1
|
Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS, Elbeltagi R. Fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases: Pros and cons. World J Clin Pediatr 2024; 13:93341. [DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v13.i2.93341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal calprotectin is a valuable biomarker for assessing intestinal inflammation in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases. However, its role, pros, and cons in various conditions must be comprehensively elucidated.
AIM To explore the role of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases, including its advantages and limitations.
METHODS A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and other scientific research engines until February 24, 2024. The review included 88 research articles, 56 review articles, six meta-analyses, two systematic reviews, two consensus papers, and two letters to the editors.
RESULTS Fecal calprotectin is a non-invasive marker for detecting intestinal inflammation and monitoring disease activity in pediatric conditions such as functional gastrointestinal disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, coronavirus disease 2019-induced gastrointestinal disorders, gastroenteritis, and cystic fibrosis-associated intestinal pathology. However, its lack of specificity and susceptibility to various confounding factors pose challenges in interpretation. Despite these limitations, fecal calprotectin offers significant advantages in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.
CONCLUSION Fecal calprotectin holds promise as a valuable tool in pediatric gastroenterology, offering insights into disease activity, treatment response, and prognosis. Standardized protocols and guidelines are needed to optimize its clinical utility and mitigate interpretation challenges. Further research is warranted to address the identified limitations and enhance our understanding of fecal calprotectin in pediatric gastrointestinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Alghrabia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Bahrain, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Pulmonology, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Alghrabia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bell C, Goss M, Norton D, Barlow S, Temte E, He C, Hamer C, Walters S, Sabry A, Johnson K, Chen G, Uzicanin A, Temte J. Descriptive Epidemiology of Pathogens Associated with Acute Respiratory Infection in a Community-Based Study of K-12 School Children (2015-2023). Pathogens 2024; 13:340. [PMID: 38668295 PMCID: PMC11053468 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
School-based outbreaks often precede increased incidence of acute respiratory infections in the greater community. We conducted acute respiratory infection surveillance among children to elucidate commonly detected pathogens in school settings and their unique characteristics and epidemiological patterns. The ORegon CHild Absenteeism due to Respiratory Disease Study (ORCHARDS) is a longitudinal, laboratory-supported, school-based, acute respiratory illness (ARI) surveillance study designed to evaluate the utility of cause-specific student absenteeism monitoring for early detection of increased activity of influenza and other respiratory viruses in schools from kindergarten through 12th grade. Eligible participants with ARIs provided demographic, epidemiologic, and symptom data, along with a nasal swab or oropharyngeal specimen. Multipathogen testing using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed on all specimens for 18 respiratory viruses and 2 atypical bacterial pathogens (Chlamydia pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae). Between 5 January 2015 and 9 June 2023, 3498 children participated. Pathogens were detected in 2455 of 3498 (70%) specimens. Rhinovirus/enteroviruses (36%) and influenza viruses A/B (35%) were most commonly identified in positive specimens. Rhinovirus/enteroviruses and parainfluenza viruses occurred early in the academic year, followed by seasonal coronaviruses, RSV, influenza viruses A/B, and human metapneumovirus. Since its emergence in 2020, SARS-CoV-2 was detected year-round and had a higher median age than the other pathogens. A better understanding of the etiologies, presentations, and patterns of pediatric acute respiratory infections can help inform medical and public health system responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristalyne Bell
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Maureen Goss
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Derek Norton
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Shari Barlow
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Emily Temte
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Cecilia He
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Caroline Hamer
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Sarah Walters
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Alea Sabry
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Kelly Johnson
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (D.N.); (G.C.)
| | - Amra Uzicanin
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Jonathan Temte
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (C.B.); (S.B.); (E.T.); (C.H.); (C.H.); (S.W.); (A.S.); (K.J.); (J.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Trandafir LM, Spoiala EL, Ghiga G, Gimiga N, Budescu PD, Lupu VV, Butnariu L, Cojocaru E, Paduraru G. Impact of COVID-19 on Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases-From Expectations to Reality. J Pers Med 2024; 14:399. [PMID: 38673026 PMCID: PMC11051136 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have always been considered a threat to global health, with numerous outbreaks across time. Despite the relative recent experience with coronavirus-associated diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome-2's (SARS-CoV-2) continuous evolution displays a different behavior. With a tropism for both respiratory and digestive mucosa, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) seem to share a particular common background. Current literature offers evidence that viral alteration of the immune system, inflammatory intestinal tissue damage, increased intestinal permeability, incomplete viral clearance with viral antigen persistence, and intestinal dysbiosis, might explain SARS-CoV-2-IBD relationship in terms of etiopathogenesis and evolution. The hyperinflammatory state that both entities have in common explains the lack of success of current IBD therapy, raising the need for new personalized therapeutic options, with better outcomes for IBD and COVID-19 as well. This review aims to summarize the current available data on pediatric IBD evolution, management, and outcomes in the post-COVID period, with an emphasis on the particular aspects of the SARS-CoV-2-IBD relationship in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mihaela Trandafir
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Elena Lia Spoiala
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Gabriela Ghiga
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Nicoleta Gimiga
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Paula-Diana Budescu
- Saint Mary Children Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, no 62-64, 700309 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Vasile Valeriu Lupu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Lacramioara Butnariu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena Cojocaru
- Morpho-Functional Sciences II Department, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Gabriela Paduraru
- Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (L.M.T.); (E.L.S.); (V.V.L.); (G.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Koyuncu H, Bükülmez A, Güngör A, Sarıkaya Y. Evaluation of acute terminal ileitis in children before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2024; 78:197-203. [PMID: 38374549 DOI: 10.1002/jpn3.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to examine the clinical features of acute terminal ileitis in children and evaluate its rate before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This retrospective study was performed in our pediatric emergency department between 2018 and 2022. The records of 5363 patients who required abdominal imaging due to acute abdomen were analyzed, and 143 patients with terminal ileitis were included. The rate and etiological causes were compared during and before the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS The rate of acute terminal ileitis has increased over the years. The fastest increase was in 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic was experienced. While 59 (41.2%) patients showed acute nonspecific ileitis, the most common etiologic cause that could be identified was acute gastroenteritis. It was determined that multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children was among the causes of ileitis after the COVID-19 pandemic and was one of the top three causes. CONCLUSIONS Acute terminal ileitis, which has many etiologies, is one of the rare radiological findings in acute abdominal pain. Examination and laboratory findings are not specific. Guidelines are needed for the investigation of the underlying etiology of acute terminal ileitis in children. The incidence of acute terminal ileitis is increasing, and the increase has been found to be faster after the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Koyuncu
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ayşegül Bükülmez
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Güngör
- Department of Child Health and Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Yasin Sarıkaya
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Elbeltagi R, Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5246-5266. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract, which can present itself as an initial symptom. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often reflected in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. COVID-19 can damage the nerve supply to the digestive system, leading to gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction. There is still much to learn about how COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract.
AIM To thoroughly explore the epidemiology and clinical aspects of COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction, including its manifestations, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, impact on quality of life, prognosis, and management and prevention strategies.
METHODS We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases and performed an extensive literature review. Our review encompassed 113 studies published in English from January 2000 to April 18, 2023.
RESULTS According to most of the literature, gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and ultimate prognosis. Numerous factors can influence gastrointestinal autonomic nervous functions. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a well-documented affinity for both neural and gastrointestinal tissues, and the virus can produce various gastrointestinal symptoms by reaching neural tissues through different pathways. These symptoms include anorexia, dysgeusia, heartburn, belching, chest pain, regurgitation, vomiting, epigastric burn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, irregular bowel movements, and constipation. Diarrhea is the most prevalent symptom, followed by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Although COVID-19 vaccination may rarely induce autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms, COVID-19-induced autonomic effects significantly impact the patient's condition, general health, prognosis, and quality of life. Early diagnosis and proper recognition are crucial for improving outcomes. It is important to consider the differential diagnosis, as these symptoms may be induced by diseases other than COVID-19-induced autonomic dysfunction. Treating this dysfunction can be a challenging task.
CONCLUSION To ensure the best possible outcomes for COVID-19 patients, it is essential to take a multidisciplinary approach involving providing supportive care, treating the underlying infection, managing dysfunction, monitoring for complications, and offering nutritional support. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is crucial, and prompt intervention should be taken if necessary. Furthermore, conducting thorough research on the gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction caused by COVID-19 is vital to manage it effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Elbeltagi R, Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction: A systematic review. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:5252-5272. [PMID: 37621592 PMCID: PMC10445067 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i22.5252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is common for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection to occur in the gastrointestinal tract, which can present itself as an initial symptom. The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is often reflected in the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms. COVID-19 can damage the nerve supply to the digestive system, leading to gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction. There is still much to learn about how COVID-19 affects the autonomic nervous system and the gastrointestinal tract. AIM To thoroughly explore the epidemiology and clinical aspects of COVID-19-induced gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction, including its manifestations, potential mechanisms, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, impact on quality of life, prognosis, and management and prevention strategies. METHODS We conducted a thorough systematic search across various databases and performed an extensive literature review. Our review encompassed 113 studies published in English from January 2000 to April 18, 2023. RESULTS According to most of the literature, gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction can seriously affect a patient's quality of life and ultimate prognosis. Numerous factors can influence gastrointestinal autonomic nervous functions. Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 has a well-documented affinity for both neural and gastrointestinal tissues, and the virus can produce various gastrointestinal symptoms by reaching neural tissues through different pathways. These symptoms include anorexia, dysgeusia, heartburn, belching, chest pain, regurgitation, vomiting, epigastric burn, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, irregular bowel movements, and constipation. Diarrhea is the most prevalent symptom, followed by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Although COVID-19 vaccination may rarely induce autonomic dysfunction and gastrointestinal symptoms, COVID-19-induced autonomic effects significantly impact the patient's condition, general health, prognosis, and quality of life. Early diagnosis and proper recognition are crucial for improving outcomes. It is important to consider the differential diagnosis, as these symptoms may be induced by diseases other than COVID-19-induced autonomic dysfunction. Treating this dysfunction can be a challenging task. CONCLUSION To ensure the best possible outcomes for COVID-19 patients, it is essential to take a multidisciplinary approach involving providing supportive care, treating the underlying infection, managing dysfunction, monitoring for complications, and offering nutritional support. Close monitoring of the patient's condition is crucial, and prompt intervention should be taken if necessary. Furthermore, conducting thorough research on the gastrointestinal autonomic dysfunction caused by COVID-19 is vital to manage it effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Elbeltagi
- Department of Medicine, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busiateen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Pathology Department, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kaselas C, Florou M, Tsopozidi M, Spyridakis I. Acute Appendicitis Following COVID-19 Infection in Pediatric Patients: A Single Center's Study in Greece. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2070. [PMID: 37370965 PMCID: PMC10297295 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the potential association between the previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive infection, as well as vaccination, and the presentation of acute appendicitis in pediatric patients. It has been three years since the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and city lockdowns and self-protective measures have been applied worldwide. In an effort to contribute to the research on the probable long-term complications of the COVID-19 infection as well as the vaccination against SARS-CoV-2, the current study was designed and investigated patients' health records in the post-quarantine era. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients admitted and treated surgically for acute appendicitis from January 2022 to June 2022 was conducted. Demographic and personal data, as well as the COVID-19 infection history of each child, were recorded. The patients who were negative for a previous COVID-19 infection were excluded. For the rest of the sample, the time-to-onset of acute appendicitis, the severity of appendicitis (complicated or uncomplicated), and the vaccination status of the patients were examined. Regarding the time-to-onset of appendicitis, we divided the patients into three groups: group A with a time-to-onset < 3 months, group B with a time-to-onset of 3-6 months, and group C with a time-to-onset of >6 months. Statistical analysis followed and was considered significant if p < 0.05. RESULTS Sixty-six children with a mean age of 10.5 years (range 1-15 years) were admitted for acute appendicitis during the determined period. After excluding 30 children that were negative for previous COVID-19 infection, we divided the patients into three groups: group A-23 children, group B-7 children, and group C-6 children. A statistically significant incidence of acute appendicitis diagnosis in <3 months after laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 infection (p < 0.01) was found. The incidence of complicated appendicitis was greater in patients with a positive SARS-CoV-2 history, with an estimated odds ratio of 1.8 (p > 0.05). The majority of the children (92%) had not received a COVID-19 vaccination. For the vaccinated children, the relative risk for complicated appendicitis was equal to 1.5 (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of our study demonstrate a potential positive relationship between COVID-19 infection and subsequent acute appendicitis in pediatric patients. There are also some speculations on the presentation of complicated cases of appendicitis following COVID-19 infection or vaccination, but these need to be further proven. Further data are required to better understand this potential complication of COVID-19 infection as well as the role of vaccines in the current post-vaccine era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Florou
- Second Department of Pediatric Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, “Papageorgiou’’ General Hospital Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Röckert Tjernberg A, Malmborg P, Mårild K. Coronavirus disease 2019 and gastrointestinal disorders in children. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231177612. [PMID: 37305380 PMCID: PMC10243097 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231177612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past 3 years, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a great impact on people all over the world. However, it has become evident that disease manifestations and severity differ across age groups. Most children have a milder disease course than adults but possibly more pronounced gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Given the child's developing immune system, the impact of COVID-19 on disease development may differ compared to adults. This study reviews the potential bi-directional relationship between COVID-19 and GI diseases in children, focusing on common pediatric conditions such as functional GI disorders (FGID), celiac disease (CeD), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Children with GI diseases, in general, and CeD and IBD, in particular, do not seem to have an increased risk of severe COVID-19, including risks of hospitalization, critical care need, and death. While infections are considered candidate environmental factors in both CeD and IBD pathogenesis, and specific infectious agents are known triggers for FGID, there is still not sufficient evidence to implicate COVID-19 in the development of either of these diseases. However, given the scarcity of data and the possible latency period between environmental triggers and disease development, future investigations in this field are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Röckert Tjernberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalmar County Hospital, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar S-391 85, Sweden
| | - Petter Malmborg
- Sachs’ Children and Youth Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao SW, Li YM, Li YL, Su C. Liver injury in COVID-19: Clinical features, potential mechanisms, risk factors and clinical treatments. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:241-256. [PMID: 36687127 PMCID: PMC9846943 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i2.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been a serious threat to global health for nearly 3 years. In addition to pulmonary complications, liver injury is not uncommon in patients with novel COVID-19. Although the prevalence of liver injury varies widely among COVID-19 patients, its incidence is significantly increased in severe cases. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand liver injury caused by COVID-19. Clinical features of liver injury include detectable liver function abnormalities and liver imaging changes. Liver function tests, computed tomography scans, and ultrasound can help evaluate liver injury. Risk factors for liver injury in patients with COVID-19 include male sex, preexisting liver disease including liver transplantation and chronic liver disease, diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. To date, the mechanism of COVID-19-related liver injury is not fully understood. Its pathophysiological basis can generally be explained by systemic inflammatory response, hypoxic damage, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and drug side effects. In this review, we systematically summarize the existing literature on liver injury caused by COVID-19, including clinical features, underlying mechanisms, and potential risk factors. Finally, we discuss clinical management and provide recommendations for the care of patients with liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wu Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yi-Ming Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Naval Medical University/Second Military University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yi-Lin Li
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chen Su
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Hunan Cancer Hospital/The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha 410013, Hunan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bacorn M, Romero-Soto HN, Levy S, Chen Q, Hourigan SK. The Gut Microbiome of Children during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122460. [PMID: 36557713 PMCID: PMC9783902 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome has been shown to play a critical role in maintaining a healthy state. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome is involved in modulating disease severity and potentially contributes to long-term outcomes in adults with COVID-19. Due to children having a significantly lower risk of severe illness and limited sample availability, much less is known about the role of the gut microbiome in children with COVID-19. It is well recognized that the developing gut microbiome of children differs from that of adults, but it is unclear if this difference contributes to the different clinical presentations and complications. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the gut microbiome in children with COVID-19, with gut microbiome dysbiosis being found in pediatric COVID-19 but specific taxa change often differing from those described in adults. Additionally, we discuss possible mechanisms of how the gut microbiome may mediate the presentation and complications of COVID-19 in children and the potential role for microbial therapeutics.
Collapse
|
11
|
Khemiri H, Ayouni K, Triki H, Haddad-Boubaker S. SARS-CoV-2 infection in pediatric population before and during the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) variants era. Virol J 2022; 19:144. [PMID: 36076271 PMCID: PMC9452867 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01873-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, the coronavirus disease that emerged in December 2019, caused drastic damage worldwide. At the beginning of the pandemic, available data suggested that the infection occurs more frequently in adults than in infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children before and after B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.1.529 Omicron variants emergence in terms of prevalence, transmission dynamics, clinical manifestations, complications and risk factors. METHODS Our method is based on the literature search on PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. From January 2020 to July 2022, a total of 229 references, relevant for the purpose of this review, were considered. RESULTS The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants was underestimated. Up to the first half of May, most of the infected children presented asymptomatic or mild manifestations. The prevalence of COVID-19 varied from country to another: the highest was reported in the United States (22.5%). COVID-19 can progress and become more severe, especially with the presence of underlying health conditions. It can also progress into Kawasaki or Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS) manifestations, as a consequence of exacerbating immune response. With the emergence of the B.1.617.2 Delta and B.1.1.529 Omicron variants, it seems that these variants affect a large proportion of the younger population with the appearance of clinical manifestations similar to those presented by adults with important hospitalization rates. CONCLUSION The pediatric population constitutes a vulnerable group that requires particular attention, especially with the emergence of more virulent variants. The increase of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalization rate among children highlights the need to extend vaccination to the pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Khemiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Kaouther Ayouni
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles for the EMR, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 1002 le Belvédère, Tunis, Tunisia.
- LR 20 IPT 02 Laboratory of Virus, Host and Vectors, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Does Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Only Mimic Acute Appendicitis in Children or Can It Coexist: When Should We Suspect MIS-C? MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:medicina58081101. [PMID: 36013568 PMCID: PMC9416076 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Acute abdominal pain in children has been noticed to be a primary reason to seek medical attention in multisystem inflammatory disorder (MIS-C), which can prevail separately or together with acute appendicitis. Our aim was to distinguish regular appendicitis cases from MIS-C and to suggest the best clinical and laboratory criteria for it. Materials and methods: Cases of patients, admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Department over a six-month period in 2021, were retrospectively analyzed. Confirmed MIS-C or acute appendicitis cases were selected. MIS-C cases were either separate/with no found inflammation in the appendix or together with acute appendicitis. Acute appendicitis cases were either regular cases or with a positive COVID-19 test. Four groups were formed and compared: A-acute appendicitis, B-MIS-C with acute appendicitis, C-MIS-C only and D-acute appendicitis with COVID-19. Results: A total of 76 cases were overall analyzed: A-36, B-6, C-29 and D-5. The most significant differences were found in duration of disease A—1.4 days, B—4.5 days, C—4 days, D—4 days (p < 0.0001), C reactive protein (CRP) values A-19.3 mg/L B-112.5 m/L, C-143.8 mg/L and D-141 mg/L (p < 0.0001), presence of febrile fever A-13.9%, B-66.7%, C-96.6% and D-40% (p < 0.0001) and other system involvement: A 0%, B 100%, C 100% and D 20%. A combination of these factors was entered into a ROC curve and was found to have a possibility to predict MIS-C in our analyzed cases (with or without acute appendicitis) with an AUC = 0.983, p < 0.0001, sensitivity of 94.3% and specificity of 92.7% when at least three criteria were met. Conclusions: MIS-C could be suspected even when clinical data and performed tests suggest acute appendicitis especially when at least three out of four signs are present: CRP > 55.8 mg, symptoms last 3 days or longer, febrile fever is present, and any kind of other system involvement is noticed, especially with a known prior recent COVID-19 contact, infection or a positive COVID-19 antibody IgG test.
Collapse
|
13
|
Elias C, Feteira-Santos R, Camarinha C, de Araújo Nobre M, Costa AS, Bacelar-Nicolau L, Furtado C, Nogueira PJ. COVID-19 in Portugal: a retrospective review of paediatric cases, hospital and PICU admissions in the first pandemic year. BMJ Paediatr Open 2022; 6:10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001499. [PMID: 36053592 PMCID: PMC9438012 DOI: 10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is considered by WHO a pandemic with public health emergency repercussions. Children often develop a mild disease with good prognosis and the recognition of children at risk is essential to successfully manage paediatric COVID-19. Quality epidemiological surveillance data are required to characterise and assess the pandemic. METHODS Data on all reported paediatric COVID-19 cases, in Portugal, were retrospectively assessed from a fully anonymised dataset provided by the Directorate General for Health (DGS). Paediatric hospital admission results were obtained from the DGS vaccine recommendations and paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission results from the EPICENTRE.PT group. Reported cases and PICU admissions from March 2020 to February 2021 and hospital admissions between March and December 2020 were analysed. RESULTS 92 051 COVID-19 cases were studied, 50.5% males, average age of 10.1 years, corresponding to 5.4% of children in Portugal. The most common symptoms were cough and fever, whereas gastrointestinal symptoms were infrequent. The most common comorbidity was asthma. A high rate of missing surveillance data was noticed, on presentation of disease and comorbidity variables, which warrants a cautious interpretation of results. Hospital admission was required in 0.93% of cases and PICU on 3.48 per 10 000 cases. PICU admission for Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) was more frequent in children with no comorbidities and males, severe COVID-19 was rarer and occurred mainly in females and infants. Case fatality rate and mortality rates were low, 1.8 per 100 000 cases and 1.2 per 1 000 000 cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The overall reported case incidence was 5.4 per 100 children and adolescents and <1% of cases required hospital admission. MIS-C was more frequent in patients with no comorbidities and males. Mortality and case fatality rates were low. Geographic adapted strategies, and information systems to facilitate surveillance are required to improve surveillance data quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Elias
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal .,Unidade de Saúde Pública Francisco George, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Feteira-Santos
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Área Disciplinar Autónoma de Bioestatística (Laboratório de Biomatemática), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório Associaodo TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Camarinha
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel de Araújo Nobre
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Clinica Universitaria Estomatologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Silva Costa
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório Associaodo TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CIDNUR - Centro de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Enfermagem de Lisboa, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Lisboa, Potugal.,CRC-W-Católica Research Centre for Psychological, Family and Social Wellbeing, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Leonor Bacelar-Nicolau
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Área Disciplinar Autónoma de Bioestatística (Laboratório de Biomatemática), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cristina Furtado
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório Associaodo TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Jorge Nogueira
- EPI Task-Force FMUL, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Área Disciplinar Autónoma de Bioestatística (Laboratório de Biomatemática), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Laboratório Associaodo TERRA, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,CIDNUR - Centro de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento em Enfermagem de Lisboa, Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa, Lisboa, Potugal.,Instituto de Medicina Preventiva e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lavania M, Viswanathan R, Bhardwaj SD, Oswal JS, Chavan N, Shinde M, Katendra S. Detection of Echovirus-18 in Children Suspected With SARS-CoV-2 Infection With Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome: A Case Report From India. Front Public Health 2022; 10:897662. [PMID: 35937258 PMCID: PMC9355657 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.897662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been several reports across the globe regarding the presentation of a severe multi-system hyperinflammatory syndrome, resembling Kawasaki disease (KD), in the pediatric population during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The exact pathophysiology is still unclear; however, children typically demonstrate multi-organ dysfunction and less respiratory system involvement compared to adults. The limited literature is available at present for the identification and management of such patients. In this study, we investigated four cases in children ages 11–15 years that fulfilled the case definition for the pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome. All were found negative for SARS-CoV-2 from oropharyngeal swabs and stool. As they were having symptoms of diarrhea, tests for bacterial and enteric viral infections were performed after SARS-CoV-2 testing. Molecular analysis revealed that all the children were infected with enterovirus (Echovirus-18). Early and exact diagnosis is vital for timely, effective, and potentially life-saving management of such cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mallika Lavania
- Enteric Viruses Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
- *Correspondence: Mallika Lavania
| | - Rajlakshmi Viswanathan
- Bacteriology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Sumit Dutt Bhardwaj
- National Influenza Center Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Jitendra S. Oswal
- Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) Medical College and Hospital Pune, Pune, India
| | - Nutan Chavan
- Enteric Viruses Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Manohar Shinde
- Enteric Viruses Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| | - Savita Katendra
- Bacteriology Group, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-National Institute of Virology, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Al-Beltagi M, Saeed NK, Bediwy AS. COVID-19 disease and autoimmune disorders: A mutual pathway. World J Methodol 2022; 12:200-223. [PMID: 36159097 PMCID: PMC9350728 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a real challenge for humanity with high morbidity and mortality. Despite being primarily a respiratory illness, COVID-19 can affect nearly every human body tissue, causing many diseases. After viral infection, the immune system can recognize the viral antigens presented by the immune cells. This immune response is usually controlled and terminated once the infection is aborted. Nevertheless, in some patients, the immune reaction becomes out of control with the development of autoimmune diseases. Several human tissue antigens showed a strong response with antibodies directed against many severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) proteins, such as SARS-CoV-2 S, N, and autoimmune target proteins. The immunogenic effects of SARS-CoV-2 are due to the sizeable viral RNA molecules with interrupted transcription increasing the pool of epitopes with increased chances of molecular mimicry and interaction with the host immune system, the overlap between some viral and human peptides, the viral induced-tissue damage, and the robust and complex binding between sACE-2 and SARS-CoV-2 S protein. Consequently, COVID-19 and its vaccine may trigger the development of many autoimmune diseases in a predisposed patient. This review discusses the mutual relation between COVID-19 and autoimmune diseases, their interactive effects on each other, the role of the COVID-19 vaccine in triggering autoimmune diseases, the factors affecting the severity of COVID-19 in patients suffering from autoimmune diseases, and the different ways to minimize the risk of COVID-19 in patients with autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 12, Manama, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Bahrain, Busaiteen 15503, Muharraq, Bahrain
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Algharbia, Egypt
- Department of Chest Disease, University Medical Center, King Abdulla Medical City, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Manama, Bahrain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Saeed NK, Al-Beltagi M, Bediwy AS, El-Sawaf Y, Toema O. Gut microbiota in various childhood disorders: Implication and indications. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:1875-1901. [PMID: 35664966 PMCID: PMC9150060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i18.1875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota has a significant role in gut development, maturation, and immune system differentiation. It exerts considerable effects on the child's physical and mental development. The gut microbiota composition and structure depend on many host and microbial factors. The host factors include age, genetic pool, general health, dietary factors, medication use, the intestine's pH, peristalsis, and transit time, mucus secretions, mucous immunoglobulin, and tissue oxidation-reduction potentials. The microbial factors include nutrient availability, bacterial cooperation or antagonism, and bacterial adhesion. Each part of the gut has its microbiota due to its specific characteristics. The gut microbiota interacts with different body parts, affecting the pathogenesis of many local and systemic diseases. Dysbiosis is a common finding in many childhood disorders such as autism, failure to thrive, nutritional disorders, coeliac disease, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, helicobacter pylori infection, functional gastrointestinal disorders of childhood, inflammatory bowel diseases, and many other gastrointestinal disorders. Dysbiosis is also observed in allergic conditions like atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Dysbiosis can also impact the development and the progression of immune disorders and cardiac disorders, including heart failure. Probiotic supplements could provide some help in managing these disorders. However, we are still in need of more studies. In this narrative review, we will shed some light on the role of microbiota in the development and management of common childhood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nermin Kamal Saeed
- Medical Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Manama 12, Bahrain
- Microbiology Section, Department of Pathology, Irish Royal College of Surgeon, Busaiteen 15503, Bahrain
| | - Mohammed Al-Beltagi
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Bahrain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| | - Adel Salah Bediwy
- Department of Chest Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Department of Pulmonology, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Yasser El-Sawaf
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center, Arabian Gulf University, Dr. Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group, Manama 26671, Bahrain
| | - Osama Toema
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Brogna C, Brogna B, Bisaccia DR, Giuliano M, Montano L, Cristoni S, Petrillo M, Piscopo M. SARS-CoV-2: Reinfection after 18 Months of a Previous Case with Multiple Negative Nasopharyngeal Swab Tests and Positive Fecal Molecular Test. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58050642. [PMID: 35630059 PMCID: PMC9148128 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This short communication describes the reinfection after nearly 18 months of the same patient who was previously infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and who showed multiple negative real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) results by nasal swabs for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) but positive results on a fecal sample. We previously noted how, in the presence of symptoms suggestive of pneumonia, visible on a chest computed tomography (CT) scan and confirmed by fecal molecular testing, it was possible to draw the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One year later, the same patient was again affected by SARS-CoV-2. This time, the first antigenic nasal swab showed readily positive results. However, the patient’s clinical course appeared to be more attenuated, showing no signs of pulmonary involvement in the radiographic examinations performed. This case shows a novelty in the pulmonary radiological evaluation of new SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brogna
- Department of Research, Craniomed Group Facility SRL, 83038 Montemiletto, Italy;
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (B.B.)
| | - Barbara Brogna
- Department of Radiology, Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, 83100 Avellino, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.B.); (B.B.)
| | | | - Marino Giuliano
- Marsanconsulting Srl Public Health Company, Via dei Fiorentini, 80133 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of LifeStyle Medicine in Uro-Andrology, Local Health Authority (ASL), 84124 Salerno, Italy;
| | | | | | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Napoli, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Giannattasio A, Maglione M, D’Anna C, Muzzica S, Pappacoda S, Lenta S, Di Mita O, Ranucci G, Mandato C, Tipo V. Liver and Pancreatic Involvement in Children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome Related to SARS-CoV-2: A Monocentric Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9040575. [PMID: 35455620 PMCID: PMC9029098 DOI: 10.3390/children9040575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Liver and pancreatic involvement in children with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome related to SARS-CoV-2 (MIS-C) has been poorly investigated so far. We reviewed a cohort of MIS-C patients to analyze the prevalence of acute liver injury (ALI) and pancreatic injury and their correlation with clinical outcomes. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and imaging features of children with MIS-C at admission and during hospital stay were prospectively collected. Fifty-five patients (mean age 6.5 ± 3.7 years) were included. At admission, 16 patients showed ALI and 5 had increased total serum lipase. During observation, 10 more patients developed ALI and 19 more subjects presented raised pancreatic enzymes. In comparison to those with normal ALT, subjects with ALI were significantly older (p = 0.0004), whereas pancreatic involvement was associated to a longer duration of hospital stay compared with patients with normal pancreatic enzymes (p = 0.004). Time between hospital admission and onset of ALI was shorter compared to the onset of raised pancreatic enzymes (3.2 ± 3.9 versus 5.3 ± 2.7 days, respectively; p = 0.035). Abdominal ultrasound showed liver steatosis in 3/26 (12%) and hepatomegaly in 6/26 (16%) patients with ALI; 2 patients presented enlarged pancreas. Although liver and pancreatic involvement is commonly observed in MIS-C patients, it is mild in most cases with a complete recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Giannattasio
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2205904
| | - Marco Maglione
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Carolina D’Anna
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Stefania Muzzica
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Serena Pappacoda
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Selvaggia Lenta
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Onorina Di Mita
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Giusy Ranucci
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| | - Claudia Mandato
- Medical Department, University of Salerno, 84084 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Tipo
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Santobono-Pausilipon Children’s Hospital, AORN, 80130 Naples, Italy; (M.M.); (C.D.); (S.M.); (S.P.); (S.L.); (O.D.M.); (G.R.); (V.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Caselli D, Cafagno C, Loconsole D, Giannini A, Tansella F, Saracino A, Chironna M, Aricò M. Limited Additive Diagnostic Impact of Isolated Gastrointestinal Involvement for the Triage of Children with Suspected COVID-19. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9010041. [PMID: 35053666 PMCID: PMC8773987 DOI: 10.3390/children9010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The strategy for the selection of patients with a suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection is relevant for the organization of a children’s hospital to provide optimal separation into COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 areas and pathways. We analyzed the proportion of children with COVID-19 presenting with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms in 137 consecutive patients admitted between January 2020 and August 2021. GI symptoms were present as follows: diarrhea in 35 patients (26%), vomiting in 16 (12%), and both of them in five (3%); the combination of fever, respiratory symptoms, and diarrhea was observed in 16 patients (12%). Of the 676 adult patients with COVID-19 admitted to our hospital in the same time interval, 62 (9.2%) had diarrhea, 30 (4.4%) had vomiting, and 11 (1.6%) had nausea; only one patient, a 38-year-old male, presented with isolated GI symptoms at the diagnosis. Although diarrhea was observed in one quarter of cases, one-half of them had the complete triad of fever, respiratory syndrome, and diarrhea, and only five had isolated diarrhea, of which two were diagnosed with a Campylobacter infection. The occurrence of either respiratory symptoms or gastrointestinal symptoms in our patients was not related to the patient age, while younger children were more likely to have a fever. Of the 137 patients, 73 (53%) could be tested for their serum level of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies. The observed titer ranged between 0 (n = 3) and 1729 BAU/mL (median, 425 BAU/mL). Of 137 consecutive patients with COVID-19 admitted to our referral children’s hospital, only three presented with an isolated GI manifestation. It is interesting to note that this finding turned out to be fully in keeping with what was observed on adult patients with COVID-19 in our hospital. The additive diagnostic impact of gastrointestinal involvement for the triage of children with suspected COVID-19 appears limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Désirée Caselli
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.C.); (C.C.); (A.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Claudio Cafagno
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.C.); (C.C.); (A.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Hygiene Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Annamaria Giannini
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.C.); (C.C.); (A.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Francesco Tansella
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Giovanni XXIII Children Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.C.); (C.C.); (A.G.); (F.T.)
| | - Annalisa Saracino
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy;
| | - Maria Chironna
- Hygiene Section, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Maurizio Aricò
- Strategic Control, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Prolonged viral shedding in feces of children with COVID-19: a systematic review and synthesis of data. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:4011-4017. [PMID: 36114833 PMCID: PMC9483442 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04622-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, many reports have indicated that children shed the virus longer than adults in stool, and that most of the children had mild or even asymptomatic infections, which increased the potential risk for feces to be a source of contamination and may play an important role in the spread of the virus. In this review, we collected relevant literature to summarize the duration of fecal viral shedding in children with COVID-19. We found that in about 60% of the cases, the fecal shedding time was between 28 and 42 days, which was much longer than that of adults. We further explored the possible reason for prolonged shedding and its the potential impact. The poor hand hygiene practices of children, their tendency to swallow sputum and/or saliva, the significant difference in expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in intestine between children and adults, and the variance in immune status and intestinal microbiome could be considered as potential casual agents of longer fecal viral shedding duration of children. Conclusion: Children with COVID-19 show prolonged fecal shedding compared to adults. Several mechanisms may be involved in the longer fecal viral shedding. Viral shedding in the stool could be contributing to a possible route of transmission. Therefore, we think that further preventive measures in children should be taken to reduce the spread of the disease. What is Known: • Children with COVID-19 are more likely to have asymptomatic infections and to experience mild symptoms. • Some patients continue to shed the virus in feces, despite respiratory samples testing negative. What is New: • Children with COVID-19 carried a longer-term fecal viral shedding than adults. • The poor hand hygiene practices of children, their tendency to swallow sputum and/or saliva, the difference in expression of ACE2 in intestine between children and adults, and the variance in immune status and intestinal microbiome could be considered as potential casual agents of longer fecal viral shedding duration of children.
Collapse
|
21
|
Gastrointestinal viral shedding in children with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:582-588. [PMID: 35665477 PMCID: PMC9166206 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00553-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has different manifestations in pediatric cases. It is assumed that they might present more gastrointestinal symptoms with a different viral shedding pattern in gastrointestinal samples. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to evaluate the viral shedding pattern in gastrointestinal specimens of children with COVID-19. METHODS We searched all published studies in English language in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, up to date as of October 2021. Our search included the term "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, novel coronavirus, or coronavirus; and shed, excrete, secret, or carriage; and stool or rectal; and children or pediatrics". We included studies evaluating SARS-CoV-2 shedding in gastrointestinal specimens, including rectal swabs and stool samples of children with COVID-19 infection. We excluded duplicated data, case reports, and studies without original data. RESULTS Twelve studies met the eligibility criteria for the qualitative synthesis, 10 of which were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of gastrointestinal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in children with COVID-19 was 86% (95% confidence interval 73%-96%, I2 = 62.28%). After respiratory specimen had become negative, 72% (43/60) had persistent shedding in gastrointestinal specimens. The gastrointestinal RNA had a positive test result for more than 70 days after symptoms onset. CONCLUSIONS Gastrointestinal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 might occur in a substantial portion of children and might persist long after negative respiratory testing. Further research is recommended to find the role of SARS-CoV-2 gastrointestinal shedding in transmission in children.
Collapse
|
22
|
Nefedova E, Koptev V, Bobikova AS, Cherepushkina V, Mironova T, Afonyushkin V, Shkil N, Donchenko N, Kozlova Y, Sigareva N, Davidova N, Bogdanchikova N, Pestryakov A, Toledano-Magaña Y. The Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Pneumonia Model Presenting a Novel Insight for the SARS-CoV-2 Dissemination Route. Vet Sci 2021; 8:239. [PMID: 34679068 PMCID: PMC8540477 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) of chickens is a highly contagious disease characterized by damage of the respiratory system and reproductive organs in young animals caused by a virus of the genus Gamma coronavirus. The condition of the respiratory system caused by the IB virus in chickens has many similarities with the pathology of the respiratory system caused by SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The effectiveness of virucidal drugs (Argovit, Triviron, Ecocid, and lauric acid monoglyceride) was tested on chickens inoculated with a tenfold dose of a vaccine strain based on the attenuated virus H120 against IB of chickens. On the 6th day after inoculation, inflammatory changes in the intestines, lungs, and thymus were observed in the control group. The experimental groups were characterized by less pronounced inflammatory reactions and a lower proportion of thymus and lung probes containing genomic IB virus RNA. Since the virucidal activity of four orally administrated formulations was possible only in the intestine, the experimental data indirectly confirmed the hypothesis of the possibility of the predominant accumulation of coronaviruses in the intestine and subsequent lung damage due to the hematogenous redistribution of viral particles and IBV antigens. It was suggested that other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 can implement a similar mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Nefedova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Vyacheslav Koptev
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Anna S. Bobikova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Viktoria Cherepushkina
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Tatyana Mironova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Vasily Afonyushkin
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Nikolai Shkil
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Nikolai Donchenko
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Yulia Kozlova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Natalia Sigareva
- Molecular Biology Department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution Higher Education Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Natalia Davidova
- Siberian Federal Scientific Center of Agro-BioTechnologies of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk Region, Novosibirsk District, 630501 Krasnoobsk, Russia; (E.N.); (V.K.); (A.S.B.); (V.C.); (T.M.); (V.A.); (N.S.); (N.D.); (N.D.)
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada 22860, BC, Mexico
| | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Yanis Toledano-Magaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud Unidad Valle Dorado, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada 22890, BC, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|