Low G preconditioning reduces liver injury induced by high +Gz exposure in rats

The effect of T cell aging on the change of human tissue structure

The trend of aging of the global population is becoming more and more significant, and the incidence of age-related diseases continues to rise.This phenomenon makes the problem of aging gradually attracted wide attention of the society, and gradually developed into an independent research field.As a vital defense mechanism of the human body, the immune system changes significantly during the aging process.Age-induced changes in the body's immune system are considered harmful and are commonly referred to as immune aging, which may represent the beginning of systemic aging.Immune cells, especially T cells, are the biggest influencers and participants in age-related deterioration of immune function, making older people more susceptible to different age-related diseases.More and more evidence shows that T cells play an important role in the change of human tissue structure after aging, which fundamentally affects the health and survival of the elderly.In this review, we discuss the general characteristics of age-related T cell immune alterations and the possible effects of aging T cells in various tissue structures in the human body.

Protein succinylation, hepatic metabolism, and liver diseases

Succinylation is a highly conserved post-translational modification that is processed via enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. Succinylation exhibits strong effects on protein stability, enzyme activity, and transcriptional regulation. Protein succinylation is extensively present in the liver, and increasing evidence has demonstrated that succinylation is closely related to hepatic metabolism. For instance, histone acetyltransferase 1 promotes liver glycolysis, and the sirtuin 5-induced desuccinylation is involved in the regulation of the hepatic urea cycle and lipid metabolism. Therefore, the effects of succinylation on hepatic glucose, amino acid, and lipid metabolism under the action of various enzymes will be discussed in this work. In addition, how succinylases regulate the progression of different liver diseases will be reviewed, including the desuccinylation activity of sirtuin 7, which is closely associated with fatty liver disease and hepatitis, and the actions of lysine acetyltransferase 2A and histone acetyltransferase 1 that act as succinyltransferases to regulate the succinylation of target genes that influence the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In view of the diversity and significance of protein succinylation, targeting the succinylation pathway may serve as an attractive direction for the treatment of liver diseases.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties of helicid protect against CCl4 induced acute liver injury in mice

Acute liver injury can be caused by chemicals and can lead to liver failure. We investigated the protective effect of helicid (HEL) on acute liver injury caused by CCl₄ in mice. We found that ALT and AST levels as well as hepatic pathological damage in mice treated with CCl₄ was increased significantly, while the effects were decreased by HEL treatment. HEL treatment increased the activity of T-SOD, GSH and CAT and reduced the level of MDA in CCl₄ treated mice. HEL improved the histopathology of liver caused by CCl₄. HEL also reduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL- 6 activity caused by CCl₄. We investigated the phosphorylation of p65 and IκB protein and found that HEL can alleviate liver damage via the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that HEL protects against acute liver injury induced by CCl₄. The protective effect of HEL appears to be due to its antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties through the NF-κB signaling pathway.

BMSCs protect against liver injury via suppressing hepatocyte apoptosis and activating TGF-β1/Bax singling pathway

Many factors cause liver injury, including chronic consumption of alcohol, irregular use of drugs, excessive levels of arsenic in water. This study aims to investigate role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in liver injury recovery and to explore mechanism. BMSCs and primary hepatocytes were isolated, cultured and identified. Hepatocyte model and hepatic fibrosis (HF) model were established using carbon tetrachloride (CCL-4). The role of BMSCs were investigated in both in vitro and in vivo levels. Cell proliferation was examined using MTT assay. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), Bcl-2 and Bax expression were detected using western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Results indicated that BMSCs and primary hepatocytes were successfully isolated and identified, and hepatocyte model was successfully established. BMSCs and HGF treatment enhance viability of normal hepatocytes and hepatocyte injury model. Cell viability in BMSCs treatment and Bax-1 inhibitor treatment group was higher significantly compared to normal hepatocyte control and injury hepatocyte model, respectively (P<0.05). Bax-1 expression was significantly lower and Bcl-2 was significantly higher in Bax-1 inhibitor treatment and BMSCs treatment group compared to normal hepatocyte control (normal rats) and injury hepatocyte model (HF model), respectively (P<0.05). BMSCs significantly decreased ALT and AST levels compared to Saline group (P<0.05). In conclusion, function of BMSCs in liver injury was triggered by inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis and leading cell proliferation through TGF-β1/Bax singling pathway. Our study proved protective role of BMSCs against liver injury via TGF-β1/Bax pathway, which would enrich application of BMSC in clinical.