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Pungaršek Š, Frajman B. Influence of polyploidy on morphology and distribution of the Cypress Spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias, Euphorbiaceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024. [PMID: 38979801 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Polyploidy can cause differences in phenotypic and physiological traits among different cytotypes of the same species. Polyploids may have larger organs or occupy different ecological niches than their diploid counterparts, therefore they are hypothesized to have larger distributions or prosper in stressful environments, such as higher elevations. The Cypress spurge (Euphorbia cyparissias L.; Euphorbiaceae) is a widespread European heteroploid species including di- (2x), tetra- (4x) and hexaploid (6x) cytotypes. We tested the hypotheses that polyploids are more widespread and more abundant at higher elevations and have larger organs than their diploid ancestors in the case of E. cyparissias. We also analysed whether genome downsizing had occurred after polyploidisation. We conducted a comprehensive geographic sampling of 617 populations of E. cyparissias throughout Europe. We estimated their relative genome size using flow cytometry and inferred ploidy level of each population. We scored 13 morphological traits of vegetative and seed characters and performed statistical analyses. The study indicates that polyploidisation facilitated colonisation of new areas in E. cyparissias, where the tetraploids are most widespread, whereas the diploids are limited to putative Pleistocene refugia, mostly in southern Europe. On the other hand, the three ploidies do not differ in their elevational distribution. Although some quantitative morphological traits exhibited an increasing trend with increasing ploidy, most traits did not differ significantly among the three ploidies, and there was no overall phenotypic differentiation among them. Given that individuals of different ploidies thrive in similar habitats across the same elevations, we suggest that ecological segregation following polyploidisation is a more important trigger for morphological differentiation than polyploidisation itself in autopolyploid plants. The study demonstrates that polyploidisation can be crucial for the colonisation of new areas and for range expansion, but it does not necessarily influence elevational distribution nor confer a different phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Š Pungaršek
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Slovenian Museum of Natural History, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - B Frajman
- Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Lack of ITS sequence homogenization in Erysimum species (Brassicaceae) with different ploidy levels. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16907. [PMID: 36207443 PMCID: PMC9546898 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal transcribed spacers (ITS) exhibit concerted evolution by the fast homogenization of these sequences at the intragenomic level. However, the rate and extension of this process are unclear and might be conditioned by the number and divergence of the different ITS copies. In some cases, such as hybrid species and polyploids, ITS sequence homogenization appears incomplete, resulting in multiple haplotypes within the same organism. Here, we studied the dynamics of concerted evolution in 85 individuals of seven plant species of the genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) with multiple ploidy levels. We estimated the rate of concerted evolution and the degree of sequence homogenization separately for ITS1 and ITS2 and whether these varied with ploidy. Our results showed incomplete sequence homogenization, especially for polyploid samples, indicating a lack of concerted evolution in these taxa. Homogenization was usually higher in ITS2 than in ITS1, suggesting that concerted evolution operates more efficiently on the former. Furthermore, the hybrid origin of several species appears to contribute to the maintenance of high haplotype diversity, regardless of the level of ploidy. These findings indicate that sequence homogenization of ITS is a dynamic and complex process that might result in varying intra- and inter-genomic diversity levels.
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Luque JMR, Moreno EMS, Kovalsky IE, Seijo JG, SolÍs Neffa VG. Polyploidy, genome size variation and diversification in an autopolyploid complex: the case of Turnera sidoides (Passifloraceae, Turneroideae). SYST BIODIVERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2022.2036854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Roggero Luque
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
| | - E. M. Sara Moreno
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
| | - Ivana E. Kovalsky
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
| | - J. Guillermo Seijo
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
| | - Viviana G. SolÍs Neffa
- Laboratorio de Citogenética y Evolución Vegetal, Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste (UNNE-CONICET), Sargento Cabral 2131, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Av. Libertad 5470, Corrientes, 3400, Argentina
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McCann J, Macas J, Novák P, Stuessy TF, Villaseñor JL, Weiss-Schneeweiss H. Differential Genome Size and Repetitive DNA Evolution in Diploid Species of Melampodium sect. Melampodium (Asteraceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:362. [PMID: 32296454 PMCID: PMC7136903 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant genomes vary greatly in composition and size mainly due to the diversity of repetitive DNAs and the inherent propensity for their amplification and removal from the host genome. Most studies addressing repeatome dynamics focus on model organisms, whereas few provide comprehensive investigations across the genomes of related taxa. Herein, we analyze the evolution of repeats of the 13 species in Melampodium sect. Melampodium, representing all but two of its diploid taxa, in a phylogenetic context. The investigated genomes range in size from 0.49 to 2.27 pg/1C (ca. 4.5-fold variation), despite having the same base chromosome number (x = 10) and very strong phylogenetic affinities. Phylogenetic analysis performed in BEAST and ancestral genome size reconstruction revealed mixed patterns of genome size increases and decreases across the group. High-throughput genome skimming and the RepeatExplorer pipeline were utilized to determine the repeat families responsible for the differences in observed genome sizes. Patterns of repeat evolution were found to be highly correlated with phylogenetic position, namely taxonomic series circumscription. Major differences found were in the abundances of the SIRE (Ty1-copia), Athila (Ty3-gypsy), and CACTA (DNA transposon) lineages. Additionally, several satellite DNA families were found to be highly group-specific, although their overall contribution to genome size variation was relatively small. Evolutionary changes in repetitive DNA composition and genome size were complex, with independent patterns of genome up- and downsizing throughout the evolution of the analyzed diploids. A model-based analysis of genome size and repetitive DNA composition revealed evidence for strong phylogenetic signal and differential evolutionary rates of major lineages of repeats in the diploid genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McCann
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiří Macas
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petr Novák
- Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Tod F. Stuessy
- Herbarium and Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jose L. Villaseñor
- Department of Botany, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
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Padilla-García N, Rojas-Andrés BM, López-González N, Castro M, Castro S, Loureiro J, Albach DC, Machon N, Martínez-Ortega MM. The challenge of species delimitation in the diploid-polyploid complex Veronica subsection Pentasepalae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2018; 119:196-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Winkler M, Escobar García P, Gattringer A, Sonnleitner M, Hülber K, Schönswetter P, Schneeweiss GM. A novel method to infer the origin of polyploids from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism data reveals that the alpine polyploid complex of Senecio carniolicus (Asteraceae) evolved mainly via autopolyploidy. Mol Ecol Resour 2017; 17:877-892. [PMID: 27978605 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite its evolutionary and ecological relevance, the mode of polyploid origin has been notoriously difficult to be reconstructed from molecular data. Here, we present a method to identify the putative parents of polyploids and thus to infer the mode of their origin (auto- vs. allopolyploidy) from Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) data. To this end, we use Cohen's d of distances between in silico polyploids, generated within a priori defined scenarios of origin from a priori delimited putative parental entities (e.g. taxa, genetic lineages), and natural polyploids. Simulations show that the discriminatory power of the proposed method increases mainly with increasing divergence between the lower-ploid putative ancestors and less so with increasing delay of polyploidization relative to the time of divergence. We apply the new method to the Senecio carniolicus aggregate, distributed in the European Alps and comprising two diploid, one tetraploid and one hexaploid species. In the eastern part of its distribution, the S. carniolicus aggregate was inferred to comprise an autopolyploid series, whereas for western populations of the tetraploid species, an allopolyploid origin involving the two diploid species was the most likely scenario. Although this suggests that the tetraploid species has two independent origins, other evidence (ribotype distribution, morphology) is consistent with the hypothesis of an autopolyploid origin with subsequent introgression by the second diploid species. Altogether, identifying the best among alternative scenarios using Cohen's d can be straightforward, but particular scenarios, such as allopolyploid origin vs. autopolyploid origin with subsequent introgression, remain difficult to be distinguished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Winkler
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.,GLORIA Co-ordination, Center for Global Change and Sustainability, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) & Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Silbergasse 30/3, Vienna, A-1190, Austria
| | - Pedro Escobar García
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Andreas Gattringer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Michaela Sonnleitner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
| | - Karl Hülber
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria.,Vienna Institute for Nature Conservation & Analyses, Giessergasse 6/7, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestrasse 15, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria
| | - Gerald M Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, A-1030, Austria
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Frajman B, Rešetnik I, Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Ehrendorfer F, Schönswetter P. Cytotype diversity and genome size variation in Knautia (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). BMC Evol Biol 2015; 15:140. [PMID: 26182989 PMCID: PMC4504173 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-015-0425-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polyploidisation is one of the most important mechanisms in the evolution of angiosperms. As in many other genera, formation of polyploids has significantly contributed to diversification and radiation of Knautia (Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacoideae). Comprehensive studies of fine- and broad-scale patterns of ploidy and genome size (GS) variation are, however, still limited to relatively few genera and little is known about the geographic distribution of ploidy levels within these genera. Here, we explore ploidy and GS variation in Knautia based on a near-complete taxonomic and comprehensive geographic sampling. RESULTS Genome size is a reliable indicator of ploidy level in Knautia, even if monoploid genome downsizing is observed in the polyploid cytotypes. Twenty-four species studied are diploid, 16 tetraploid and two hexaploid, whereas ten species possess two, and two species possess three ploidy levels. Di- and tetraploids are distributed across most of the distribution area of Knautia, while hexaploids were sampled in the Balkan and Iberian Peninsulas and the Alps. CONCLUSIONS We show that the frequency of polyploidisation is unevenly distributed in Knautia both in a geographic and phylogenetic context. Monoploid GS varies considerably among three evolutionary lineages (sections) of Knautia, but also within sections Trichera and Tricheroides, as well as within some of the species. Although the exact causes of this variation remain elusive, we demonstrate that monoploid GS increases significantly towards the limits of the genus' distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Božo Frajman
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivana Rešetnik
- Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 20/II, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hanna Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Friedrich Ehrendorfer
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Schönswetter
- Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Weiss-Schneeweiss H, Emadzade K, Jang TS, Schneeweiss G. Evolutionary consequences, constraints and potential of polyploidy in plants. Cytogenet Genome Res 2013; 140:137-50. [PMID: 23796571 PMCID: PMC3859924 DOI: 10.1159/000351727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidy, the possession of more than 2 complete genomes, is a major force in plant evolution known to affect the genetic and genomic constitution and the phenotype of an organism, which will have consequences for its ecology and geography as well as for lineage diversification and speciation. In this review, we discuss phylogenetic patterns in the incidence of polyploidy including possible underlying causes, the role of polyploidy for diversification, the effects of polyploidy on geographical and ecological patterns, and putative underlying mechanisms as well as chromosome evolution and evolution of repetitive DNA following polyploidization. Spurred by technological advances, a lot has been learned about these aspects both in model and increasingly also in nonmodel species. Despite this enormous progress, long-standing questions about polyploidy still cannot be unambiguously answered, due to frequently idiosyncratic outcomes and insufficient integration of different organizational levels (from genes to ecology), but likely this will change in the near future. See also the sister article focusing on animals by Choleva and Janko in this themed issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Weiss-Schneeweiss
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Vienna, Rennweg 14 AT–1030 Vienna (Austria)
| | - K. Emadzade
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Vienna, Rennweg 14 AT–1030 Vienna (Austria)
| | - T.-S. Jang
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Vienna, Rennweg 14 AT–1030 Vienna (Austria)
| | - G.M. Schneeweiss
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany University of Vienna, Rennweg 14 AT–1030 Vienna (Austria)
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