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Ye Z, Zhao Y, Allen EJ, Naselaris T, Kay K, Hutchinson JB, Kuhl BA. Temporal asymmetry of neural representations predicts memory decisions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.16.603778. [PMID: 39071351 PMCID: PMC11275784 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.16.603778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
A stimulus can be familiar for multiple reasons. It might have been recently encountered, or is similar to recent experience, or is similar to 'typical' experience. Understanding how the brain translates these sources of similarity into memory decisions is a fundamental, but challenging goal. Here, using fMRI, we computed neural similarity between a current stimulus and events from different temporal windows in the past and future (from seconds to days). We show that trial-by-trial memory decisions (is this stimulus 'old'?) were predicted by the difference in similarity to past vs. future events (temporal asymmetry). This relationship was (i) evident in lateral parietal and occipitotemporal cortices, (ii) strongest when considering events from the recent past (minutes ago), and (iii) most pronounced when veridical (true) memories were weak. These findings suggest a new perspective in which the brain supports memory decisions by comparing what actually occurred to what is likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Ye
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Yufei Zhao
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Emily J Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Thomas Naselaris
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kendrick Kay
- Department of Radiology, Center for Magnetic Resonance Research (CMRR), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
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2
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Jones JM, Katzman J, Kovera MB. Phenotypic mismatch between suspects and fillers but not phenotypic bias increases eyewitness identifications of Black suspects. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1233782. [PMID: 38680285 PMCID: PMC11045996 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1233782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Despite converging evidence that people more closely associate the construct of criminality with Black people who exhibit a more African facial phenotype than Black people who express a more European phenotype, eyewitness researchers have largely ignored phenotypic bias as a potential contributor to the racial disparities in the criminal legal system. If this form of phenotypic bias extends to eyewitness identification tasks, eyewitnesses may be more likely to identify Black suspects with an African rather than European phenotype, regardless of their guilt status. Further, in cases where the witness's description of the perpetrator does not contain phenotypic information, phenotypic mismatch between the suspect and the other lineup members may bias identification decisions toward or against the suspect. If witnesses can use elements of the lineup construction to guide their identification decisions rather than relying on their recognition memory, then the lineup should be deemed unfair due to suspect bias. The current study also investigated lineup presentation method as a procedural safeguard, predicting that that when lineups were presented simultaneously, there would be a significant two-way interaction of phenotypic bias and lineup composition, with a larger simple main effect of phenotypic bias when lineups were suspect-biased (i.e., the fillers were a phenotypic mismatch to the suspect) than when all lineup members shared the same phenotype. We expected that this interaction would be significantly smaller or non-significant for sequential lineups. Methods Participants watched a mock crime video that contained a Black culprit with either a more African phenotype or a less African phenotype before attempting identifications from a photo array that contained a suspect whose phenotype always matched the culprit viewed in the video, but varied in culprit-presence, phenotypic match of the suspect and fillers, and presentation method. Results Participants did not identify Black suspects with Afrocentric features more often than Black suspects with Eurocentric features. However, witnesses made more identifications of suspects when the fillers did not match the suspect's phenotype compared to when all lineup members possessed similar phenotypic features. Discussion In sum, phenotypic bias did not influence our participant-witnesses' identification decisions, nor interact with lineup composition and lineup presentation type to affect identifications of suspects, suggesting that phenotypic bias may be less influential in match-to-memory tasks than other types of legal decision-making (e.g., determining guilt and sentencing). However, the suggestiveness created by failing to match fillers' phenotypes to the suspect's phenotype can be avoided with proper attention to fair lineup construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Jones
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jacqueline Katzman
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Margaret Bull Kovera
- Department of Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, NY, United States
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Miller EJ, Steward BA, Witkower Z, Sutherland CAM, Krumhuber EG, Dawel A. AI Hyperrealism: Why AI Faces Are Perceived as More Real Than Human Ones. Psychol Sci 2023; 34:1390-1403. [PMID: 37955384 DOI: 10.1177/09567976231207095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that AI-generated faces are now indistinguishable from human faces. However, algorithms are trained disproportionately on White faces, and thus White AI faces may appear especially realistic. In Experiment 1 (N = 124 adults), alongside our reanalysis of previously published data, we showed that White AI faces are judged as human more often than actual human faces-a phenomenon we term AI hyperrealism. Paradoxically, people who made the most errors in this task were the most confident (a Dunning-Kruger effect). In Experiment 2 (N = 610 adults), we used face-space theory and participant qualitative reports to identify key facial attributes that distinguish AI from human faces but were misinterpreted by participants, leading to AI hyperrealism. However, the attributes permitted high accuracy using machine learning. These findings illustrate how psychological theory can inform understanding of AI outputs and provide direction for debiasing AI algorithms, thereby promoting the ethical use of AI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben A Steward
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University
| | | | - Clare A M Sutherland
- School of Psychology, King's College, University of Aberdeen
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia
| | - Eva G Krumhuber
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London
| | - Amy Dawel
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University
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Kramer MA, Hebart MN, Baker CI, Bainbridge WA. The features underlying the memorability of objects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd2981. [PMID: 37126552 PMCID: PMC10132746 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
What makes certain images more memorable than others? While much of memory research has focused on participant effects, recent studies using a stimulus-centric perspective have sparked debate on the determinants of memory, including the roles of semantic and visual features and whether the most prototypical or atypical items are best remembered. Prior studies have typically relied on constrained stimulus sets, limiting a generalized view of the features underlying what we remember. Here, we collected more than 1 million memory ratings for a naturalistic dataset of 26,107 object images designed to comprehensively sample concrete objects. We establish a model of object features that is predictive of image memorability and examined whether memorability could be accounted for by the typicality of the objects. We find that semantic features exert a stronger influence than perceptual features on what we remember and that the relationship between memorability and typicality is more complex than a simple positive or negative association alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Kramer
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Martin N. Hebart
- Vision and Computational Cognition Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Chris I. Baker
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wilma A. Bainbridge
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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5
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Yu JM, Yang W, Ying H. Modeling facial perception in group context from a serial perception perspective. J Vis 2023; 23:4. [PMID: 36892537 PMCID: PMC10019491 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
By utilizing statistical properties and summary statistics, the visual system can efficiently integrate perception of spatially and temporally adjacent stimuli into perception of a given target. For instance, perception of a target face can either be biased positively toward previous faces (e.g. the serial dependence effect) or be biased negatively by surrounding faces in the same trial/space (e.g. spatial ensemble averaging). However, both aspects were investigated separately. As spatial and temporal processing share the same purpose to reduce redundancy in visual processing, if one statistical processing occurs, would the statistical processing in the other domain still exist or be discarded? We investigated this question by exploring whether serial dependence of face perception (of attractiveness and averageness) survives when the changed face perception in the group context occurs. The results of Markov Chain modeling and conventional methods suggested that serial dependence (the temporal aspect) co-occurs with changed face perception in the group context (the spatial aspect). We also utilized the Hidden Markov modeling, as a new mathematical method, to model statistical processing from both domains. The results confirmed the co-occurrence of temporal effect and changed face perception in the group context for both attractiveness and averageness, suggesting potentially different spatial and temporal compression mechanisms in high-level vision. Further modeling and cluster analysis further revealed that the detailed computation of spatially and temporally adjacent faces in the attractiveness and averageness processing were similar yet different among different individuals. This work builds a bridge to understanding mathematical principles underlying changed face perception in the group context from the serial perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ming Yu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,
| | - Weiying Yang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,
| | - Haojiang Ying
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,
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Trujillo LT, Anderson EM. Facial typicality and attractiveness reflect an ideal dimension of face structure. Cogn Psychol 2023; 140:101541. [PMID: 36587465 PMCID: PMC9899519 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Face perception and recognition are important processes for social interaction and communication among humans, so understanding how faces are mentally represented and processed has major implications. At the same time, faces are just some of the many stimuli that we encounter in our everyday lives. Therefore, more general theories of how we represent objects might also apply to faces. Contemporary research on the mental representation of faces has centered on two competing theoretical frameworks that arose from more general categorization research: prototype-based face representation and exemplar-based face representation. Empirically distinguishing between these frameworks is difficult and neither one has been ruled out. In this paper, we advance this area of research in three ways. First, we introduce two additional frameworks for mental representation of categories, varying abstraction and ideal representation, which have not been applied to face perception and recognition before. Second, we fit formal computational models of all four of these theories to human perceptual judgments of the typicality and attractiveness (a strong correlate of typicality) of 100 young adult Caucasian female faces, with the models expressed within a face space derived from facial similarity judgments via multidimensional scaling. Third, we predict the perceived typicality and attractiveness of the faces using these models and compare the predictive performance of each to the empirical data. We found that of all four models, the ideal representation model provided the best account of perceived typicality and attractiveness for the present set of faces, although all models showed discrepancies from the empirical data. These findings demonstrate the relevance of mental categorization processes for representing faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, UAC 253, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos TX 78666, USA.
| | - Erin M Anderson
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Bonham LW, Geier EG, Sirkis DW, Leong JK, Ramos EM, Wang Q, Karydas A, Lee SE, Sturm VE, Sawyer RP, Friedberg A, Ichida JK, Gitler AD, Sugrue L, Cordingley M, Bee W, Weber E, Kramer JH, Rankin KP, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Ravits J, Miller BL, Yokoyama JS. Radiogenomics of C9orf72 Expansion Carriers Reveals Global Transposable Element Derepression and Enables Prediction of Thalamic Atrophy and Clinical Impairment. J Neurosci 2023. [PMID: 36446586 DOI: 10.1101/2022.04.29.490104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion (HRE) within C9orf72 is the most common genetic cause of frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Thalamic atrophy occurs in both sporadic and familial FTD but is thought to distinctly affect HRE carriers. Separately, emerging evidence suggests widespread derepression of transposable elements (TEs) in the brain in several neurodegenerative diseases, including C9orf72 HRE-mediated FTD (C9-FTD). Whether TE activation can be measured in peripheral blood and how the reduction in peripheral C9orf72 expression observed in HRE carriers relates to atrophy and clinical impairment remain unknown. We used FreeSurfer software to assess the effects of C9orf72 HRE and clinical diagnosis (n = 78 individuals, male and female) on atrophy of thalamic nuclei. We also generated a novel, human, whole-blood RNA-sequencing dataset to determine the relationships among peripheral C9orf72 expression, TE activation, thalamic atrophy, and clinical severity (n = 114 individuals, male and female). We confirmed global thalamic atrophy and reduced C9orf72 expression in HRE carriers. Moreover, we identified disproportionate atrophy of the right mediodorsal lateral nucleus in HRE carriers and showed that C9orf72 expression associated with clinical severity, independent of thalamic atrophy. Strikingly, we found global peripheral activation of TEs, including the human endogenous LINE-1 element L1HS L1HS levels were associated with atrophy of multiple pulvinar nuclei, a thalamic region implicated in C9-FTD. Integration of peripheral transcriptomic and neuroimaging data from human HRE carriers revealed atrophy of specific thalamic nuclei, demonstrated that C9orf72 levels relate to clinical severity, and identified marked derepression of TEs, including L1HS, which predicted atrophy of FTD-relevant thalamic nuclei.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Pathogenic repeat expansion in C9orf72 is the most frequent genetic cause of FTD and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS; C9-FTD/ALS). The clinical, neuroimaging, and pathologic features of C9-FTD/ALS are well characterized, whereas the intersections of transcriptomic dysregulation and brain structure remain largely unexplored. Herein, we used a novel radiogenomic approach to examine the relationship between peripheral blood transcriptomics and thalamic atrophy, a neuroimaging feature disproportionately impacted in C9-FTD/ALS. We confirmed reduction of C9orf72 in blood and found broad dysregulation of transposable elements-genetic elements typically repressed in the human genome-in symptomatic C9orf72 expansion carriers, which associated with atrophy of thalamic nuclei relevant to FTD. C9orf72 expression was also associated with clinical severity, suggesting that peripheral C9orf72 levels capture disease-relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Transposon Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92122
| | - Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Josiah K Leong
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701
| | - Eliana Marisa Ramos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Qing Wang
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Anna Karydas
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Russell P Sawyer
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267
| | - Adit Friedberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Justin K Ichida
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Leo Sugrue
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | | | - Walter Bee
- Transposon Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92122
| | - Eckard Weber
- Transposon Therapeutics, San Diego, California 92122
| | - Joel H Kramer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, ALS Translational Research, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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8
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Damon F, Quinn PC, Méary D, Pascalis O. Asymmetrical responding to male versus female other-race categories in 9- to 12-month-old infants. Br J Psychol 2022; 114 Suppl 1:71-93. [PMID: 35808935 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Faces can be categorized along various dimensions including gender or race, an ability developing in infancy. Infant categorization studies have focused on facial attributes in isolation, but the interaction between these attributes remains poorly understood. Experiment 1 examined gender categorization of other-race faces in 9- and 12-month-old White infants. Nine- and 12-month-olds were familiarized with Asian male or female faces, and tested with a novel exemplar from the familiarized category paired with a novel exemplar from a novel category. Both age groups showed novel category preferences for novel Asian female faces after familiarization with Asian male faces, but showed no novel category preference for novel Asian male faces after familiarization with Asian female faces. This categorization asymmetry was not due to a spontaneous preference hindering novel category reaction (Experiment 2), and both age groups displayed difficulty discriminating among male, but not female, other-race faces (Experiment 3). These results indicate that category formation for male other-race faces is mediated by categorical perception. Overall, the findings suggest that even by 12 months of age, infants are not fully able to form gender category representations of other-race faces, responding categorically to male, but not female, other-race faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Damon
- Center for Taste, Smell & Feeding Behavior, Development of Olfactory Communication & Cognition Laboratory, Université de Bourgogne, CNRS, Inrae, Institut Agro Dijon, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Paul C Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - David Méary
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.,LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LPNC, Grenoble, France.,LPNC, CNRS, Grenoble, France
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9
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Musz E, Chen J. Neural signatures associated with temporal compression in the verbal retelling of past events. Commun Biol 2022; 5:489. [PMID: 35606497 PMCID: PMC9126919 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03418-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When we retell our past experiences, we aim to reproduce some version of the original events; this reproduced version is often temporally compressed relative to the original. However, it is currently unclear how this compression manifests in brain activity. One possibility is that a compressed retrieved memory manifests as a neural pattern which is more dissimilar to the original, relative to a more detailed or vivid memory. However, we argue that measuring raw dissimilarity alone is insufficient, as it confuses a variety of interesting and uninteresting changes. To address this problem, we examine brain pattern changes that are consistent across people. We show that temporal compression in individuals’ retelling of past events predicts systematic encoding-to-recall transformations in several higher associative regions. These findings elucidate how neural representations are not simply reactivated, but can also be transformed due to temporal compression during a universal form of human memory expression: verbal retelling. Brain patterns measured while participants first watched a movie in the fMRI scanner, then recalled the movie’s key narrative features, demonstrate that temporal compression in individuals’ retelling of past events predicts encoding-to-recall transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Musz
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
| | - Janice Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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10
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Neurocognitive effects of a training program for poor face recognizers using shape and texture caricatures: A pilot investigation. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108133. [PMID: 34971671 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent research suggested disproportional usage of shape information by people with poor face recognition, although texture information appears to be more important for familiar face recognition. Here, we tested a training program with faces that were selectively caricatured in either shape or texture parameters. Forty-eight young adults with poor face recognition skills (1 SD below the mean in at least 2/3 face processing tests: CFMT, GFMT, BFFT) were pseudo-randomly assigned to either one of two training groups or a control group (n = 16 each). Training comprised six sessions over three weeks. Per session, participants studied ten unfamiliar facial identities whose shape or texture characteristics were caricatured. Before and after training (or waiting in the control group), all participants completed EEG experiments on face learning and famous face recognition, and behavioral face processing tests. Results showed small but specific training-induced improvements: Whereas shape training improved face matching (training tasks, and to some extent GFMT), texture training elicited marked improvements in face learning (CFMT). Moreover, for the texture training group the N170 ERP was enhanced for novel faces post-training, suggesting training-induced changes in early markers of face processing. Although further research is necessary, this suggests that parameter-specific caricature training is a promising way to improve performance in people with poor face recognition skills.
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11
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Geiger AR, Balas B. Robot face memorability is affected by uncanny appearance. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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12
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Zäske R, Skuk VG, Schweinberger SR. Attractiveness and distinctiveness between speakers' voices in naturalistic speech and their faces are uncorrelated. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:201244. [PMID: 33489273 PMCID: PMC7813223 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.201244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Facial attractiveness has been linked to the averageness (or typicality) of a face and, more tentatively, to a speaker's vocal attractiveness, via the 'honest signal' hypothesis, holding that attractiveness signals good genes. In four experiments, we assessed ratings for attractiveness and two common measures of distinctiveness ('distinctiveness-in-the-crowd', DITC and 'deviation-based distinctiveness', DEV) for faces and voices (simple vowels, or more naturalistic sentences) from 64 young adult speakers (32 female). Consistent and substantial negative correlations between attractiveness and DEV generally supported the averageness account of attractiveness, for both voices and faces. By contrast, and indicating that both measures of distinctiveness reflect different constructs, correlations between attractiveness and DITC were numerically positive for faces (though small and non-significant), and significant for voices in sentence stimuli. Between faces and voices, distinctiveness ratings were uncorrelated. Remarkably, and at variance with the honest signal hypothesis, vocal and facial attractiveness were also uncorrelated in all analyses involving naturalistic, i.e. sentence-based, speech. This result pattern was confirmed using a new set of stimuli and raters (experiment 5). Overall, while our findings strongly support an averageness account of attractiveness for both domains, they provide no evidence for an honest signal account of facial and vocal attractiveness in complex naturalistic speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romi Zäske
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience & DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Verena Gabriele Skuk
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience & DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan R. Schweinberger
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience & DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Am Steiger 3/1, 07743 Jena, Germany
- International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for the Science of Human History, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Kahlaische Strasse 10, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Jones AR, Carlson CA, Lockamyeir RF, Hemby JA, Carlson MA, Wooten AR. “All I remember is the black eye”: A distinctive facial feature harms eyewitness identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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14
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Richardson BH, Brown C, Heard P, Pitchford M, Portch E, Lander K, Marsh JE, Bell R, Fodarella C, Taylor SA, Worthington M, Ellison L, Charters P, Green D, Minahil S, Frowd CD. The advantage of low and medium attractiveness for facial composite production from modern forensic systems. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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15
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Westerberg CE, Wofford N, Menssor S, Reininger BP, Deason RG. Face category differentially influences face memories after a delay. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2020.1809432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan Wofford
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Safia Menssor
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | | | - Rebecca G. Deason
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Bowman CR, Zeithamova D. Training set coherence and set size effects on concept generalization and recognition. J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 2020; 46:1442-1464. [PMID: 32105147 PMCID: PMC7363543 DOI: 10.1037/xlm0000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Building conceptual knowledge that generalizes to novel situations is a key function of human memory. Category-learning paradigms have long been used to understand the mechanisms of knowledge generalization. In the present study, we tested the conditions that promote formation of new concepts. Participants underwent 1 of 6 training conditions that differed in the number of examples per category (set size) and their relative similarity to the category average (set coherence). Performance metrics included rates of category learning, ability to generalize categories to new items of varying similarity to prototypes, and recognition memory for individual examples. In categorization, high set coherence led to faster learning and better generalization, while set size had little effect. Recognition did not differ reliably among conditions. We also tested the nature of memory representations used for categorization and recognition decisions using quantitative prototype and exemplar models fit to behavioral responses. Prototype models posit abstract category representations based on the category's central tendency, whereas exemplar models posit that categories are represented by individual category members. Prototype strategy use during categorization increased with increasing set coherence, suggesting that coherent training sets facilitate extraction of commonalities within a category. We conclude that learning from a coherent set of examples is an efficient means of forming abstract knowledge that generalizes broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Catz O, Lewis MB. Exploring distinctiveness, attractiveness and sexual dimorphism in actualized face-spaces. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1797967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Or Catz
- Psychology Department, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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18
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Rust NC, Mehrpour V. Understanding Image Memorability. Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:557-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Rekow D, Baudouin JY, Rossion B, Leleu A. An ecological measure of rapid and automatic face-sex categorization. Cortex 2020; 127:150-161. [PMID: 32200287 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Sex categorization is essential for mate choice and social interactions in many animal species. In humans, sex categorization is readily performed from the face. However, clear neural markers of face-sex categorization, i.e., common responses to widely variable individuals from one sex, have not been identified so far in humans. To isolate a direct signature of rapid and automatic face-sex categorization generalized across a wide range of variable exemplars, we recorded scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) from 32 participants (16 females) while they were exposed to variable natural face images from one sex alternating at a rapid rate of 6 Hz (i.e., 6 images per second). Images from the other sex were inserted every 6th stimulus (i.e., at a 1-Hz rate). A robust categorization response to both sex contrasts emerged at 1 Hz and harmonics in the EEG frequency spectrum over the occipito-temporal cortex of most participants. The response was larger for female faces presented among male faces than the reverse, suggesting that the two sex categories are not equally homogenous. This asymmetrical response pattern disappeared for upside-down faces, ruling out the contribution of low-level physical variability across images. Overall, these observations demonstrate that sex categorization occurs automatically after a single glance at natural face images and can be objectively isolated and quantified in the human brain within a few minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Rekow
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Lab, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Lab, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France; Laboratoire "Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Éducation" (DIPHE), Département Psychologie du Développement, de l'Éducation et des Vulnérabilités (PsyDÉV), Institut de Psychologie, Université de Lyon (Lumière Lyon 2), Bron, France.
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, CRAN - UMR 7039, Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CHRU-Nancy, Service de Neurologie, Nancy, France.
| | - Arnaud Leleu
- Developmental Ethology and Cognitive Psychology Lab, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, CNRS, Inrae, AgroSup Dijon, Dijon, France.
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20
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Oates JM, Peynircioğlu ZF, Rhodes MG, Hausman H. The fan effect influences face recognition but does not moderate the own-age bias. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2019.1664556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joyce M. Oates
- Department of Psychology & Counselor Education, Aquinas College, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | | | - Matthew G. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hannah Hausman
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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21
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Gender Typicality of Faces Affects Children’s Categorization and Judgments of Women More than of Men. SEX ROLES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11199-018-0997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Cliceri D, Spinelli S, Dinnella C, Ares G, Monteleone E. Consumer categorization of plant-based dishes: Implications for promoting vegetable consumption. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Sadr J, Krowicki L. Face perception loves a challenge: Less information sparks more attraction. Vision Res 2019; 157:61-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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24
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Kleisner K, Pokorný Š, Saribay SA. Toward a New Approach to Cross-Cultural Distinctiveness and Typicality of Human Faces: The Cross-Group Typicality/ Distinctiveness Metric. Front Psychol 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30766504 PMCID: PMC6365443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present research, we took advantage of geometric morphometrics to propose a data-driven method for estimating the individual degree of facial typicality/distinctiveness for cross-cultural (and other cross-group) comparisons. Looking like a stranger in one’s home culture may be somewhat stressful. The same facial appearance, however, might become advantageous within an outgroup population. To address this fit between facial appearance and cultural setting, we propose a simple measure of distinctiveness/typicality based on position of an individual along the axis connecting the facial averages of two populations under comparison. The more distant a face is from its ingroup population mean toward the outgroup mean the more distinct it is (vis-à-vis the ingroup) and the more it resembles the outgroup standards. We compared this new measure with an alternative measure based on distance from outgroup mean. The new measure showed stronger association with rated facial distinctiveness than distance from outgroup mean. Subsequently, we manipulated facial stimuli to reflect different levels of ingroup-outgroup distinctiveness and tested them in one of the target cultures. Perceivers were able to successfully distinguish outgroup from ingroup faces in a two-alternative forced-choice task. There was also some evidence that this task was harder when the two faces were closer along the axis connecting the facial averages from the two cultures. Future directions and potential applications of our proposed approach are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Šimon Pokorný
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - S Adil Saribay
- Department of Psychology, Boǧaziçi University, Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Craig BM, Thorne EM. Social categorization and individuation in the own‐age bias. Br J Psychol 2019; 110:635-651. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Belinda M. Craig
- School of Psychology Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
- School of Psychology and Behavioural Science University of New England Armidale New South Wales Australia
| | - Emily M. Thorne
- School of Psychology Curtin University Bentley Western Australia Australia
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26
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Bainbridge WA. Memorability: How what we see influences what we remember. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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27
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Tupper N, Sauerland M, Sauer JD, Broers NJ, Charman SD, Hope L. Showup identification decisions for multiple perpetrator crimes: Testing for sequential dependencies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208403. [PMID: 30521572 PMCID: PMC6283529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research in perception and recognition demonstrates that a current decision (i) can be influenced by previous ones (i–j), meaning that subsequent responses are not always independent. Experiments 1 and 2 tested whether initial showup identification decisions impact choosing behavior for subsequent showup identification responses. Participants watched a mock crime film involving three perpetrators and later made three showup identification decisions, one showup for each perpetrator. Across both experiments, evidence for sequential dependencies for choosing behavior was not consistently predictable. In Experiment 1, responses on the third, target-present showup assimilated towards previous choosing. In Experiment 2, responses on the second showup contrasted previous choosing regardless of target-presence. Experiment 3 examined whether differences in number of test trials in the eyewitness (vs. basic recognition) paradigm could account for the absence of hypothesized ability to predict patterns of sequential dependencies in Experiments 1 and 2. Sequential dependencies were detected in recognition decisions over many trials, including recognition for faces: the probability of a yes response on the current trial increased if the previous response was also yes (vs. no). However, choosing behavior on previous trials did not predict individual recognition decisions on the current trial. Thus, while sequential dependencies did arise to some extent, results suggest that the integrity of identification and recognition decisions are not likely to be impacted by making multiple decisions in a row.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Tupper
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Melanie Sauerland
- Maastricht University, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - James D. Sauer
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
- University of Tasmania, Division of Psychology, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nick J. Broers
- Maastricht University, Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Steve D. Charman
- Florida International University, Department of Psychology, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Lorraine Hope
- University of Portsmouth, Department of Psychology, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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28
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Limbach K, Kaufmann JM, Wiese H, Witte OW, Schweinberger SR. Enhancement of face-sensitive ERPs in older adults induced by face recognition training. Neuropsychologia 2018; 119:197-213. [PMID: 30114386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A common cognitive problem reported by older people is compromised face recognition, which is often paralleled by age-related changes in face-sensitive and memory-related components in event-related brain potentials (ERPs). We developed a new training using photorealistic caricatures based on evidence that caricatures are beneficial for people with compromised face processing. Twenty-four older participants (62-75 yrs, 13 female) completed 12 training sessions (3 per week, 60 min each) and 24 older participants (61-76 yrs, 12 female) acted as controls. Before and after training (or waiting), participants took part in a diagnostic test battery for face processing abilities, and in ERP experiments on face learning and recognition. Although performance improvements during the training provided little evidence for generalization to other face processing tasks, ERPs showed substantial training-related enhancements of face-sensitive ERPs. Specifically, we observed marked increases of the N170, P200 and N250 components, which may indicate training-induced enhancement of face detection and activation of identity-specific representations. Thus, neuronal correlates of face processing are plastic in older age, and can be modulated by caricature training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Limbach
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.
| | - Jürgen M Kaufmann
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, UK; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Stefan R Schweinberger
- Department of General Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; DFG Research Unit Person Perception, Jena, Germany.
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29
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Kätsyri J. Those Virtual People all Look the Same to me: Computer-Rendered Faces Elicit a Higher False Alarm Rate Than Real Human Faces in a Recognition Memory Task. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1362. [PMID: 30123166 PMCID: PMC6086000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Virtual as compared with real human characters can elicit a sense of uneasiness in human observers, characterized by lack of familiarity and even feelings of eeriness (the “uncanny valley” hypothesis). Here we test the possibility that this alleged lack of familiarity is literal in the sense that people have lesser perceptual expertise in processing virtual as compared with real human faces. Sixty-four participants took part in a recognition memory study in which they first learned a set of faces and were then asked to recognize them in a testing session. We used real and virtual (computer-rendered) versions of the same faces, presented in either upright or inverted orientation. Real and virtual faces were matched for low-level visual features such as global luminosity and spatial frequency contents. Our results demonstrated a higher response bias toward responding “seen before” for virtual as compared with real faces, which was further explained by a higher false alarm rate for the former. This finding resembles a similar effect for recognizing human faces from other than one's own ethnic groups (the “other race effect”). Virtual faces received clearly higher subjective eeriness ratings than real faces. Our results did not provide evidence of poorer overall recognition memory or lesser inversion effect for virtual faces, however. The higher false alarm rate finding supports the notion that lesser perceptual expertise may contribute to the lack of subjective familiarity with virtual faces. We discuss alternative interpretations and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Kätsyri
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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30
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Electrophysiological correlates of voice memory for young and old speakers in young and old listeners. Neuropsychologia 2018; 116:215-227. [PMID: 28802769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Faces of one's own-age group are easier to recognize than other-age faces. Using behavioral measures and EEG, we studied whether an own-age bias (OAB) also exists in voice memory. Young (19 - 26 years) and old (60-75 years) participants studied young (18-25 years) and old (60-77 years) unfamiliar voices from short sentences. Subsequently, they classified studied and novel voices as "old" (i.e. studied) or "new", from the same sentences. Recognition performance was higher in young compared to old participants, and for old compared to young voices, with no OAB. At the same time, we found evidence for higher distinctiveness of old compared to young voices, both in terms of acoustic measures and subjective ratings (independent of rater age). Analyses of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) indicated more negative-going deflections (400-1000ms) for old compared to young voices in young participants. In old participants, we observed a reversed OLD/NEW memory effect, with overall more positive amplitudes for novel compared to studied old (but not young) voices (400-1000ms). Time-frequency analyses revealed less beta power (16-26Hz) for young compared to old voices at left anterior sites, and also reduced beta power for correctly recognized studied (compared to novel) voices at left posterior sites (300-900ms). These findings could suggest an engagement of cortical areas during stimulus-specific recollection from about 300ms, in a task that emphasized the analysis of individual acoustic features.
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31
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Burton AM, Vokey JR. The Face-Space Typicality Paradox: Understanding the Face-Space Metaphor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/713755768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Some recent accounts of human face processing use the idea of “face space”, considered to be a multi-dimensional space whose dimensions correspond to ways in which faces can vary. Within this space, “typicality” is sometimes taken to reflect the proximity of a face to its local neighbours. Intuitions about the distribution of faces within the space may suggest that the majority of faces will be “typical” in these terms. However, when typicality measures are taken, researchers very rarely find that faces cluster at the “typical” end of the scale. In this short note we attempt to resolve this paradox and point out that reasoning about high dimensional distributions requires that some specific assumptions are made explicit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Vokey
- University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Sofer C, Dotsch R, Oikawa M, Oikawa H, Wigboldus DHJ, Todorov A. For Your Local Eyes Only: Culture-Specific Face Typicality Influences Perceptions of Trustworthiness. Perception 2017; 46:914-928. [PMID: 28152651 DOI: 10.1177/0301006617691786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings show that typical faces are judged as more trustworthy than atypical faces. However, it is not clear whether employment of typicality cues in trustworthiness judgment happens across cultures and if these cues are culture specific. In two studies, conducted in Japan and Israel, participants judged trustworthiness and attractiveness of faces. In Study 1, faces varied along a cross-cultural dimension ranging from a Japanese to an Israeli typical face. Own-culture typical faces were perceived as more trustworthy than other-culture typical faces, suggesting that people in both cultures employ typicality cues when judging trustworthiness, but that the cues, indicative of typicality, are culture dependent. Because perceivers may be less familiar with other-culture typicality cues, Study 2 tested the extent to which they rely on available facial information other than typicality, when judging other-culture faces. In Study 2, Japanese and Israeli faces varied from either Japanese or Israeli attractive to unattractive with the respective typical face at the midpoint. For own-culture faces, trustworthiness judgments peaked around own-culture typical face. However, when judging other-culture faces, both cultures also employed attractiveness cues, but this effect was more apparent for Japanese participants. Our findings highlight the importance of culture when considering the effect of typicality on trustworthiness judgments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Sofer
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Dotsch
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Haruka Oikawa
- Department of Psychology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
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Caricature generalization benefits for faces learned with enhanced idiosyncratic shape or texture. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 17:185-197. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-016-0471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Proverbio AM, La Mastra F, Zani A. How Negative Social Bias Affects Memory for Faces: An Electrical Neuroimaging Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162671. [PMID: 27655327 PMCID: PMC5031436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During social interactions, we make inferences about people’s personal characteristics based on their appearance. These inferences form a potential prejudice that can positively or negatively bias our interaction with them. Not much is known about the effects of negative bias on face perception and the ability to recognize people faces. This ability was investigated by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) from 128 sites in 16 volunteers. In the first session (encoding), they viewed 200 faces associated with a short fictional story that described anecdotal positive or negative characteristics about each person. In the second session (recognition), they underwent an old/new memory test, in which they had to distinguish 100 new faces from the previously shown faces. ERP data relative to the encoding phase showed a larger anterior negativity in response to negatively (vs. positively) biased faces, indicating an additional processing of faces with unpleasant social traits. In the recognition task, ERPs recorded in response to new faces elicited a larger FN400 than to old faces, and to positive than negative faces. Additionally, old faces elicited a larger Old-New parietal response than new faces, in the form of an enlarged late positive (LPC) component. An inverse solution SwLORETA (450–550 ms) indicated that remembering old faces was associated with the activation of right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), left medial temporal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus. Only negatively connoted faces strongly activated the limbic and parahippocampal areas and the left SFG. A dissociation was found between familiarity (modulated by negative bias) and recollection (distinguishing old from new faces).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mado Proverbio
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Francesca La Mastra
- NeuroMi - Milan Center for Neuroscience, Dept. of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology, IBFM-CNR, Milan, Italy
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35
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Peskin M, Newell FN. Familiarity Breeds Attraction: Effects of Exposure on the Attractiveness of Typical and Distinctive Faces. Perception 2016; 33:147-57. [PMID: 15109158 DOI: 10.1068/p5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that facial attractiveness is positively correlated with both familiarity and typicality. Here we manipulated the familiarity of typical and distinctive faces to measure the effect on attractiveness. In our first experiment, we collected ratings of attractiveness, distinctiveness, and familiarity using three different groups of participants. Our stimuli included 84 images of female faces, presented in a full-face view. We replicated the finding that attractiveness ratings negatively correlate with distinctiveness ratings. In addition, we showed that attractiveness ratings were positively correlated with familiarity ratings. In our second experiment, we demonstrated that increasing exposure to faces increases their attractiveness, although there was no differential effect of exposure on typical and distinctive faces. Our results suggest that episodic familiarity affects attractiveness ratings independently of general or structural familiarity. The implications of our findings for the ‘face-space’ model are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Peskin
- Department of Psychology, Aras an Phiarsaigh, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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36
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Butcher N, Lander K. Exploring the motion advantage: evaluating the contribution of familiarity and differences in facial motion. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:919-929. [PMID: 26822035 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1138974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Seeing a face move can improve familiar face recognition, face matching, and learning. More specifically, familiarity with a face may facilitate the learning of an individual's "dynamic facial signature". In the outlined research we examine the relationship between participant ratings of familiarity, the distinctiveness of motion, the amount of facial motion, and the recognition of familiar moving faces (Experiment 1) as well as the magnitude of the motion advantage (Experiment 2). Significant positive correlations were found between all factors. Findings suggest that faces rated as moving a lot and in a distinctive manner benefited the most from being seen in motion. Additionally findings indicate that facial motion information becomes a more important cue to recognition the more familiar a face is, suggesting that "dynamic facial signatures" continue to be learnt over time and integrated within the face representation. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical explanations of the moving face advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Butcher
- a Social Futures Institute, Teesside University , Middlesbrough , UK
| | - Karen Lander
- b School of Psychological Sciences , University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
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Sauerland M, Sagana A, Siegmann K, Heiligers D, Merckelbach H, Jenkins R. These two are different. Yes, they're the same: Choice blindness for facial identity. Conscious Cogn 2016; 40:93-104. [PMID: 26774209 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We examined the manipulability of face identity judgements by combining a sorting task for unfamiliar faces with a standard test of choice blindness. In Experiment 1, 50 participants completed a sorting task and then justified grouping specific pairs of photos together or apart. On manipulated trials, the presented pairings were different from those the participants had actually produced. Detection rates for these identity manipulations were strikingly low (∼21%). Moreover, participants readily provided justifications for identity decisions that they had not made, typically referring to specific facial features. Experiment 2 was conducted along similar lines and confirmed that lower task difficulty and higher confidence in one's face identity judgements increase detection rates. We conclude that observers can easily be led to believe that they made identity judgements they did not make. As well as underscoring the fragility of unfamiliar face matching, our findings have implications for identity judgements in legal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Sauerland
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Sagana
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Kathrin Siegmann
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Danitsja Heiligers
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Merckelbach
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, University of York, UK
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Bylinskii Z, Isola P, Bainbridge C, Torralba A, Oliva A. Intrinsic and extrinsic effects on image memorability. Vision Res 2015; 116:165-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rennels JL, Kayl AJ. Differences in Expressivity Based on Attractiveness: Target or Perceiver Effects? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 60:163-172. [PMID: 26366010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A significant association exists between adults' expressivity and facial attractiveness, but it is unclear whether the association is linear or significant only at the extremes of attractiveness. It is also unclear whether attractive persons actually display more positive expressivity than unattractive persons (target effects) or whether high and low attractiveness influences expressivity valence judgments (perceiver effects). Experiment 1 demonstrated adult ratings of attractiveness were predictive of expressivity valence only for high and low attractive females and medium attractive males. Experiment 2 showed that low attractive females actually display more negative expressivity than medium and high attractive females, but there were no target effects for males. Also, attractiveness influenced expressivity valence judgments (perceiver effects) for both females and males. Our findings demonstrate that low attractive females are at a particular disadvantage during social interactions due to their low attractiveness, actual displays of negative expressivity, and perceptions of their negative expressivity.
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Itz ML, Schweinberger SR, Schulz C, Kaufmann JM. Neural correlates of facilitations in face learning by selective caricaturing of facial shape or reflectance. Neuroimage 2014; 102 Pt 2:736-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Trujillo LT, Jankowitsch JM, Langlois JH. Beauty is in the ease of the beholding: a neurophysiological test of the averageness theory of facial attractiveness. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 14:1061-76. [PMID: 24326966 PMCID: PMC4053512 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of studies have shown that people prefer attractive over unattractive faces. But what is an attractive face, and why is it preferred? Averageness theory claims that faces are perceived as being attractive when their facial configuration approximates the mathematical average facial configuration of the population. Conversely, faces that deviate from this average configuration are perceived as being unattractive. The theory predicts that both attractive and mathematically averaged faces should be processed more fluently than unattractive faces, whereas the averaged faces should be processed marginally more fluently than the attractive faces. We compared neurocognitive and behavioral responses to attractive, unattractive, and averaged human faces to test these predictions. We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) and reaction times (RTs) from 48 adults while they discriminated between human and chimpanzee faces. The participants categorized averaged and high-attractive faces as being "human" faster than low-attractive faces. The posterior N170 (150-225 ms) face-evoked ERP component was smaller in response to high-attractive and averaged faces than to low-attractive faces. Single-trial electroencephalographic analysis indicated that this reduced ERP response arose from the engagement of fewer neural resources, and not from a change in the temporal consistency of how those resources were engaged. These findings provide novel evidence that faces are perceived as being attractive when they approximate a facial configuration close to the population average, and they suggest that processing fluency underlies preferences for attractive faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan T Trujillo
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,
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Burns EJ, Tree JJ, Weidemann CT. Recognition memory in developmental prosopagnosia: electrophysiological evidence for abnormal routes to face recognition. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:622. [PMID: 25177283 PMCID: PMC4132483 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual process models of recognition memory propose two distinct routes for recognizing a face: recollection and familiarity. Recollection is characterized by the remembering of some contextual detail from a previous encounter with a face whereas familiarity is the feeling of finding a face familiar without any contextual details. The Remember/Know (R/K) paradigm is thought to index the relative contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. Despite researchers measuring face recognition deficits in developmental prosopagnosia (DP) through a variety of methods, none have considered the distinct contributions of recollection and familiarity to recognition performance. The present study examined recognition memory for faces in eight individuals with DP and a group of controls using an R/K paradigm while recording electroencephalogram (EEG) data at the scalp. Those with DP were found to produce fewer correct “remember” responses and more false alarms than controls. EEG results showed that posterior “remember” old/new effects were delayed and restricted to the right posterior (RP) area in those with DP in comparison to the controls. A posterior “know” old/new effect commonly associated with familiarity for faces was only present in the controls whereas individuals with DP exhibited a frontal “know” old/new effect commonly associated with words, objects and pictures. These results suggest that individuals with DP do not utilize normal face-specific routes when making face recognition judgments but instead process faces using a pathway more commonly associated with objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin J Burns
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Jeremy J Tree
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University Swansea, Wales, UK
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Dalagdi A, Arvaniti A, Papatriantafyllou J, Xenitidis K, Samakouri M, Livaditis M. Psychosocial support and cognitive deficits in adults with schizophrenia. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2014; 60:417-25. [PMID: 23828764 DOI: 10.1177/0020764013491899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades there has been an increasing interest in cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. However, only a few studies have examined the impact of psychosocial support on the prevention of cognitive deterioration in patients who suffer from schizophrenia. AIM The aims of the present study are: (1) to confirm the presence of cognitive deficits among patients with schizophrenia; (2) to explore any correlations between such deficits and a range of clinical and/or demographic characteristics of the patients; and (3) to investigate any association between cognitive deficits and psychosocial support. METHOD A total of 118 patients with schizophrenia (the patient group) and 102 healthy volunteers (the control group) had a cognitive assessment using a battery of neuropsychological tests. The patients were allocated to one of the following groups: (1) patients under routine outpatient follow-up; or (2) patients receiving or having recently received intensive psychosocial support, in addition to follow-up. This included daily participation in vocational and recreational activities provided by dedicated mental health day centers. The findings of the neuropsychological testing of individuals in all groups were compared, after controlling for clinical or demographic factors. RESULTS The scores in the neuropsychological tests were lower overall in the patients group compared to healthy volunteers. Within the patients group, those receiving/having received psychosocial support had higher scores compared to those on routine follow-up alone. There were no significant differences between patients currently receiving psychosocial support and those having received it in the past. Lower education, age and illness duration (but not severity of positive or negative symptoms) were factors associated with lower test scores. CONCLUSIONS The study provides some evidence that psychosocial support may be beneficial for the cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia and this benefit may be a lasting one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Dalagdi
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Arvaniti
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | | | - Kiriakos Xenitidis
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, The Maudsley Hospital, London, UK
| | - Maria Samakouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Miltos Livaditis
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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Nakamura K, Kawabata H. Attractive faces temporally modulate visual attention. Front Psychol 2014; 5:620. [PMID: 24994994 PMCID: PMC4061897 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial attractiveness is an important biological and social signal on social interaction. Recent research has demonstrated that an attractive face captures greater spatial attention than an unattractive face does. Little is known, however, about the temporal characteristics of visual attention for facial attractiveness. In this study, we investigated the temporal modulation of visual attention induced by facial attractiveness by using a rapid serial visual presentation. Fourteen male faces and two female faces were successively presented for 160 ms, respectively, and participants were asked to identify two female faces embedded among a series of multiple male distractor faces. Identification of a second female target (T2) was impaired when a first target (T1) was attractive compared to neutral or unattractive faces, at 320 ms stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA); identification was improved when T1 was attractive compared to unattractive faces at 640 ms SOA. These findings suggest that the spontaneous appraisal of facial attractiveness modulates temporal attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Nakamura
- Department of Psychology, Keio University Tokyo, Japan
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Effects of attractiveness on face memory separated from distinctiveness: evidence from event-related brain potentials. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:26-36. [PMID: 24406982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined effects of attractiveness on behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) correlates of face memory. Extending previous reports, we controlled for potential moderating effects of distinctiveness, a variable known to affect memory. Attractive and unattractive faces were selected on the basis of a rating study, and were matched for distinctiveness. In a subsequent recognition memory experiment, we found more accurate memory for unattractive relative to attractive faces. Additionally, an attractiveness effect in the early posterior negativity (EPN) during learning, with larger amplitudes for attractive than unattractive faces, correlated significantly with the magnitude of the memory advantage for unattractive faces at test. These findings establish a contribution of attractiveness to face memory over and above the well-known effect of distinctiveness. Additionally, as the EPN is typically enhanced for affective stimuli, our ERP results imply that the processing of emotionally relevant attractive faces during learning may hamper their encoding into memory.
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Bindemann M, Attard J, Leach A, Johnston RA. The Effect of Image Pixelation on Unfamiliar-Face Matching. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice Attard
- School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Amy Leach
- School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
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Knuycky LR, Kleider HM, Cavrak SE. Line-up Misidentifications: When Being ‘Prototypically Black’ is Perceived as Criminal. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Herlitz A, Lovén J. Sex differences and the own-gender bias in face recognition: A meta-analytic review. VISUAL COGNITION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2013.823140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mike Burton A. Why has research in face recognition progressed so slowly? The importance of variability. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:1467-85. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.800125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite many years of research, there has been surprisingly little progress in our understanding of how faces are identified. Here I argue that there are two contributory factors: (a) Our methods have obscured a critical aspect of the problem, within-person variability; and (b) research has tended to conflate familiar and unfamiliar face processing. Examples of procedures for studying variability are given, and a case is made for studying real faces, of the type people recognize every day. I argue that face recognition (specifically identification) may only be understood by adopting new techniques that acknowledge statistical patterns in the visual environment. As a consequence, some of our current methods will need to be abandoned.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Mike Burton
- School of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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