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Chakraborty S, Dlie ZY, Mukherjee B, Besra SE, Sengupta S, Sen R, Mukherjee A. A Comparative Investigation of the Ability of Various Aptamer-Functionalized Drug Nanocarriers to Induce Selective Apoptosis in Neoplastic Hepatocytes: In Vitro and In Vivo Outcome. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:89. [PMID: 32026264 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-1629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers offer a significant promise to target various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), for their high affinity and ability to reach the target site(s), non-immunogenicity, and low cost. The targeting ability to neoplastic hepatocytes by the aptamer, TLS 9a with phosphorothioate backbone modification (designated as L5), has not been explored yet. Hence, we investigated the comparative potential of L5 with some other previously reported liver cancer cell-specific aptamers, conjugated on the surface of drug-nanocarriers. Various in vitro studies such as cytotoxicity, in vitro cellular uptake, cell cycle analysis, and investigations related to apoptosis were performed. In vivo studies carried out here include macroscopic and microscopic hepatic alterations in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats, upon experimental treatments. The outcome of the investigations revealed that L5-functionalized drug-nanocarrier (PTX-NPL5) had the highest apoptotic potential compared with the other aptamer-conjugated experimental formulations. Further, its maximum internalization by neoplastic hepatocytes and minimum internalization by normal hepatocytes indicate that it had the potential to preferentially target the neoplastic hepatocytes. Data of in vivo studies revealed that PTX-NPL5 reduced tumor incidences and tumor progress. Superior potency of PTX-NPL5 may be due to the maximum affinity of L5 towards neoplastic hepatocytes resulting in maximum permeation of drug-nanocarrier in them. An effective site-specific targeting of neoplastic hepatocytes can be achieved by L5 for preferential delivery of therapeutics. Further, investigations are needed to identify the target protein(s) on neoplastic hepatocytes responsible for ligand-receptor interaction of L5.
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Chakraborty S, Dlie ZY, Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mukherjee B, Besra SE, Dewanjee S, Mukherjee A, Ojha PK, Kumar V, Sen R. Aptamer-Functionalized Drug Nanocarrier Improves Hepatocellular Carcinoma toward Normal by Targeting Neoplastic Hepatocytes. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 20:34-49. [PMID: 32146417 PMCID: PMC7063179 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific delivery of chemotherapeutics specifically to neoplastic hepatocytes without affecting normal hepatocytes should be a focus for potential therapeutic management of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aptamer TLS 9a with phosphorothioate backbone modifications (L5) has not been explored so far for preferential delivery of therapeutics in neoplastic hepatocytes to induce apoptosis. Thus, the objective of the present investigation was to compare the therapeutic potential of L5-functionalized drug nanocarrier (PTX-NPL5) with those of the other experimental drug nanocarriers functionalized by previously reported HCC cell-targeting aptamers and non-aptamer ligands, such as galactosamine and apotransferrin. A myriad of well-defined investigations such as cell cycle analysis, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling) assay, and studies related to apoptosis, histopathology, and immunoblotting substantiated that PTX-NPL5 had the highest potency among the different ligand-attached experimental formulations in inducing selective apoptosis in neoplastic hepatocytes via a mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. PTX-NPL5 did not produce any notable toxic effects in healthy hepatocytes, thus unveiling a new and a safer option in targeted therapy for HCC. Molecular modeling study identified two cell-surface biomarker proteins (tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 [TAG-72] and heat shock protein 70 [HSP70]) responsible for ligand-receptor interaction of L5 and preferential internalization of PTX-NPL5 via clathrin-mediated endocytosis in neoplastic hepatocytes. The potential of PTX-NPL5 has provided enough impetus for its rapid translation from the pre-clinical to clinical domain to establish itself as a targeted therapeutic to significantly prolong survival in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samrat Chakraborty
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Zewdu Yilma Dlie
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Somdyuti Chakraborty
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Somdatta Roy
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Shila Elizabeth Besra
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Alankar Mukherjee
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Pharmaceutics Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India; Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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β-ionone inhibits nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:377-384. [PMID: 31150631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Among the primary neoplasias that affect the liver, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent and the third leading cause of death related to cancer. Several risk factors predispose individuals to HCC such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), whose incidence has significantly increased worldwide. β-ionone (βI) isoprenoid is a known chemopreventive of hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the effects of this compound on NAFLD isolated or in association with hepatocarcinogenesis have not yet been evaluated. A high-fat emulsion administered for 6 weeks resulted in NAFLD in male rats, and oral treatment with βI during this period significantly attenuated its development. Moreover, the presence of NAFLD potentiated hepatocarcinogenesis induced by the resistant hepatocyte (RH) model in these animals by increasing the number and percentage of the liver section area occupied by placental glutathione S-transferase (GST-P)-positive persistent preneoplastic lesions (pPNLs), that are thought to evolve into HCC. This indicates that this NAFLD/RH protocol is suitable for studies of the influence of NAFLD on the HCC development. Therefore, here we also investigated the chemopreventive effect of βI under these two associated conditions. In this context, βI reduced the number and percentage of the liver section area occupied by pPNLs, as well as cell proliferation and the number of oval cells, which are considered potential targets for the development of HCC. Thus, βI presents not only a promising inhibitory effect on NAFLD isolated but also chemopreventive activity when it is associated with hepatocarcinogenesis.
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El Okle OS, El Euony OI, Khafaga AF, Lebda MA. Thiamethoxam induced hepatotoxicity and pro-carcinogenicity in rabbits via motivation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and anti-apoptotic pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4678-4689. [PMID: 29197058 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0850-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a non-mutagenic neonicotinoid insecticide that is widely used to combat different types of insects. The hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity of TMX have been approved previously in mice but not in rats. However, the TMX-induced hepatotoxic and pro-carcinogenic effects on rabbits remain unclear. The present study elucidated the roles of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis-related genes in the hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects of TMX on rabbits. Sixteen male rabbits were equally divided into two groups; eight rabbits orally treated with TMX at a dose of 250 mg/kg b.w for 90 successive days. Hepatotoxic effects of TMX were evidenced by attenuation of liver enzyme activities, elevation of bilirubin levels, and alterations in the hepatic architecture, including hepatocyte death by necrosis and apoptosis, lymphocyte infiltration and fibrosis. TMX induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by the significant increases in malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme (glutathione transferase and catalase) activities along with a decrease in glutathione levels. TMX also up-regulated the mRNA levels of interleukin-6 (1.6-fold) and B cell lymphoma-2 (1.8-fold) and down-regulated the mRNA level of the tumor necrosis factor-α (0.8-fold), indicating its effects on cell survival and proliferation through the inhibition of apoptosis. Interestingly, the elevated level of carcinoembryonic antigen and the appearance of ground glass-like hepatocytes suggested that TMX exerted a pro-carcinogenic effect. In conclusion, TMX exerts potentially hepatotoxic and pro-carcinogenic effects on rabbits by modulating oxidative/antioxidative status and pro-inflammatory cytokine production, inhibiting apoptosis and activating cell survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama S El Okle
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Omnia I El Euony
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Asmaa F Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A Lebda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Bannasch P, Ribback S, Su Q, Mayer D. Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma: origin, metabolic traits and fate of glycogenotic clear and ground glass cells. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2017; 16:570-594. [PMID: 29291777 DOI: 10.1016/s1499-3872(17)60071-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear cell hepatocellular carcinoma (CCHCC) has hitherto been considered an uncommon, highly differentiated variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with a relatively favorable prognosis. CCHCC is composed of mixtures of clear and/or acidophilic ground glass hepatocytes with excessive glycogen and/or fat and shares histology, clinical features and etiology with common HCCs. Studies in animal models of chemical, hormonal and viral hepatocarcinogenesis and observations in patients with chronic liver diseases prone to develop HCC have shown that the majority of HCCs are preceded by, or associated with, focal or diffuse excessive storage of glycogen (glycogenosis) which later may be replaced by fat (lipidosis/steatosis). In ground glass cells, the glycogenosis is accompanied by proliferation of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which is closely related to glycogen particles and frequently harbors the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). From the findings in animal models a sequence of changes has been established, commencing with preneoplastic glycogenotic liver lesions, often containing ground glass cells, and progressing to glycogen-poor neoplasms via various intermediate stages, including glycogenotic/lipidotic clear cell foci, clear cell hepatocellular adenomas (CCHCA) rich in glycogen and/or fat, and CCHCC. A similar process seems to take place in humans, with clear cells frequently persisting in CCHCC and steatohepatitic HCC, which presumably represent intermediate stages in the development rather than particular variants of HCC. During the progression of the preneoplastic lesions, the clear and ground glass cells transform into cells characteristic of common HCC. The sequential cellular changes are associated with metabolic aberrations, which start with an activation of the insulin signaling cascade resulting in pre-neoplastic hepatic glycogenosis. The molecular and metabolic changes underlying the glycogenosis/lipidosis are apparently responsible for the dramatic metabolic shift from gluconeogenesis to the pentose phosphate pathway and Warburg-type glycolysis, which provide precursors and energy for an ever increasing cell proliferation during progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Qin Su
- Cell Marque, Millipore-Sigma Rocklin, USA
| | - Doris Mayer
- German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
A high-sugar diet has been associated with reduced lifespan in organisms ranging from worms to mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of glucose are poorly understood. Here we establish a causative relationship between endogenous glucose storage in the form of glycogen, resistance to oxidative stress and organismal aging in Caenorhabditis elegans. We find that glycogen accumulated on high dietary glucose limits C. elegans longevity. Glucose released from glycogen and used for NADPH/glutathione reduction renders nematodes and human hepatocytes more resistant against oxidative stress. Exposure to low levels of oxidants or genetic inhibition of glycogen synthase depletes glycogen stores and extends the lifespan of animals fed a high glucose diet in an AMPK-dependent manner. Moreover, glycogen interferes with low insulin signalling and accelerates aging of long-lived daf-2 worms fed a high glucose diet. Considering its extensive evolutionary conservation, our results suggest that glycogen metabolism might also have a role in mammalian aging. Glycogen is a storage form of glucose in cells. Here, Gusarov et al. show that glycogen-derived glucose can be used to quickly regenerate the antioxidant glutathione and that inhibiting glycogen synthesis extends C. elegans lifespan, whereas glycogen accumulation drives organismal ageing in worms.
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Teng CF, Wu HC, Shyu WC, Jeng LB, Su IJ. Pre-S2 Mutant-Induced Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signal Pathways as Potential Therapeutic Targets for Hepatitis B Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:429-438. [PMID: 28195035 PMCID: PMC5657708 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x694382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Pre-S2 mutant represents an HBV oncoprotein that is accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and manifests as type II ground glass hepatocytes (GGHs). Pre-S2 mutant can induce ER stress and initiate multiple ER stress-dependent or -independent cellular signal pathways, leading to growth advantage of type II GGH. Importantly, the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signal pathways are consistently activated throughout the liver tumorigenesis in pre-S2 mutant transgenic mice and in human HCC tissues, leading to hepatocyte proliferation, metabolic disorders, and HCC tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the pre-S2 mutant-induced mTOR signal pathways and its implications in HBV-related HCC tumorigenesis. Clinically, the presence of pre-S2 mutant exhibits a high resistance to antiviral treatment and carries a high risk of HCC development in patients with chronic HBV infection. Targeting at pre-S2 mutant-induced mTOR signal pathways may thus provide potential strategies for the prevention or therapy of HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Fang Teng
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Center for Neuropsychiatry, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Long-Bin Jeng
- Organ Transplantation Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
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Attenuation of liver cancer development by oral glycerol supplementation in the rat. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1215-1224. [PMID: 28255652 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glycerol usage is increasing in food industry for human and animal nutrition. This study analyzed the impact of glycerol metabolism when orally supplemented during the early stage of rat liver carcinogenesis. METHODS Wistar rats were subjected to a 2-phase model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiated-promoted, IP group). IP animals also received glycerol by gavage (200 mg/kg body weight, IPGly group). RESULTS Glycerol treatment reduced the volume of preneoplastic lesions by decreasing the proliferative status of liver foci, increasing the expression of p53 and p21 proteins and reducing the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 1. Besides, apoptosis was enhanced in IPGly animals, given by an increment of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, Bad and PUMA mitochondrial expression, a concomitant increase in cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation. Furthermore, hepatic levels of glycerol phosphate and markers of oxidative stress were increased in IPGly rats. Oxidative stress intermediates act as intracellular messengers, inducing p53 activation and changes in JNK and Erk signaling pathways, with JNK activation and Erk inhibition. CONCLUSION The present work provides novel data concerning the preventive actions of glycerol during the development of liver cancer and represents an economically feasible intervention to treat high-risk individuals.
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Kaestner B, Spicher K, Jaehde U, Enzmann H. Effects of sorafenib and cisplatin on preneoplastic foci of altered hepatocytes in fetal turkey liver. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:54-62. [PMID: 30090476 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00342g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foci of altered hepatocytes (FAH) were induced in fetal turkey liver (FTL) by diethyl nitrosamine. FAH in FTL were resistant to iron overload similar to FAH in humans and rodents. The mitotic index was significantly higher in FAH (6.2 mitosis in 1000 hepatocytes) than in extrafocal liver tissue (1.8 mitosis in 1000 hepatocytes). The calculation of the net growth rate based on both cell proliferation (mitosis) and cell death (TUNEL positive) revealed a threefold growth advantage of the FAH over the surrounding liver. Two well established anti-tumor substances from different chemical classes, different modes of action and with different clinical use in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were used to study their effect on FAH. Sorafenib is the only approved drug for systemic pharmacological treatment of HCC; cisplatin has been used for many years in hepatic arterial infusion. Cisplatin had no clear effect on number of size of FAH, cell proliferation (mitosis) or cell loss (TUNEL positive). Sorafenib enhanced the development of FAH. Morphometric quantification revealed a sorafenib-induced 2-3-fold increase in number (FAH per cm2 and FAH per cm3), size and volume fraction of FAH. This unexpected finding was confirmed in two experiments. The effect was driven by an increased cell proliferation in the FAH, resulting in an increased, 5.4-fold growth advantage of FAH versus the surrounding liver in sorafenib-treated FTL. In this model, sorafenib has a promoting effect on preneoplastic FAH. This might be of relevance for the treatment of patients with long term survival perspective, e.g. in an adjuvant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Kaestner
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices , Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 207 3315
| | - Karsten Spicher
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices , Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 207 3315
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- Institute of Pharmacy , University of Bonn , Bonn , Germany
| | - Harald Enzmann
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices , Bonn , Germany . ; ; Tel: +49 228 207 3315
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Teng CF, Hsieh WC, Wu HC, Lin YJ, Tsai HW, Huang W, Su IJ. Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S2 Mutant Induces Aerobic Glycolysis through Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signal Cascade. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122373. [PMID: 25909713 PMCID: PMC4409318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S2 mutant can induce hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) via the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress to activate mammalian target of rapamycin (MTOR) signaling. The association of metabolic syndrome with HBV-related HCC raises the possibility that pre-S2 mutant-induced MTOR activation may drive the development of metabolic disorders to promote tumorigenesis in chronic HBV infection. To address this issue, glucose metabolism and gene expression profiles were analyzed in transgenic mice livers harboring pre-S2 mutant and in an in vitro culture system. The pre-S2 mutant transgenic HCCs showed glycogen depletion. The pre-S2 mutant initiated an MTOR-dependent glycolytic pathway, involving the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1), Yin Yang 1 (YY1), and myelocytomatosis oncogene (MYC) to activate the solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 1 (SLC2A1), contributing to aberrant glucose uptake and lactate production at the advanced stage of pre-S2 mutant transgenic tumorigenesis. Such a glycolysis-associated MTOR signal cascade was validated in human HBV-related HCC tissues and shown to mediate the inhibitory effect of a model of combined resveratrol and silymarin product on tumor growth. Our results provide the mechanism of pre-S2 mutant-induced MTOR activation in the metabolic switch in HBV tumorigenesis. Chemoprevention can be designed along this line to prevent HCC development in high-risk HBV carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiao-Fang Teng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Wu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jyh Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wenya Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Julián MT, Alonso N, Ojanguren I, Pizarro E, Ballestar E, Puig-Domingo M. Hepatic glycogenosis: An underdiagnosed complication of diabetes mellitus? World J Diabetes 2015; 6:321-325. [PMID: 25789113 PMCID: PMC4360425 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic glycogenosis (HG) is characterized by excessive glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes and represents a hepatic complication of diabetes that particularly occurs in patients with longstanding poorly controlled type 1 diabetes (T1D). HG has been reported to be a very rare disease, although it is believed to be extremely underdiagnosed because it is not possible to distinguish it from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) unless a liver biopsy is performed. In contrast to HG, NAFLD is characterized by liver fat accumulation and is the more likely diagnosis for patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. The pathogenesis of HG involves the concomitant presence of insulin and excess glucose, which increases glycogen storage in the liver. HG is characterized by a transient elevation in liver transaminases and hepatomegaly. Differentiating between these two conditions is of the utmost importance because HG is a benign disease that is potentially reversible by improving glycemic control, whereas NAFLD can progress to cirrhosis. Therefore, HG should be suspected when liver dysfunction occurs in patients with poorly controlled T1D. The aim of this article is to review the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, pathogenesis and histology of HG.
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Giordano S, Martocchia A, Toussan L, Stefanelli M, Pastore F, Devito A, Risicato MG, Ruco L, Falaschi P. Diagnosis of hepatic glycogenosis in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:882-888. [PMID: 25512791 PMCID: PMC4265875 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i6.882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic glycogenosis (HG) in type 1 diabetes is a underrecognized complication. Mauriac firstly described the syndrome characterized by hepatomegaly with altered liver enzymes, growth impairment, delay puberty and Cushingoid features, during childhood. HG in adulthood is characterized by the liver disorder (with circulating aminotransferase increase) in the presence of poor glycemic control (elevation of glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c levels). The advances in the comprehension of the metabolic pathways driving to the hepatic glycogen deposition point out the role of glucose transporters and insulin mediated activations of glucokinase and glycogen synthase, with inhibition of glucose-6-phosphatase. The differential diagnosis of HG consists in the exclusion of causes of liver damage (infectious, metabolic, obstructive and autoimmune disease). The imaging study (ultrasonography and/or radiological examinations) gives information about the liver alterations (hepatomegaly), but the diagnosis needs to be confirmed by the liver biopsy. The main treatment of HG is the amelioration of glycemic control that is usually accompanied by the reversal of the liver disorder. In selected cases, more aggressive treatment options (transplantation) have been successfully reported.
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Negroni L, Taouji S, Arma D, Pallares-Lupon N, Leong K, Beausang LA, Latterich M, Bossé R, Balabaud C, Schmitter JM, Bioulac-Sage P, Zucman-Rossi J, Rosenbaum J, Chevet E. Integrative quantitative proteomics unveils proteostasis imbalance in human hepatocellular carcinoma developed on nonfibrotic livers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:3473-83. [PMID: 25225353 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.043174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics-based clinical studies represent promising resources for the discovery of novel biomarkers or for unraveling molecular mechanisms underlying particular diseases. Here, we present a discovery study of hepatocellular carcinoma developed on nonfibrotic liver (nfHCC) that combines complementary quantitative iTRAQ-based proteomics and phosphoproteomics approaches. Using both approaches, we compared a set of 24 samples (18 nfHCC versus six nontumor liver tissue). We identified 43 proteins (67 peptides) differentially expressed and 32 peptides differentially phosphorylated between the experimental groups. The functional analysis of the two data sets pointed toward the deregulation of a protein homeostasis (proteostasis) network including the up-regulation of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) resident HSPA5, HSP90B1, PDIA6, and P4HB and of the cytosolic HSPA1B, HSP90AA1, HSPA9, UBC, CNDP2, TXN, and VCP as well as the increased phosphorylation of the ER resident calnexin at Ser583. Antibody-based validation approaches (immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, Alphascreen(®), and AMMP(®)) on independent nfHCC tumor sets (up to 77 samples) confirmed these observations, thereby indicating a common mechanism occurring in nfHCC tumors. Based on these results we propose that adaptation to proteostasis imbalance in nfHCC tumors might confer selective advantages to those tumors. As such, this model could provide an additional therapeutic opportunity for those tumors arising on normal liver by targeting the tumor proteostasis network. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001253.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Negroni
- From the ‡UMR 5248 CNRS-Université Bordeaux-IPB, Bordeaux, France; §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Said Taouji
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; ¶INSERM, UMR-U1053, Team ≪ Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer ≫, Bordeaux, France. ‖BMYscreen, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Arma
- From the ‡UMR 5248 CNRS-Université Bordeaux-IPB, Bordeaux, France; ¶INSERM, UMR-U1053, Team ≪ Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer ≫, Bordeaux, France. **INSERM, UMR-U1053, ≪ Repteam ≫, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nestor Pallares-Lupon
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; ¶INSERM, UMR-U1053, Team ≪ Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer ≫, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kristen Leong
- ‡‡BioScale, Inc., 4 Maguire Rd, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | | | - Martin Latterich
- ‡‡BioScale, Inc., 4 Maguire Rd, Lexington, MA 02421, USA; §§Proteogenomics Research Institute for Systems Medicine, San Diego, California 92121
| | | | - Charles Balabaud
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; **INSERM, UMR-U1053, ≪ Repteam ≫, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Marie Schmitter
- From the ‡UMR 5248 CNRS-Université Bordeaux-IPB, Bordeaux, France; §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paulette Bioulac-Sage
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; **INSERM, UMR-U1053, ≪ Repteam ≫, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jessica Zucman-Rossi
- ‖‖Inserm, UMR-1162, Génomique fonctionnelle des Tumeurs solides, IUH, Paris, F-75010 France; Université Paris Descartes, Labex Immuno-Oncology, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; Université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UFR SMBH, F-93000 Bobigny, France; Université Paris Diderot, F-75013 Paris
| | - Jean Rosenbaum
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; **INSERM, UMR-U1053, ≪ Repteam ≫, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- §Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; ¶INSERM, UMR-U1053, Team ≪ Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer ≫, Bordeaux, France. ‖BMYscreen, Bordeaux, France; Centre Régional de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, 35000 Rennes, France
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14
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Ghosh MK, Patra F, Ghosh S, Hossain CM, Mukherjee B. Antisense oligonucleotides directed against insulin-like growth factor-II messenger ribonucleic acids delay the progress of rat hepatocarcinogenesis. J Carcinog 2014; 13:2. [PMID: 24737950 PMCID: PMC3986617 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.126761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multistep complex process, caused by many of genetic alteration. Insulin-like growth factors and their receptor have been widely implicated to HCC. Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a mitogenic polypeptide, found in various fetal and neonatal tissues of humans and rats and expresses in HCC. Here we investigated anticancer potential of phosphorothioate antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against three coding exons (exon-1/exon-2/exon-3) of IGF-II messenger ribonucleic acid in rat hepatocarcinogenesis model. Materials and Methods: During diethylnitrosamine and 2-acetylaminofluorene induced hepatocarcinogenesis, rats were treated with ASOs. Various biochemical and histological studies were conducted. Results: About 40% of carcinogen treated rats, which received two oligomers (against exon-1 or-3) did not show any hepatic lesion, hyperplastic nodule or tumor and remaining 60% of those rats showed lesion incidence and had about 59% and 55% reductions in the numbers of hepatic altered foci, respectively. Reductions in the total lesion-area when compared with carcinogen control rats were 64% and 53%, respectively for the animals treated with carcinogen and received the ASOs against exon-1/-3. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled ASO reached in the hepatocytes in 2 h. No predominant IGF-II overexpression was observed in case of rats treated with the two ASOs. Treatment of the antisense IGF-II oligomers in carcinogen treated rats show better hepatocellular integrity along with several preneoplastic/neoplastic marker isoenzyme/enzyme modulations. Conclusions: Two of the three antisense oligomer-types effectively controlled IGF-II overexpression, causing the delay of the development and/or progress of hepatic cancer in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miltu Kumar Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India ; Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Department of Human Genetics, Heinrich-Düker Weg 12, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Falguni Patra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Shampa Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Biswajit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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15
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary malignant liver tumor seen in adults. The histopathologic diagnosis of classic or conventional differentiated HCC is seldom challenging, however, HCC is a particularly heterogeneous tumor. HCC often has a medley of morphologic features that are either challenging to recognize as hepatocellular, or represents components that are of complex histogenesis. This review focuses on the heterogeneous nature of HCC, with discussion of the histologic variants, some of which the clinical significance is unknown. In some cases, a lack of numbers precludes elucidating the clinical significance of these variants. Ultimately, larger studies are needed to determine the diagnostic and prognostic relevance of the phantasmagoria within HCC.
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16
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Bannasch P. Letter. J Toxicol Pathol 2013; 26:259-62. [PMID: 23914069 PMCID: PMC3695349 DOI: 10.1293/tox.26.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bannasch
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Im Neuenheimer Feld 280
D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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17
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BANNASCH P. Comparative Aspects of Rat and Human Hepatocellular Preneoplasia and Neoplasia. J Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1293/tox..] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter BANNASCH
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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18
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BANNASCH P. Comparative Aspects of Rat and Human Hepatocellular Preneoplasia and Neoplasia. J Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1293/tox] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter BANNASCH
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg Germany
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