Evolution of adolescent and young adult oncology in Canada

The Lived Experiences of Hospice Healthcare Workers Caring for Adolescents and Young Adults With Advanced Cancer: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Objective: To understand the lived experience of healthcare workers who provide palliative care to adolescents and young adults living with advanced cancer. Methods: Interpretative phenomenological analysis was the design of this study. Hospice healthcare workers from four pediatric hospices across Canada were recruited through purposive sampling. Semistructured in-person interviews were conducted. Results: Eighteen hospice healthcare workers participated. Two superordinate themes were identified. First, balancing on the tightrope of uncertainty wherein hospice healthcare workers strive to do their best while aiming to take the path of least regret. This theme was underscored by a notion of doing for the adolescents and young adults. Second, acting as a proxy revolves around the importance of fostering relationships with adolescents and young adults through honesty and transparency. The cycle of protection between adolescents and young adults, families, and healthcare providers was emphasized. Conclusions: An action-focused orientation when supporting adolescents and young adults was shared by the healthcare workers. The need to do for adolescents and young adults and the need to protect not only the people they care for but also themselves. More exploration is needed on how healthcare workers who care for adolescents and young adults can be supported while better understanding coping mechanisms.

Establishing the Top 10 Research Priorities for Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Cancer in Canada: A Protocol for a James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs; 15-39 years) diagnosed with cancer have unique medical and psychosocial needs. These needs could be better addressed through research that is focused on the topics that matter most to them. However, there is currently no patient-oriented research agenda for AYA cancer in Canada. This manuscript describes the early development and project protocol for a priority-setting partnership (PSP) for establishing the top 10 research priorities for AYA cancer in Canada. This project follows the PSP methodology outlined by the James Lind Alliance (JLA) to engage patients, caregivers, and clinicians in research prioritization. The steps of a JLA PSP include establishing a steering group and project partners, gathering uncertainties, data processing and verifying uncertainties, interim priority setting, and a final priority setting workshop. The AYA cancer PSP will result in a top 10 list of research priorities identified by Canadian AYA patients, caregivers, and clinicians that will be published and shared broadly with the research community. The first steering group meeting was held in April 2023, and the project is ongoing. The establishment of a patient-oriented research agenda for AYA cancer will catalyze a long-term and impactful research focus and ultimately improve outcomes for AYA patients with cancer in Canada.

Developing an Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology Program in a Medium-Sized Canadian Centre: Lessons Learned

The Adolescent and Young Adult (AYA) Program at CancerCare Manitoba (CCMB) has experienced tremendous growth since its inception. This report provides an overview of how the AYA program at CCMB was established and the crucial factors that led to its early accomplishments and continued expansion. These factors included actions and decisions made at the individual and organizational level that helped lay a strong foundation for the program's sustained success. We hope that some of these lessons learned can be adapted and implemented by other oncology agencies to improve the care outcomes and experiences of AYAs living with cancer.

Adapting an Adolescent and Young Adult Program Housed in a Quaternary Cancer Centre to a Regional Cancer Centre: Creating Equitable Access to Developmentally Tailored Support

Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer, representing those between 15 and 39 years of age, face distinctive challenges balancing their life stage with the physical, emotional, and social impacts of a cancer diagnosis. These challenges include fertility concerns, disruptions to educational and occupational pursuits, issues related to body image and sexual health, and the need for age-appropriate psychosocial support within their communities. The Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (PM), a quaternary care center, established a specialized AYA program in 2014, offering holistic and developmentally tailored psychosocial support and currently, efforts are underway to expand this to other regions in the province to address the need for equitable access. The establishment process involves securing funding, conducting an environmental scan, identifying service gaps, developing clinical pathways, and implementing AYA supportive care. An accessible AYA program should also consider social determinants of health, social location, intersectionality, and an interdisciplinary health approach in understanding health inequities in AYA oncology care. This paper describes the processes implemented and challenges faced in creating a community-based AYA program beyond major resource-rich cities and efforts to address intersectionality.

Access to Care for Adolescents and Young Adults With Cancer in the United States: State of the Literature

Access to care remains a persistent challenge for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer. We review key findings in the science to date. (1) Location of care matters. There is survival benefit for AYAs treated either at a pediatric center or site with special status (eg, Children's Oncology Group, National Cancer Institute [NCI]-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center). (2) Socioeconomic status and insurance require further investigation. Medicaid expansion has had a moderate effect on AYA outcomes. The dependent care expansion benefit has come largely from improvements in coverage for younger populations whose parents have insurance, while some subgroups likely still face insurance gaps. (3) Clinical trial enrollment remains poor, but access may be improving. Numerous barriers and facilitators of clinical trial enrollment include those that are system level and patient level. NCI has established several initiatives over the past decade to improve enrollment, and newer collaboratives have recently brought together multidisciplinary US teams to increase clinical trial enrollment. (4) Effective AYA programs require provider and system flexibility and program reflection. With flexibility comes a need for metrics to assess program effectiveness in the context of the program model. Centers treating AYAs with cancer could submit a subset of metrics (appropriate to their program and/or services) to maintain their status; persistence would require an entity with staying power committed to overseeing the metrics and the system. Substantial clinical and biological advances are anticipated over the next 20 years that will benefit all patients with cancer. In parallel, it is crucial to prioritize research regarding access to health care and cancer care delivery; only with equitable access to care for AYAs can they, too, benefit from these advances.

Learnings from Racialized Adolescents and Young Adults with Lived Experiences of Cancer: "It's Okay to Critique the System That Claims to Save Us"

Interest in AYA cancer care has increased globally over the recent past; however, most of this work disproportionately represents white, heterosexual, middle-income, educated, and able-bodied people. There is recognition in the literature that cancer care systems are not structured nor designed to adequately serve people of colour or other equity-denied groups, and the structural racism in the system prevents prevention, treatment, and delivery of care. This work seeks to examine structural racism and the ways that it permeates into the lived experiences of AYAs in their cancer care. This article represents the first phase of an 18-month, patient-oriented, Participatory Action Research project focused on cancer care for racialized AYAs that is situated within a broader program of research focused on transforming cancer care for AYAs. Semi-structured interviews were completed with 18 AYAs who self-identify as racialized, have lived experiences with cancer, and have received treatment in Canada. Following participant review of their transcripts, the transcripts were de-identified, and then coded by three separate authors. Five main themes were identified using thematic analysis, including the need to feel supported through experiences with (in)fertility, be heard and not dismissed, advocate for self and have others advocate for you, be in community, and resist compliance.

Factors Associated With Adolescent and Young Adult Females Attending a Fertility Consultation Within 30 Days of a Cancer Diagnosis in Ontario, Canada

Purpose: To examine the factors associated with females attending a fertility consultation within 30 days of cancer diagnosis. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study, including females, 15 to 39 years of age, diagnosed with cancer in Ontario, Canada. Administrative data were used from the Institute of Clinical and Evaluative Sciences for the period 2006 to 2019. A backward selection multivariate logistic regression was performed, with a primary outcome of fertility consultation within 30 days of diagnosis. Results: A total of 20,556 females were included in the study, with 7% having attended a fertility visit within 30 days of diagnosis. Factors associated with being more likely to attend included: not currently having children (odds ratio [OR] = 4.3; confidence interval [95% CI 3.6-5.1]), later years of diagnosis (OR = 3.2; 95% CI [2.8-3.8]), having undergone chemotherapy (OR = 3.6; 95% CI [3.0-4.3]) or radiation therapy (OR = 1.9; 95% CI [1.6-2.2]), and less marginalization within dependency quintiles (OR 1.4; 95% CI [1.1-1.7]). Having a cancer with lower risk to fertility (OR = 0.3; 95% CI [0.2-0.3]), death within a year of diagnosis (OR = 0.4; 95% CI [0.3-0.6]), and residing in a northern region of Ontario (OR = 0.3; 95% CI [0.2-0.4]) were associated with being less likely to attend. For sociodemographic factors, lower levels of income (OR = 0.5; 95% CI [0.4-0.6]) and marginalization with residential instability (OR = 0.6; 95% CI [0.5-0.8]) were associated with being less likely to attend a fertility consultation. Conclusions: Rates for attendance of female fertility consultations after a cancer diagnosis remain low, with disparities by both clinical and demographic factors.

Development and Validation of an Indicator for Oncofertility Care in Ontario, Canada, for Adolescents and Young Adults with Cancer

Introduction: There is a lack of metrics to monitor and evaluate fertility care in adolescents and young adults with cancer. This study evaluated the indicator "proportion of cases attending a fertility consult visit ≤30 days from diagnosis of cancer" using the National Quality Forum (NQF) criteria. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using administrative data available through the Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Canada. Cases were included if they were diagnosed with a cancer between January 2005 and December 2019, and aged 15-39 years. Fertility consultations were identified by Ontario Health Insurance Plan Claims Database (OHIP) diagnostic codes 628 and 606.Validity was assessed by examining expected differences in the proportion of fertility consults within clinical and demographic factors using chi-square tests. Reliability was assessed by comparing fertility consult visits identified using OHIP diagnostic codes with consults identified using visits to physicians in a registered specialty, using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results: The population was composed of 39,977 cases, with 6524 (16.3%) having attended a fertility consult. For diagnostic years 2016-2019, differences in the proportion of cases receiving their first fertility consult within 30 days of diagnosis were observed for sex, age, cancer type, hospital type, Local Health Integration Unit, and region (p < 0.001). There was no correlation between the time from diagnosis to fertility consult and time from diagnosis to the first visit to a fertility-related specialty (r = 0.11; p = 0.002). Conclusion: The indicator examined in this article adhered to the criteria described by the NQF, providing a possible metric for reporting on oncofertility care.

Reproductive Health Outcomes among Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aimed to synthesize the current literature on the impacts of adolescent and young adult (AYA, ages 15–39 years) cancer on reproductive health outcomes. Methods: EMBASE and Medline were searched from 1 January 2000 to 26 January 2022 for observational studies that included individuals with AYA cancer and controls which evaluated reproductive health outcomes. We used random effects models and 95% confidence intervals to obtain pooled measures of associations between AYA cancer, cancer treatment, and reproductive health outcomes. Results: The search identified 8625 articles; 21 were included. 62 reproductive outcomes were assessed and classified according to a sex-based framework as fetal/neonatal (n = 26), maternal (n = 11), fetal/neonatal-maternal (n = 23), and maternal-paternal (n = 2). Meta-analyses of crude estimates showed significant associations between AYA cancer and outcomes including preterm birth (pooled odds ratio [pOR] 1.31; 95% CI: 1.22, 1.42), gestational diabetes (pOR 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.99), and fertility treatment (pOR 2.66; 95% CI 1.71, 4.11). We also found higher odds of preterm birth (pOR 1.65; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.26) and low APGAR score at birth (pOR 2.03; 95% CI: 1.32, 3.13) among AYA cancer patients who received radiation compared to controls. Conclusions: Our SRMA quantified impacts of AYA cancers and treatments on several reproductive health outcomes.

Adolescent and young adult (AYA) oncology: A credentialed area of focused competence in Canada

BACKGROUND

Adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 15-39 years) affected by cancer have unique treatment, survivorship, and palliation concerns. Current oncology training does not focus on the distinctive needs of this demographic. Amid this recognition, the Canadian National AYA Cancer Task Force and Canadian Partnership Against Cancer have advocated the need for clinicians with formalized AYA experience. To address this need and standardize training, a national task force developed criteria for structured academic programs in AYA Oncology in Canada.

METHODS

Workshops were organized to identify and establish the fundamentals of practice in AYA Oncology through consensus. These workshops followed the pre-existing rigorous process established by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (Royal College) for new program development. The process includes: (i) developing the tasks associated with the discipline's practice, (ii) identifying the evidence trainees must provide to demonstrate tasks can be performed independently (the competence portfolio), (iii) developing training requirements and summarizing the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform these tasks, and (iv) identifying specific experiences essential to acquiring skills and demonstrating competent performance.

RESULTS

AYA Oncology is a recognized an Area of Focused Competence (AFC) by the Royal College.

CONCLUSION

The AFC designation in AYA Oncology provides a standardized curriculum, training experience and accreditation process to attract oncologists, promote expertise and advance AYA oncology care.

Factors Associated with Adolescent and Young Adult Males with Cancer Attending Fertility Consultation: A Population-Based Cohort Study in Ontario, Canada

Purpose: Cancer and its treatment can impair fertility in men. It is recommended that they be referred for fertility consultation before the start of treatment. This study examined factors associated with men attending a fertility consultation within 30 days of diagnosis. Methods: Males 15 to 39 years of age, diagnosed with cancer in Ontario, Canada, between 2006 and 2019, were identified from the Ontario Cancer Registry. Linked administrative data were used to obtain other clinical and sociodemographic variables. The main outcome was a fertility consultation within 30 days of diagnosis, defined using Ontario Health Insurance Plan billing codes (606 or 628). A backward selection multivariate logistic regression was performed. Results: Of 13,720 cases identified, 8.5% attended a fertility consultation within 30 days of diagnosis. A more recent year of diagnosis (odds ratio [OR] = 5.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.6-6.6), living in an urban area (OR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.8), receiving radiation therapy (OR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.6), chemotherapy (OR = 1.9; 95% CI 1.6-2.2), and reproductive organ-related cancer surgery (OR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.7) were associated with a greater likelihood of attending a consultation. Older age (OR = 0.2; 95% CI 0.1-0.2), living in a northern region (OR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.5), having a cancer with low (OR = 0.3; 95% CI 0.2-0.4) or moderate risk to fertility (OR = 0.6; 95% CI 0.5-0.7), and residing in a neighborhood with lower income (OR = 0.4; 95% CI 0.3-0.5) or residential instability quintile (OR = 0.8; 95% CI 0.6-1.0) were associated with being less likely to attend a consultation. Conclusion: Although rates of fertility consultation have increased over time, these remain low in various clinical and demographic groups. Funding for fertility preservation appears to have had an important impact on fertility consultation in young men with cancer.

Pattern of cancers in adolescent and young adults.: A 15-year retrospective study at King Fahad Hospital, Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the incidence and pattern of cancer in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) age group in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah region of Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

This retrospective histopathology-based study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Al-Madinah Al-Munawwarah, Saudi Arabia and comprised cases of cancers for 15 years between January 2006 and December 2020.

RESULTS

During the last 15-year period, 8,769 cases of cancers were diagnosed out of which 475 (5.4%) cases were registered in AYAs. Of these cases, 232 (48.8%) were males while 243 (51.2%) were females, with a male-to-female ratio of 0.9:1. The 3 most common cancer groups in the entire cohort were carcinomas (n=165; 34.7%), lymphomas (n=135; 28.4%), and leukemias (n=91; 19.2%). The most common sites in carcinomas were thyroid (n=60; 12.6%), breast (n=35; 7.4%), and gastrointestinal (n=18; 3.8%). The leading cancers in males were the lymphomas (n=74; 15.6%), leukemias (n=57; 12%), bone (n=21; 4.4%), and central nervous system (n=20; 4.2%), while in females, the most common cancers were the lymphomas (n=61; 12.8%), thyroid (n=40; 8.4%), breast (n=34; 7.2%), and leukemias (n=34; 7.2%).

CONCLUSION

Our findings are in concordance with studies in national and international literature and we believe that our study provides a baseline tool for future population-targeted studies.

Incidence of Pregnancy-Associated Cancer in Two Canadian Provinces: A Population-Based Study

Pregnancy-associated cancer—that is diagnosed in pregnancy or within 365 days after delivery—is increasingly common as cancer therapy evolves and survivorship increases. This study assessed the incidence and temporal trends of pregnancy-associated cancer in Alberta and Ontario—together accounting for 50% of Canada’s entire population. Linked data from the two provincial cancer registries and health administrative data were used to ascertain new diagnoses of cancer, livebirths, stillbirths and induced abortions among women aged 18–50 years, from 2003 to 2015. The annual crude incidence rate (IR) was calculated as the number of women with a pregnancy-associated cancer per 100,000 deliveries. A nonparametric test for trend assessed for any temporal trends. In Alberta, the crude IR of pregnancy-associated cancer was 156.2 per 100,000 deliveries (95% CI 145.8–166.7), and in Ontario, the IR was 149.4 per 100,000 deliveries (95% CI 143.3–155.4). While no statistically significant temporal trend in the IR of pregnancy-associated cancer was seen in Alberta, there was a rise in Ontario (p = 0.01). Pregnancy-associated cancer is common enough to warrant more detailed research on maternal, pregnancy and child outcomes, especially as cancer therapies continue to evolve.

Avoir sa santé en main : le sentiment d'habilitation tel que perçu par les jeunes adultes souffrant d'un cancer avancé

Contexte

Le sentiment d'habilitation sur sa santé (health related empowerment) est un concept fondamental des soins centrés sur la personne. Toutefois, on en sait peu sur la manière dont ce concept s'articule chez les jeunes adultes ayant un diagnostic de cancer avancé.

Objectif

Explorer le sentiment d'habilitation à la lumière des expériences de soins de santé vécues par les jeunes adultes en phase de cancer avancé.

Cadre et participants

Douze jeunes adultes (âgés de 21 à 39 ans) ont été recrutés dans un grand centre de cancérologie de Montréal, au Québec.

Méthodologie

Des entretiens en profondeur durant entre 36 et 90 minutes ont été menés individuellement, enregistrés et retranscrits mot pour mot, puis analysés par thèmes.

Résultats

Tout au long de l'expérience du cancer, les participants ont témoigné du désir soutenu de participer activement à leur traitement et à leurs soins. Quatre thèmes sont ressortis des données décrivant les processus d'attente, de prise en charge de la maladie, de mise en action et de recadrage. Sous-jacents à ces thèmes se trouvent les notions de conscience du corps, les obstacles à surmonter pour obtenir des soins, l'optimisation de la santé et la réflexion sur l'héritage qu'on laisse derrière soi.

Conclusions

De façon générale, les participants voulaient demeurer en contrôle de la situation malgré les multiples difficultés inhérentes à un cancer de stade avancé. Si elles sont corroborées par d'autres recherches, ces conclusions pourraient orienter les approches de soins en oncologie afin qu'elles soient véritablement adaptées aux besoins des jeunes adultes.

Taking control over our health: Empowerment as perceived by young adults living with advanced cancer

Background

Health-related empowerment is a key concept in person-centred care. However, little is known of its core elements in young adults diagnosed with advanced cancer.

Objective

To explore empowerment in the context of young adults' healthcare experiences who are now in advanced stages of cancer.

Setting & Participants

Twelve young adults (aged 21 to 39 years) were recruited from a large cancer centre in Montreal, Quebec.

Methods

In-depth interviews lasting between 36 and 90 minutes were conducted individually, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis.

Results

Throughout the cancer trajectory, participants reported a sustained desire to be actively involved in their treatment and care. Four themes emerged from the data representing processes of waiting, managing, acting, and revisiting. Subsumed under these were notions of body ownership, facing obstacles to care, optimizing health, and (re)considering their legacy.

Conclusions

Overall, participants wanted to remain in control of their situation despite the multiple challenges related to advanced cancer. If corroborated further, these findings should inform supportive cancer care approaches that are truly tailored to the needs of young adults.