselin de Jong E, Jung HI, Kim BI. Red fluorescence of dental biofilm as an indicator for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-6. [PMID: 29318813 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.1.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine whether the red fluorescence (RF) of a dental microcosm biofilm as measured with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) technology is useful for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobials. Dental microcosm biofilms were formed on bovine enamel discs and grown under 0.3% sucrose challenge and treated with chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions at different concentrations (0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%) plus a negative control [sterile distilled water (DW)] twice daily for 7 days. The biofilms were photographed using a QLF-digital system to evaluate the RF by calculating the red/green ratio, and pH values of the medium were measured daily. After 7 days, the bacterial viability of the biofilm was assessed by measuring the counts of viable total bacteria and aciduric bacteria, and the percentage surface microhardness changes (%SHC) was evaluated. The RF and cariogenic properties were compared for the different concentrations of CHX, and their correlations were examined. The RF and its increase rate were much lower for CHX-treated biofilms than for DW-treated biofilms. The RF after 7 days of maturation decreased significantly with increasing CHX concentrations (p<0.001) and was from 31% (for 0.05% CHX) to 46% (for 0.5% CHX) lower than that of the DW group. Strong correlations were reported between the RF of the 7-day-maturation biofilms and cariogenic properties, such as the number of total bacteria (r=0.93), number of aciduric bacteria (r=0.97), supernatant pH (r=0.43), and %SHC (r=0.98). In conclusion, the RF of dental biofilms as measured with QLF technology can be used to nondestructively assess and monitor the effect of antimicrobials against biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Song Lee
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Institute, Department of Preventive De, Republic of Korea
| | - Elbert de Josselin de Jong
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Institute, Department of Preventive De, Republic of Korea
- University of Liverpool, School of Dentistry, Department of Health Services Research, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Inspektor Research Systems BV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hoi-In Jung
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Institute, Department of Preventive De, Republic of Korea
| | - Baek-Il Kim
- Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Oral Science Research Institute, Department of Preventive De, Republic of Korea
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16
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Angelino K, Shah P, Edlund DA, Mohit M, Yauney G. Clinical validation and assessment of a modular fluorescent imaging system and algorithm for rapid detection and quantification of dental plaque. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17:162. [PMID: 29284461 PMCID: PMC5745686 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-017-0472-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Significant numbers of adults and children have untreated plaque due to poor oral hygiene and consequently suffer from associate dental and systemic diseases. Methods A handheld device equipped with 405 nm light-emitting diodes was constructed to examine the prevalence of red fluorescence signatures associated with dental plaque. This device was used for in vivo imaging of all four incisors and all four canines of twenty-eight consenting human subjects. The same areas were further imaged under white light illumination with a commercial image-processing based plaque-imaging device, and evaluated by a hygienist and dentist. A custom computer vision algorithm using pixel information was developed to calculate plaque coverage ratios ranging from 0 (no plaque) to 1 (complete plaque coverage) for images captured by both devices. Results The algorithm calculated red fluorescence-based plaque coverage ratios ranging from 0.011 to 0.211 for the subjects imaged. Clinical assessment and statistical analyses of associated plaque ratios of the 405 nm device images indicated high sensitivity and specificity in detecting dental plaque by the experimental device compared to the commercial reference device. Conclusions The low-cost and open source 405 nm device and the associated computer vision algorithm successfully captured red fluorescence signatures associated with dental plaque and demonstrated comparable performance to a commercially available device. Therefore, a proof of concept validation was provided for the construction and application of a sensitive cost-effective plaque-detecting device. A miniaturized mobile adaptable version of the device was also provided, together with and a step-by-step guide for device assembly and webhost the associated software, to facilitate open-source access to a cost-effective at-home, in-clinic oral care technology. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03379337, December 19 2017. Retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi: 10.1186/s12903-017-0472-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Angelino
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 75 Amherst Street, E14, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Pratik Shah
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 75 Amherst Street, E14, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - David A Edlund
- Hampden Dental Care, 7425 West Hampden Avenue, Lakewood, CO, 80227, USA
| | - Mrinal Mohit
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 75 Amherst Street, E14, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Gregory Yauney
- Department of Media Arts and Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 75 Amherst Street, E14, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Janus MM, Crielaard W, Volgenant CMC, van der Veen MH, Brandt BW, Krom BP. Candida albicans alters the bacterial microbiome of early in vitro oral biofilms. J Oral Microbiol 2017; 9:1270613. [PMID: 28326152 PMCID: PMC5328388 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2016.1270613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida albicans is an oral commensal microorganism, occurring in the oral cavity of 50-70% of healthy individuals. Its effect on oral ecology has mostly been studied using dual-species models, which disregards the complex nature of oral biofilms. The aim of this study was to culture C. albicans in a complex model to study its effect on oral biofilms. Biofilms, inoculated using pooled stimulated saliva with or without addition of C. albicans, were grown under anaerobic, aerobic, or aerobic +5% CO2 conditions. Red autofluorescence was quantified using a spectrophotometer and visualized in fluorescence photographs. The microbiome of 5 h biofilms was determined using 16S rDNA sequencing. C. albicans was only able to proliferate in biofilms grown under aerobic conditions. After 48 h, C. albicans did not induce differences in total biofilm formation, lactic acid accumulation (cariogenic phenotype) or protease activity (periodontitis phenotype). In vitro, anaerobically grown biofilms developed red autofluorescence, irrespective of inoculum. However, under aerobic conditions, only C. albicans-containing biofilms showed red autofluorescence. Facultative or strict anaerobic Veillonella, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Fusobacterium genera were significantly more abundant in biofilms with C. albicans. Biofilms without C. albicans contained more of the aerobic and facultative anaerobic genera Neisseria, Rothia, and Streptococcus. The presence of C. albicans alters the bacterial microbiome in early in vitro oral biofilms, resulting in the presence of strictly anaerobic bacteria under oxygen-rich conditions. This in vitro study illustrates that C. albicans should not be disregarded in healthy oral ecosystems, as it has the potential to influence bacteria significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Janus
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - W Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C M C Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - M H van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - B W Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - B P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Volgenant CMC, Zaura E, Brandt BW, Buijs MJ, Tellez M, Malik G, Ismail AI, Ten Cate JM, van der Veen MH. Red fluorescence of dental plaque in children -A cross-sectional study. J Dent 2017; 58:40-47. [PMID: 28115186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The relation between the presence of red fluorescent plaque and the caries status in children was studied. In addition, the microbial composition of dental plaque from sites with red fluorescent plaque (RFP) and from sites with no red fluorescent plaque (NFP) was assessed. METHODS Fluorescence photographs were taken from fifty children (6-14 years old) with overnight plaque. Full-mouth caries scores (ICDAS II) were obtained. The composition of a saliva sample and two plaque samples (RFP and NFP) was assessed using 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS At the site level, no clinically relevant correlations were found between the presence of RFP and the caries status. At the subject level, a weak correlation was found between RFP and the caries status when non-cavitated lesions were included (rs=0.37, p=0.007). The microbial composition of RFP differed significantly from NFP. RFP had more anaerobes and more Gram-negative bacterial taxa. The most discriminative operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for RFP were Corynebacterium, Leptotrichia, Porphyromonas and Selenomonas, while the most discriminative OTUs for NFP were Neisseria, Actinomyces, Streptococcus and Rothia. CONCLUSIONS There were no clinical relevant correlations in this cross-sectional study between the presence of RFP and (early) caries lesions. There were differences in the composition of these phenotypically different plaque samples: RFP contained more Gram-negative, anaerobic taxa and was more diverse than NFP. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The study outcomes provide more insight in the possibilities to use plaque fluorescence in oral health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M C Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bernd W Brandt
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Buijs
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marisol Tellez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gayatri Malik
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Community Oral Health Sciences, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amid I Ismail
- Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob M Ten Cate
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Volgenant CMC, Hoogenkamp MA, Krom BP, Janus MM, ten Cate JM, de Soet JJ, Crielaard W, van der Veen MH. Red and Green Fluorescence from Oral Biofilms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168428. [PMID: 27997567 PMCID: PMC5173178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Red and green autofluorescence have been observed from dental plaque after excitation by blue light. It has been suggested that this red fluorescence is related to caries and the cariogenic potential of dental plaque. Recently, it was suggested that red fluorescence may be related to gingivitis. Little is known about green fluorescence from biofilms. Therefore, we assessed the dynamics of red and green fluorescence in real-time during biofilm formation. In addition, the fluorescence patterns of biofilm formed from saliva of eight different donors are described under simulated gingivitis and caries conditions. Biofilm formation was analysed for 12 hours under flow conditions in a microfluidic BioFlux flow system with high performance microscopy using a camera to allow live cell imaging. For fluorescence images dedicated excitation and emission filters were used. Both green and red fluorescence were linearly related with the total biomass of the biofilms. All biofilms displayed to some extent green and red fluorescence, with higher red and green fluorescence intensities from biofilms grown in the presence of serum (gingivitis simulation) as compared to the sucrose grown biofilms (cariogenic simulation). Remarkably, cocci with long chain lengths, presumably streptococci, were observed in the biofilms. Green and red fluorescence were not found homogeneously distributed within the biofilms: highly fluorescent spots (both green and red) were visible throughout the biomass. An increase in red fluorescence from the in vitro biofilms appeared to be related to the clinical inflammatory response of the respective saliva donors, which was previously assessed during an in vivo period of performing no-oral hygiene. The BioFlux model proved to be a reliable model to assess biofilm fluorescence. With this model, a prediction can be made whether a patient will be prone to the development of gingivitis or caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. C. Volgenant
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Michel A. Hoogenkamp
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P. Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marleen M. Janus
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob M. ten Cate
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes J. de Soet
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Monique H. van der Veen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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van der Veen MH, Volgenant CM, Keijser B, ten Cate J(BM, Crielaard W. Dynamics of red fluorescent dental plaque during experimental gingivitis—A cohort study. J Dent 2016; 48:71-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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