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Fernández-López M, Marcet A, Perea M. Investigating the Role of Response Codes in Masked Priming Lexical Decision Tasks: The Case of Repeated Presentations. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13030452. [PMID: 36979262 PMCID: PMC10046646 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The masked priming technique is considered a gold standard among experimental psychologists who specialize in the field of visual word recognition. Typically, this method entails a comparison between two or more critical conditions (e.g., the target word MOUSE being preceded by either the identity prime mouse or the unrelated prime fence). It is noteworthy that, unlike other masked priming tasks, prior experiments examining the properties of unrelated primes (e.g., their frequency as words [high or low] or their legality as nonwords [orthographically legal or illegal]) do not have an impact on the processing of the target item. However, two lexical decision studies reported faster responses to target words when the unrelated prime is a word rather than a nonword (i.e., a response congruency effect). One possible explanation for this discrepancy is a difference in methodology, as these two studies are the only ones to have used repeated presentation of stimuli, which could lead to the creation of an episodic memory trace that amplifies response congruency effects. To examine this hypothesis, we used a set of materials that did not show any congruency effect in a previous experiment with unique presentations, except that here we included repeated presentations. Results showed a response congruency effect, with participants responding faster to word targets when they were preceded by an unrelated word prime as opposed to an unrelated nonword prime. These findings suggest that the activation of response codes in masked priming is contingent upon the nature of cognitive resources required for processing the target stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fernández-López
- ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marcet
- Departamento de Didáctica de la Lengua y la Literatura, Universitat de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Perea
- ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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2
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Vergara-Martínez M, Fernández-López M, Perea M. Perceptual Contiguity Does Not Modulate Matched-Case Identity-Priming Effects in Lexical Decision. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13020336. [PMID: 36831879 PMCID: PMC9954145 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13020336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent studies with the masked priming lexical decision task, matched-case identity-priming effects occur for nonwords but not for words (e.g., nonwords: ERTAR-ERTAR faster than ertar-ERTAR; words: ALTAR-ALTAR produces similar response times as altar-ALTAR). This dissociation is thought to result from lexical feedback influencing orthographic representations in word processing. As nonwords do not receive this feedback, bottom-up processing of prime-target integration leads to matched-case effects. However, the underlying mechanism of this effect in nonwords remains unclear. In this study, we added a color congruency manipulation across the prime and target in the matched-case identity-priming design. We aimed to determine whether the case effects originate at the early stages of prime-target perceptual integration or due to bottom-up activation of case-specific letter detectors. Results replicated the previous dissociation between words and nonwords regarding the matched-case identity effect. Additionally, we did not find any modulation of these effects by prime-target color congruency. These findings suggest that the locus of the matched-case identity effect is at an orthographic level of representation that encodes case information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vergara-Martínez
- Interdisciplinary Structure of Reading Research (ERI.-Lectura), Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Fernández-López
- Interdisciplinary Structure of Reading Research (ERI.-Lectura), Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Science, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Perea
- Interdisciplinary Structure of Reading Research (ERI.-Lectura), Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Methodology of Behavioral Science, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Nebrija Research Center on Cognition (CINC), Universidad Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Angele B, Baciero A, Gómez P, Perea M. Does online masked priming pass the test? The effects of prime exposure duration on masked identity priming. Behav Res Methods 2023; 55:151-167. [PMID: 35297017 PMCID: PMC8926104 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01742-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Masked priming is one of the most important paradigms in the study of visual word recognition, but it is usually thought to require a laboratory setup with a known monitor and keyboard. To test if this technique can be safely used in an online setting, we conducted two online masked priming lexical decision task experiments using PsychoPy/PsychoJS (Peirce et al., 2019). Importantly, we also tested the role of prime exposure duration (33.3 vs. 50 ms in Experiment 1 and 16.7 vs. 33.3 ms in Experiment 2), thus allowing us to examine both across conditions and within-conditions effects. We found that our online data are indeed very similar to the masked priming data previously reported in the masked priming literature. Additionally, we found a clear effect of prime duration, with the priming effect (measured in terms of response time and accuracy) being stronger at 50 ms than 33.3 ms and no priming effect at 16.7 ms prime duration. From these results, we can conclude that modern online browser-based experimental psychophysics packages (e.g., PsychoPy) can present stimuli and collect responses on standard end user devices with enough precision. These findings provide us with confidence that masked priming can be used online, thus allowing us not only to run less time-consuming experiments, but also to reach populations that are difficult to test in a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Angele
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK.
- Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Baciero
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, BH12 5BB, UK
- Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez
- California State University San Bernardino, Palm Desert Campus, San Bernardino, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Perea
- Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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4
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Duñabeitia JA, Perea M, Labusch M. Rëâdīńg wõrdš wîth ōrńåmêńtš: is there a cost? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1168471. [PMID: 37179852 PMCID: PMC10172505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1168471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Recent research has reported that adding non-existent diacritical marks to a word produces a minimal reading cost compared to the intact word. Here we examined whether this minimal reading cost is due to: (1) the resilience of letter detectors to the perceptual noise (i.e., the cost should be small and comparable for words and nonwords) or (2) top-down lexical processes that normalize the percept for words (i.e., the cost would be larger for nonwords). Methods We designed a letter detection experiment in which a target stimulus (either a word or a nonword) was presented intact or with extra non-existent diacritics [e.g., amigo (friend) vs. ãmîgô; agimo vs. ãgîmô]. Participants had to decide which of two letters was in the stimulus (e.g., A vs. U). Results Although the task involved lexical processing, with responses being faster and more accurate for words compared to nonwords, we found only a minimal advantage in error rates for intact stimuli versus those with non-existent diacritics. This advantage was similar for both words and nonwords. Discussion The letter detectors in the word recognition system appear to be resilient to non-existent diacritics without the need for feedback from higher levels of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Andoni Duñabeitia
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Languages and Culture, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- *Correspondence: Jon Andoni Duñabeitia,
| | - Manuel Perea
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Melanie Labusch
- Centro de Investigación Nebrija en Cognición (CINC), Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Šaban I, Schmidt JR. Interlinguistic conflict: Word-word Stroop with first and second language colour words. Cogn Process 2022; 23:619-636. [PMID: 36149518 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The congruency (or Stroop) effect is a standard observation of slower and less accurate colour identification to incongruent trials (e.g. "red" in green) relative to congruent trials (e.g. "red" in red). This effect has been observed in a word-word variant of the task, when both the distracter (e.g. "red") and target (e.g. "green") are colour words. The Stroop task has also been used to study the congruency effect between two languages in bilinguals. The typical finding is that the congruency effect for L1 words is larger than that for L2 words. For the first time, the present report aims to extend this finding to a word-word variant of the bilingual Stroop task. In two experiments, French monolinguals performed a bilingual word-word Stroop task in which target word language, language match, and congruency between the distracter and target were manipulated. The critical manipulation across two experiments concerned the target language. In Experiment 1, target language was manipulated between groups, with either French (L1) or English (L2) target colour words. In Experiment 2, target words from both languages were intermixed. In both experiments, the congruency effect was larger when the distracter and target were from the same language (language match) than when they were from different languages (language mismatch). Our findings suggested that this congruency effect mostly depends on the language match between the distracter and target, rather than on a target language. It also did not seem to matter whether the language-mismatching distracter was or was not a potential response alternative. Semantic activation of languages in bilinguals and its implications on target identification are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Šaban
- LEAD-CNRS UMR 5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000, Dijon, France.
| | - James R Schmidt
- LEAD-CNRS UMR 5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000, Dijon, France
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Perea M, Baciero A, Labusch M, Fernández-López M, Marcet A. Are brand names special words? Letter visual-similarity affects the identification of brand names, but not common words. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:835-852. [PMID: 35107840 PMCID: PMC9545185 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Brand names are often considered a special type of words of special relevance to examine the role of visual codes during reading: unlike common words, brand names are typically presented with the same letter‐case configuration (e.g., IKEA, adidas). Recently, Pathak et al. (European Journal of Marketing, 2019, 53, 2109) found an effect of visual similarity for misspelled brand names when the participants had to decide whether the brand name was spelled correctly or not (e.g., tacebook [baseword: facebook] was responded more slowly and less accurately than xacebook). This finding is at odds with both orthographically based visual‐word recognition models and prior experiments using misspelled common words (e.g., viotin [baseword: violin] is identified as fast as viocin). To solve this puzzle, we designed two experiments in which the participants had to decide whether the presented item was written correctly. In Experiment 1, following a procedure similar to Pathak et al. (European Journal of Marketing, 2019, 53, 2109), we examined the effect of visual similarity on misspelled brand names with/without graphical information (e.g., anazon vs. atazon [baseword: amazon]). Experiment 2 was parallel to Experiment 1, but we focused on misspelled common words (e.g., anarillo vs. atarillo; baseword: amarillo [yellow in Spanish]). Results showed a sizeable effect of visual similarity on misspelled brand names – regardless of their graphical information, but not on misspelled common words. These findings suggest that visual codes play a greater role when identifying brand names than common words. We examined how models of visual‐word recognition can account for this dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.,Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Baciero
- Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.,Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | | | | | - Ana Marcet
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Fernández-López M, Davis CJ, Perea M, Marcet A, Gómez P. Unveiling the boost in the sandwich priming technique. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2021; 75:1382-1393. [PMID: 34625015 DOI: 10.1177/17470218211055097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The masked priming technique (which compares #####-house-HOUSE vs. #####-fight-HOUSE) is the gold-standard tool to examine the initial moments of word processing. Lupker and Davis showed that adding a pre-prime identical to the target produced greater priming effects in the sandwich technique (which compares #####-HOUSE-house-HOUSE vs #####-HOUSE-fight-HOUSE). While there is consensus that the sandwich technique magnifies the size of priming effects relative to the standard procedure, the mechanisms underlying this boost are not well understood (i.e., does it reflect quantitative or qualitative changes?). To fully characterise the sandwich technique, we compared the sandwich and standard techniques by examining the response times (RTs) and their distributional features (delta plots; conditional-accuracy functions), comparing identity versus unrelated primes. The results showed that the locus of the boost in the sandwich technique was two-fold: faster responses in the identity condition (via a shift in the RT distributions) and slower responses in the unrelated condition. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Manuel Perea
- Universitat de València, València, Spain.,Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Marcet
- Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez
- California State University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA
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8
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Gutierrez-Sigut E, Vergara-Martínez M, Perea M. The impact of visual cues during visual word recognition in deaf readers: An ERP study. Cognition 2021; 218:104938. [PMID: 34678681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence is still scarce, recent research suggests key differences in how deaf and hearing readers use visual information during visual word recognition. Here we compared the time course of lexical access in deaf and hearing readers of similar reading ability. We also investigated whether one visual property of words, the outline-shape, modulates visual word recognition differently in both groups. We recorded the EEG signal of twenty deaf and twenty hearing readers while they performed a lexical decision task. In addition to the effect of lexicality, we assessed the impact of outline-shape by contrasting responses to pseudowords with an outline-shape that was consistent (e.g., mofor) or inconsistent (e.g., mosor) with their baseword (motor). Despite hearing readers having higher phonological abilities, results showed a remarkably similar time course of the lexicality effect in deaf and hearing readers. We also found that only for deaf readers, inconsistent-shape pseudowords (e.g., mosor) elicited larger amplitude ERPs than consistent-shape pseudowords (e.g., mofor) from 150 ms after stimulus onset and extending into the N400 time window. This latter finding supports the view that deaf readers rely more on visual characteristics than typical hearing readers during visual word recognition. Altogether, our results suggest different mechanisms underlying effective word recognition in deaf and hearing readers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gutierrez-Sigut
- University of Essex, UK; DCAL Research Centre, University College London, UK.
| | | | - Manuel Perea
- ERI-Lectura, University of Valencia, Spain; Universidad Nebrija, Spain
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Labusch M, Kotz SA, Perea M. The impact of capitalized German words on lexical access. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 86:891-902. [PMID: 34091714 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01540-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leading models of visual word recognition assume that the process of word identification is driven by abstract, case-invariant units (e.g., table and TABLE activate the same abstract representation). But do these models need to be modified to meet nuances of orthography as in German, where the first letter of common nouns is capitalized (e.g., Buch [book] and Hund [dog], but blau [blue])? To examine the role of initial capitalization of German words in lexical access, we chose a semantic categorization task ("is the word an animal name?"). In Experiment 1, we compared German words in all-lowercase vs. initial capitalization (hund, buch, blau vs. Hund, Buch, Blau). Results showed faster responses for animal nouns with initial capitalization (Hund < hund) and faster responses for lowercase non-nouns (blau < Blau). Surprisingly, we found faster responses for lowercase non-animal nouns (buch < Buch). As the latter difference could derive from task demands (i.e., buch does not follow German orthographic rules and requires a "no" response), we replaced the all-lowercase format with an orthographically legal all-uppercase format in Experiment 2. Results showed an advantage for all nouns with initial capitalization (Hund < HUND and Buch < BUCH). These findings clearly show that initial capitalization in German words constitutes an essential part of the words' representations and is used during lexical access. Thus, models of visual word recognition, primarily focused on English orthography, should be expanded to the idiosyncrasies of other Latin-based orthographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Labusch
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 40610, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Perea
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 40610, Valencia, Spain. .,Universidad Nebrija, Madrid, Spain.
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Sachiko K, Daniel W, Dennis N. What masked priming effects with abbreviations can tell us about abstract letter identities. JOURNAL OF MEMORY AND LANGUAGE 2021; 117:104209. [PMID: 37082232 PMCID: PMC7614454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jml.2020.104209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Models of visual word recognition share the assumption that lexical access is based on abstract letter identities. The present study re-examined the assumption that this is because information about the visual form of the letter is lost early in the course of activating the abstract letter identities. The main support for this assumption has come from the case-independent masked priming effects. Experiment 1 used common English words presented in lowercase as targets in lexical decision, and replicated the oft-reported case-independent identity priming effect (e.g., edge-edge = EDGE-edge). In contrast, Experiment 2 using abbreviations (e.g., DNA, CIA) produced a robust case-dependent identity priming effect (e.g., DNA-DNA < dna-DNA). Experiment 3 used the same abbreviation stimuli as primes in a semantic priming lexical decision experiment. Here the prime case effect was absent, but so was the semantic priming effect (e.g., dna-GENETICS = DNA-GENETICS = LSD-GENETICS). The results question the view that information about the visual form of the letter is lost early. We offer an alternative perspective that the abstract nature of priming for common words stems from how these words are represented in the reader's lexicon. The implication of these findings for letter and word recognition is discussed. (197 words).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinoshita Sachiko
- Department of Psychology and Macquarie University Centre for Reading, Macquarie University
| | | | - Norris Dennis
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Soares AP, Velho M, Oliveira HM. The role of letter features on the consonant-bias effect: Evidence from masked priming. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2020; 210:103171. [PMID: 32891854 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has shown an advantage of consonants at early stages of visual word recognition (C-bias), although the locus of this effect remains elusive. Here we examine whether the C-bias is affected by the consonant letters' features. Skilled readers performed a masked priming lexical decision task in which target words containing only either consonants without any ascending/descending features (flat words, canino[canine]) or consonants with ascending/descending features (non-flat words, palito[toothpick]) were preceded by briefly (50 ms) presented primes that could preserve the same consonants of the targets (cenune-CANINO, pelute-PALITO), the same vowels of the targets (raxizo-CANINO, fajibo-PALITO), or, as controls, unrelated (ruxuze-CANINO, fejube-PALITO) and identity primes (canino-CANINO, palito-PALITO). The case in which prime-target pairs were presented was also manipulated (lower-upper vs. upper-lower). Results showed that in both case conditions flat words were recognized faster than non-flat words. Evidence for the C-bias was observed both for flat and non-flat words in the lower-upper condition, in which a vowel inhibitory priming effect was also observed for non-flat words. In the upper-lower condition, however, the C-bias was restricted to flat words. These findings suggest that letter features play a role in the C-bias and ask for amendments in current models of visual word recognition.
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12
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The time course of the lowercase advantage in visual word recognition: An ERP investigation. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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Gomez P, Perea M. Masked identity priming reflects an encoding advantage in developing readers. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 199:104911. [PMID: 32682549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2020.104911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The masked priming technique is widely used to explore the early moments of letter and word identification. Although this technique is increasingly used in experiments with young readers, the mechanism in play during masked priming with early readers has not yet been fully explored. We investigated the masked priming effects from a modeling perspective; we instantiated competing theories as data models (using Bayes factors) and as a computational model (diffusion model). We carried out a masked priming experiment using identity primes with second- and fourth-grade participants, and we analyzed the data through an evidence accumulation model lens. The priming effect manifests as a shift in the response time distribution, which in evidence accumulation models is accounted for by changes in the encoding process. We describe such changes as savings that have three features of theoretical importance. First, they are numerically very close to the stimulus onset asynchrony between primes and targets. Second, they remain relatively constant from second grade to fourth grade. Third, they seem to operate at the level of abstract orthographic representation because the priming effect occurs in both case-matched and case-mismatched pairs. These findings also have consequences for the practice of data transformation in developmental research; some patterns of data, when transformed, would produce spurious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gomez
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, Palm Desert Campus, Palm Desert, CA 92211, USA.
| | - Manuel Perea
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Centro de Ciencia Cognitiva, Universidad Nebrija, 28015 Madrid, Spain
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14
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Chang M, Zhang K, Hao L, Zhao S, McGowan VA, Warrington KL, Paterson KB, Wang J, Gunn SC. Word predictability depends on parafoveal preview validity in Chinese reading. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1714825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chang
- Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kuo Zhang
- Department of Social Psychology, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lisha Hao
- Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sainan Zhao
- Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Victoria A. McGowan
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kayleigh L. Warrington
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kevin B. Paterson
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jingxin Wang
- Academy of Psychology and Behaviour, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sarah C. Gunn
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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15
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Gutierrez-Sigut E, Vergara-Martínez M, Perea M. Deaf readers benefit from lexical feedback during orthographic processing. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12321. [PMID: 31444497 PMCID: PMC6707270 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48702-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that poor reading abilities in deaf readers might be related to weak connections between the orthographic and lexical-semantic levels of processing. Here we used event related potentials (ERPs), known for their excellent time resolution, to examine whether lexical feedback modulates early orthographic processing. Twenty congenitally deaf readers made lexical decisions to target words and pseudowords. Each of those target stimuli could be preceded by a briefly presented matched-case or mismatched-case identity prime (e.g., ALTAR-ALTAR vs. altar- ALTAR). Results showed an early effect of case overlap at the N/P150 for all targets. Critically, this effect disappeared for words but not for pseudowords, at the N250—an ERP component sensitive to orthographic processing. This dissociation in the effect of case for word and pseudowords targets provides strong evidence of early automatic lexical-semantic feedback modulating orthographic processing in deaf readers. Interestingly, despite the dissociation found in the ERP data, behavioural responses to words still benefited from the physical overlap between prime and target, particularly in less skilled readers and those with less experience with words. Overall, our results support the idea that skilled deaf readers have a stronger connection between the orthographic and the lexical-semantic levels of processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gutierrez-Sigut
- Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Essex, UK. .,ERI-Lectura, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain. .,UCL DCAL Centre, University College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Manuel Perea
- ERI-Lectura, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Nebrija University, Madrid, Spain.,Basque Center of Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia, Spain
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16
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Meade G, Grainger J, Midgley KJ, Holcomb PJ, Emmorey K. ERP effects of masked orthographic neighbour priming in deaf readers. LANGUAGE, COGNITION AND NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 34:1016-1026. [PMID: 31595216 PMCID: PMC6781870 DOI: 10.1080/23273798.2019.1614201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In masked priming studies with hearing readers, neighbouring words (e.g., wine, vine) compete through lateral inhibition. Here, we asked whether lateral inhibition also characterizes visual word recognition in deaf readers and whether the neural signature of this competition is the same as for hearing readers. Only real words have lexical representations that engage in lateral inhibition. Therefore, we compared processing of target words following neighbouring prime words (e.g., wine-VINE) and pseudowords (e.g., bine-VINE). Targets following words elicited larger amplitude N400s and slower lexical decision responses than those following pseudowords, indicating more effortful processing due to lateral inhibition. Although these effects went in the same direction for hearing and deaf readers, the distribution of the N400 effect differed. We associate the more anterior effect in hearing readers with stronger co-activation of, and competition among, phonological representations. Thus, deaf readers use lexical competition to recognize visual words, but it is primarily restricted to orthographic representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Meade
- Joint Doctoral Program in Language and Communicative Disorders, San Diego State University and University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS & Aix-Marseille Université, France
| | | | - Phillip J. Holcomb
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Karen Emmorey
- School of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
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17
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Hutzler F, Schuster S, Marx C, Hawelka S. An investigation of parafoveal masks with the incremental boundary paradigm. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0203013. [PMID: 30817789 PMCID: PMC6394947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of what we know about parafoveal preprocessing during reading is based on the boundary paradigm in combination with parafoveal masks as a presumably neutral baseline condition. Recent evidence questions the neutrality of the baseline condition by showing that parafoveal masks inflict preview costs. Using a novel, incremental boundary paradigm we studied the effect of parafoveal masks. Manipulating the salience of parafoveal previews, we found that increasing salience of the masks resulted in increasingly longer fixation times on target words, but also on pretarget words-suggesting preview costs. We conclude that the hidden preview costs of parafoveal masks in the classical boundary paradigm inflate the processing times for the baseline condition and hence lead to an overestimation of the preview benefit. Thus, the present study questions the validity of some of the conclusions drawn on the basis of the classical boundary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hutzler
- Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christina Marx
- Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Paris-Lodron-University of Salzburg, Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Salzburg, Austria
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18
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Martin N, Davis CJ. Evidence from masked‐priming that initial identification of brand names is via abstract letter identities. Br J Psychol 2019; 110:745-768. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Colin J. Davis
- School of Psychological Science University of Bristol UK
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19
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Perea M, Marcet A, Vergara-Martínez M. Are You Taking the Fastest Route to the RESTAURANT? Exp Psychol 2018; 65:98-104. [DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Most words in books and digital media are written in lowercase. The primacy of this format has been brought out by different experiments showing that common words are identified faster in lowercase (e.g., molecule) than in uppercase (MOLECULE). However, there are common words that are usually written in uppercase (street signs, billboards; e.g., STOP, PHARMACY). We conducted a lexical decision experiment to examine whether the usual letter-case configuration (uppercase vs. lowercase) of common words modulates word identification times. To this aim, we selected 78 molecule-type words and 78 PHARMACY-type words that were presented in lowercase or uppercase. For molecule-type words, the lowercase format elicited faster responses than the uppercase format, whereas this effect was absent for PHARMACY-type words. This pattern of results suggests that the usual letter configuration of common words plays an important role during visual word processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Ana Marcet
- Departamento de Metodología and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Spain
| | - Marta Vergara-Martínez
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación and ERI-Lectura, Universitat de València, Spain
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20
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Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 24:666-689. [PMID: 27576520 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of gaze-contingent display techniques to study reading has shown that readers attend not only the currently fixated word, but also the word to the right of the current fixation. However, a critical look at the literature shows that a number of questions cannot be readily answered from the available literature reviews on the topic. First, there is no consensus as to whether readers also attend the second word to the right of fixation. Second, it is not clear whether parafoveal processing is more efficient in languages such as Chinese. Third, it is not well understood whether the measured effects are confounded by the properties of the parafoveal mask. In the present study, we addressed these issues by performing a Bayesian meta-analysis of 93 experiments that used the boundary paradigm (Rayner, Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. doi: 10.1016/0010-028590005-5 , 1975). We describe three main findings: (1) The advantage of previewing the second word to the right is modest in size and likely is not centered on zero; (2) Chinese readers do seem to make more efficient use of parafoveal processing, but this is mostly evident in gaze durations; and (3) there are interference effects associated with using different parafoveal masks that roughly increase when the mask is less word-like.
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21
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Perea M, Abu Mallouh R, Mohammed A, Khalifa B, Carreiras M. Does visual letter similarity modulate masked form priming in young readers of Arabic? J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 169:110-117. [PMID: 29357989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We carried out a masked priming lexical decision experiment to study whether visual letter similarity plays a role during the initial phases of word processing in young readers of Arabic (fifth graders). Arabic is ideally suited to test these effects because most Arabic letters share their basic shape with at least one other letter and differ only in the number/position of diacritical points (e.g., ض - ص ;ظ - ط ;غ - ع ;ث - ت - ن ب ;ذ - د ;خ - ح - ج ;ق - ف ;ش - س ;ز - ر). We created two one-letter-different priming conditions for each target word, in which a letter from the consonantal root was substituted by another letter that did or did not keep the same shape (e.g., خدمة - حدمة vs. خدمة - فدمة). Another goal of the current experiment was to test the presence of masked orthographic priming effects, which are thought to be unreliable in Semitic languages. To that end, we included an unrelated priming condition. We found a sizable masked orthographic priming effect relative to the unrelated condition regardless of visual letter similarity, thereby revealing that young readers are able to quickly process the diacritical points of Arabic letters. Furthermore, the presence of masked orthographic priming effects in Arabic suggests that the word identification stream in Indo-European and Semitic languages is more similar than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, 20009 Donostia, Spain.
| | - Reem Abu Mallouh
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Batoul Khalifa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, 20009 Donostia, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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22
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Grainger J. Orthographic processing: A ‘mid-level’ vision of reading: The 44th Sir Frederic Bartlett Lecture. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:335-359. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2017.1314515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
I will describe how orthographic processing acts as a central interface between visual and linguistic processing during reading, and as such can be considered to be the ‘mid-level vision’ of reading research. In order to make this case, I first summarize the evidence in favour of letter-based word recognition before examining work investigating how orthographic similarities among words influence single word reading. I describe how evidence gradually accumulated against traditional measures of orthographic similarity and the associated theories of orthographic processing, forcing a reconsideration of how letter-position information is represented by skilled readers. Then, I present the theoretical framework that was developed to explain these findings, with a focus on the distinction between location-specific and location-invariant orthographic representations. Finally, I describe work extending this theoretical framework in two main directions: first, to the realm of reading development, with the aim to specify the key changes in the processing of letters and letter strings that accompany successful learning to read, and second, to the realm of sentence reading, in order to specify how orthographic information can be processed across several words in parallel, and how skilled readers keep track of which letters belong to which words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grainger
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille University & CNRS, Marseille, France
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23
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Bigand E, Tillmann B, Poulin-Charronnat B, Manderlier D. Repetition priming: Is music special? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 58:1347-75. [PMID: 16365943 DOI: 10.1080/02724980443000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Using short and long contexts, the present study investigated musical priming effects that are based on chord repetition and harmonic relatedness. A musical target (a chord) was preceded by either an identical prime or a different but harmonically related prime. In contrast to words, pictures, and environmental sounds, chord processing was not facilitated by repetition. Experiments 1 and 2 using single-chord primes showed either no significant difference between chord repetition and harmonic relatedness or facilitated processing for harmonically related targets. Experiment 3 using longer prime contexts showed that musical priming depended more on the musical function of the target in the preceding context than on target repetition. The effect of musical function was decreased, but not qualitatively changed, by chord repetition. The outcome of this study challenges predictions of sensory approaches and supports a cognitive approach of musical priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bigand
- LEAD-CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
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24
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Chen T, Peltola MJ, Dunn R, Pajunen SM, Hietanen JK. Modulation of the eyeblink and cardiac startle reflexes by genuine eye contact. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:1872-1881. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingji Chen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory; Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Mikko J. Peltola
- Human Information Processing Laboratory; Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Richard Dunn
- Human Information Processing Laboratory; Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Sanna M. Pajunen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory; Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
| | - Jari K. Hietanen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory; Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, University of Tampere; Tampere Finland
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25
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Where is the locus of the lowercase advantage during sentence reading? Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 177:30-35. [PMID: 28453952 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
While most models of visual word identification and reading posit that a word's visual codes are rapidly transformed onto case-invariant representations (i.e., table and TABLE would equally activate the word unit corresponding to "table"), a number of experiments have shown a lowercase advantage in various word identification and reading tasks. In the present experiment, we examined the locus of this lowercase advantage by comparing the pattern of eye movements when reading sentences in lowercase vs. uppercase. Each sentence contained a target word that was high or low in word-frequency. Overall, results showed faster reading times for lowercase than for uppercase sentences. More important, while the word-frequency effect was sizeable in the first-fixation durations on the target word, the lowercase advantage only arose in the gaze durations (i.e., the sum of durations of first-pass fixations on the target word, including refixations). Furthermore, we found an effect of word-frequency, but not of letter case, in the first-fixation duration on target words with multiple first-pass fixations. Taken together, these findings suggest that the lowercase advantage reflects operations that do not occur in the initial contact with the lexical entries.
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26
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Abstract
A core assumption underlying competitive-network models of word recognition is that in order for a word to be recognized, the representations of competing orthographically similar words must be inhibited. This inhibitory mechanism is revealed in the masked-priming lexical-decision task (LDT) when responses to orthographically similar word prime-target pairs are slower than orthographically different word prime-target pairs (i.e., inhibitory priming). In English, however, behavioral evidence for inhibitory priming has been mixed. In the present study, we utilized a physiological correlate of cognitive effort never before used in the masked-priming LDT, pupil size, to replicate and extend behavioral demonstrations of inhibitory effects (i.e., Nakayama, Sears, & Lupker, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1236-1260, 2008, Exp. 1). Previous research had suggested that pupil size is a reliable indicator of cognitive load, making it a promising index of lexical inhibition. Our pupillometric data replicated and extended previous behavioral findings, in that inhibition was obtained for orthographically similar word prime-target pairs. However, our response time data provided only a partial replication of Nakayama et al. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34, 1236-1260, 2008. These results provide converging lines of evidence that inhibition operates in word recognition and that pupillometry is a useful addition to word recognition researchers' toolbox.
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27
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Marx C, Hawelka S, Schuster S, Hutzler F. Foveal processing difficulty does not affect parafoveal preprocessing in young readers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41602. [PMID: 28139718 PMCID: PMC5282480 DOI: 10.1038/srep41602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested that parafoveal preprocessing develops early during reading acquisition, that is, young readers profit from valid parafoveal information and exhibit a resultant preview benefit. For young readers, however, it is unknown whether the processing demands of the currently fixated word modulate the extent to which the upcoming word is parafoveally preprocessed - as it has been postulated (for adult readers) by the foveal load hypothesis. The present study used the novel incremental boundary technique to assess whether 4th and 6th Graders exhibit an effect of foveal load. Furthermore, we attempted to distinguish the foveal load effect from the spillover effect. These effects are hard to differentiate with respect to the expected pattern of results, but are conceptually different. The foveal load effect is supposed to reflect modulations of the extent of parafoveal preprocessing, whereas the spillover effect reflects the ongoing processing of the previous word whilst the reader's fixation is already on the next word. The findings revealed that the young readers did not exhibit an effect of foveal load, but a substantial spillover effect. The implications for previous studies with adult readers and for models of eye movement control in reading are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marx
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstr. 34, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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28
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Perea M, Marcet A, Vergara-Martínez M. Does Top-Down Feedback Modulate the Encoding of Orthographic Representations During Visual-Word Recognition? Exp Psychol 2017; 63:278-286. [PMID: 27832735 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In masked priming lexical decision experiments, there is a matched-case identity advantage for nonwords, but not for words (e.g., ERTAR-ERTAR < ertar-ERTAR; ALTAR-ALTAR = altar-ALTAR). This dissociation has been interpreted in terms of feedback from higher levels of processing during orthographic encoding. Here, we examined whether a matched-case identity advantage also occurs for words when top-down feedback is minimized. We employed a task that taps prelexical orthographic processes: the masked prime same-different task. For "same" trials, results showed faster response times for targets when preceded by a briefly presented matched-case identity prime than when preceded by a mismatched-case identity prime. Importantly, this advantage was similar in magnitude for nonwords and words. This finding constrains the interplay of bottom-up versus top-down mechanisms in models of visual-word identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- 1 Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar de Lectura (ERI-Lectura), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Marcet
- 1 Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar de Lectura (ERI-Lectura), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Vergara-Martínez
- 1 Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar de Lectura (ERI-Lectura), Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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29
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Vasilev MR, Angele B. Parafoveal preview effects from word N + 1 and word N + 2 during reading: A critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Psychon Bull Rev 2016. [PMID: 27576520 DOI: 10.1016/0010-028590005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of gaze-contingent display techniques to study reading has shown that readers attend not only the currently fixated word, but also the word to the right of the current fixation. However, a critical look at the literature shows that a number of questions cannot be readily answered from the available literature reviews on the topic. First, there is no consensus as to whether readers also attend the second word to the right of fixation. Second, it is not clear whether parafoveal processing is more efficient in languages such as Chinese. Third, it is not well understood whether the measured effects are confounded by the properties of the parafoveal mask. In the present study, we addressed these issues by performing a Bayesian meta-analysis of 93 experiments that used the boundary paradigm (Rayner, Cognitive Psychology, 7, 65-81. doi: 10.1016/0010-028590005-5 , 1975). We describe three main findings: (1) The advantage of previewing the second word to the right is modest in size and likely is not centered on zero; (2) Chinese readers do seem to make more efficient use of parafoveal processing, but this is mostly evident in gaze durations; and (3) there are interference effects associated with using different parafoveal masks that roughly increase when the mask is less word-like.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Vasilev
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, Dorset, UK.
| | - Bernhard Angele
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole House, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB, Dorset, UK
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30
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Perea M, Abu Mallouh R, Mohammed A, Khalifa B, Carreiras M. Do Diacritical Marks Play a Role at the Early Stages of Word Recognition in Arabic? Front Psychol 2016; 7:1255. [PMID: 27597838 PMCID: PMC4992699 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A crucial question in the domain of visual word recognition is whether letter similarity plays a role in the early stages of visual word processing. Here we focused on Arabic because in this language there are various groups of letters that share the same basic shape and only differ in the number/location of diacritical points. We conducted a masked priming lexical decision experiment in which a target word was preceded by: (i) an identity prime; (ii) a prime in which the critical letter was replaced by a letter with the same shape that differed in the number of diacritics (e.g., ); or (iii) a prime in which the critical letter was replaced by a letter with different shape (e.g., ). Results showed a sizable advantage of the identity condition over the two substituted-letter priming conditions (i.e., diacritical information is rapidly processed). Thus, diacritical marks play an essential role in the “feature letter” level of models of visual word recognition in Arabic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Department of Methodology, Universitat de ValènciaValencia, Spain; Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and LanguageDonostia, Spain
| | | | - Ahmed Mohammed
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language Donostia, Spain
| | - Batoul Khalifa
- Psychological Sciences Department, Qatar University Doha, Qatar
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and LanguageDonostia, Spain; Ikerbasque Basque Foundation for ScienceBilbao, Spain
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31
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Marx C, Hutzler F, Schuster S, Hawelka S. On the Development of Parafoveal Preprocessing: Evidence from the Incremental Boundary Paradigm. Front Psychol 2016; 7:514. [PMID: 27148123 PMCID: PMC4830847 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parafoveal preprocessing of upcoming words and the resultant preview benefit are key aspects of fluent reading. Evidence regarding the development of parafoveal preprocessing during reading acquisition, however, is scarce. The present developmental (cross-sectional) eye tracking study estimated the magnitude of parafoveal preprocessing of beginning readers with a novel variant of the classical boundary paradigm. Additionally, we assessed the association of parafoveal preprocessing with several reading-related psychometric measures. The participants were children learning to read the regular German orthography with about 1, 3, and 5 years of formal reading instruction (Grade 2, 4, and 6, respectively). We found evidence of parafoveal preprocessing in each Grade. However, an effective use of parafoveal information was related to the individual reading fluency of the participants (i.e., the reading rate expressed as words-per-minute) which substantially overlapped between the Grades. The size of the preview benefit was furthermore associated with the children’s performance in rapid naming tasks and with their performance in a pseudoword reading task. The latter task assessed the children’s efficiency in phonological decoding and our findings show that the best decoders exhibited the largest preview benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marx
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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32
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Lexical enhancement during prime-target integration: ERP evidence from matched-case identity priming. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2016; 15:492-504. [PMID: 25550063 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0330-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of experiments have revealed that matched-case identity PRIME-TARGET pairs are responded to faster than mismatched-case identity prime-TARGET pairs for pseudowords (e.g., JUDPE-JUDPE < judpe-JUDPE), but not for words (JUDGE-JUDGE = judge-JUDGE). These findings suggest that prime-target integration processes are enhanced when the stimuli tap onto lexical representations, overriding physical differences between the stimuli (e.g., case). To track the time course of this phenomenon, we conducted an event-related potential (ERP) masked-priming lexical decision experiment that manipulated matched versus mismatched case identity in words and pseudowords. The behavioral results replicated previous research. The ERP waves revealed that matched-case identity-priming effects were found at a very early time epoch (N/P150 effects) for words and pseudowords. Importantly, around 200 ms after target onset (N250), these differences disappeared for words but not for pseudowords. These findings suggest that different-case word forms (lower- and uppercase) tap into the same abstract representation, leading to prime-target integration very early in processing. In contrast, different-case pseudoword forms are processed as two different representations. This word-pseudoword dissociation has important implications for neural accounts of visual-word recognition.
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Perea M, Marcet A, Vergara-Martínez M. Phonological-Lexical Feedback during Early Abstract Encoding: The Case of Deaf Readers. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146265. [PMID: 26731110 PMCID: PMC4711662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the masked priming technique, physical identity between prime and target enjoys an advantage over nominal identity in nonwords (GEDA-GEDA faster than geda-GEDA). However, nominal identity overrides physical identity in words (e.g., REAL-REAL similar to real-REAL). Here we tested whether the lack of an advantage of the physical identity condition for words was due to top-down feedback from phonological-lexical information. We examined this issue with deaf readers, as their phonological representations are not as fully developed as in hearing readers. Results revealed that physical identity enjoyed a processing advantage over nominal identity not only in nonwords but also in words (GEDA-GEDA faster than geda-GEDA; REAL-REAL faster than real-REAL). This suggests the existence of fundamental differences in the early stages of visual word recognition of hearing and deaf readers, possibly related to the amount of feedback from higher levels of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Marcet
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
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Perea M, Vergara-Martínez M, Gomez P. Resolving the locus of cAsE aLtErNaTiOn effects in visual word recognition: Evidence from masked priming. Cognition 2015; 142:39-43. [PMID: 26010560 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Determining the factors that modulate the early access of abstract lexical representations is imperative for the formulation of a comprehensive neural account of visual-word identification. There is a current debate on whether the effects of case alternation (e.g., tRaIn vs. train) have an early or late locus in the word-processing stream. Here we report a lexical decision experiment using a technique that taps the early stages of visual-word recognition (i.e., masked priming). In the design, uppercase targets could be preceded by an identity/unrelated prime that could be in lowercase or alternating case (e.g., table-TABLE vs. crash-TABLE; tAbLe-TABLE vs. cRaSh-TABLE). Results revealed that the lowercase and alternating case primes were equally effective at producing an identity priming effect. This finding demonstrates that case alternation does not hinder the initial access to the abstract lexical representations during visual-word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain; BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia, Spain.
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Feldman LB, Milin P, Cho KW, Moscoso Del Prado Martín F, O'Connor PA. Must analysis of meaning follow analysis of form? A time course analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:111. [PMID: 25852512 PMCID: PMC4366802 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many models of word recognition assume that processing proceeds sequentially from analysis of form to analysis of meaning. In the context of morphological processing, this implies that morphemes are processed as units of form prior to any influence of their meanings. Some interpret the apparent absence of differences in recognition latencies to targets (SNEAK) in form and semantically similar (sneaky-SNEAK) and in form similar and semantically dissimilar (sneaker-SNEAK) prime contexts at a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 48 ms as consistent with this claim. To determine the time course over which degree of semantic similarity between morphologically structured primes and their targets influences recognition in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical decision paradigm, we compared facilitation for the same targets after semantically similar and dissimilar primes across a range of SOAs (34–100 ms). The effect of shared semantics on recognition latency increased linearly with SOA when long SOAs were intermixed (Experiments 1A and 1B) and latencies were significantly faster after semantically similar than dissimilar primes at homogeneous SOAs of 48 ms (Experiment 2) and 34 ms (Experiment 3). Results limit the scope of form-then-semantics models of recognition and demonstrate that semantics influences even the very early stages of recognition. Finally, once general performance across trials has been accounted for, we fail to provide evidence for individual differences in morphological processing that can be linked to measures of reading proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie B Feldman
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA ; Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Petar Milin
- Quantitative Linguistics Group of Harald Baayen, Eberhard Karls University Tbingen, Germany ; Faculty of Philosophy, University of Novi Sad Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Kit W Cho
- Haskins Laboratories New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Patrick A O'Connor
- Department of Psychology, University at Albany, State University of New York Albany, NY, USA
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Marx C, Hawelka S, Schuster S, Hutzler F. An incremental boundary study on parafoveal preprocessing in children reading aloud: Parafoveal masks overestimate the preview benefit. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015; 27:549-561. [PMID: 26246890 PMCID: PMC4487581 DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2015.1008494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parafoveal preprocessing is an important factor for efficient reading and, in eye-movement studies, is typically investigated by means of parafoveal masking: Valid previews are compared to instances in which masks prevent preprocessing. A long-held assumption was that parafoveal preprocessing, as assessed by this technique, only reflects facilitation (i.e., a preview benefit). Recent studies, however, suggested that the benefit estimate is inflated due to interference of the parafoveal masks, i.e., the masks inflict processing costs. With children from Grades 4 and 6, we administered the novel incremental priming technique. The technique manipulates the salience of the previews by systematically varying its perceptibility (i.e., by visually degrading the previews). This technique does not require a baseline condition, but makes it possible to determine whether a preview induces facilitation or interference. Our salience manipulation of valid previews revealed a preview benefit in the children of both Grades. For two commonly used parafoveal masks, we observed interference corroborating the notion that masks are not a proper baseline. With the novel incremental boundary technique, in contrast, one can achieve an accurate estimate of the preview benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Marx
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Stefan Hawelka
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Sarah Schuster
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
| | - Florian Hutzler
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria
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Perea M, Jiménez M, Gomez P. Do young readers have fast access to abstract lexical representations? Evidence from masked priming. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 129:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Perea M, Jiménez M, Gómez P. A challenging dissociation in masked identity priming with the lexical decision task. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 148:130-5. [PMID: 24525167 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The masked priming technique has been used extensively to explore the early stages of visual-word recognition. One key phenomenon in masked priming lexical decision is that identity priming is robust for words, whereas it is small/unreliable for nonwords. This dissociation has usually been explained on the basis that masked priming effects are lexical in nature, and hence there should not be an identity prime facilitation for nonwords. We present two experiments whose results are at odds with the assumption made by models that postulate that identity priming is purely lexical, and also challenge the assumption that word and nonword responses are based on the same information. Our experiments revealed that for nonwords, but not for words, matched-case identity PRIME-TARGET pairs were responded to faster than mismatched-case identity prime-TARGET pairs, and this phenomenon was not modulated by the lowercase/uppercase feature similarity of the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- ERI-Lectura and Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - María Jiménez
- ERI-Lectura and Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pablo Gómez
- Psychology Department, DePaul University,Chicago, IL, USA
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Perea M, Jiménez M, Talero F, López-Cañada S. Letter-case information and the identification of brand names. Br J Psychol 2014; 106:162-73. [DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- ERI-Lectura and Department of Methodology; University of Valencia; Spain
- Basque Center on Brain, Language, and Cognition; San Sebastián Spain
| | - María Jiménez
- ERI-Lectura and Department of Methodology; University of Valencia; Spain
| | - Fernanda Talero
- ERI-Lectura and Department of Methodology; University of Valencia; Spain
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Hutzler F, Fuchs I, Gagl B, Schuster S, Richlan F, Braun M, Hawelka S. Parafoveal X-masks interfere with foveal word recognition: evidence from fixation-related brain potentials. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:33. [PMID: 23888130 PMCID: PMC3719217 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The boundary paradigm, in combination with parafoveal masks, is the main technique for studying parafoveal preprocessing during reading. The rationale is that the masks (e.g., strings of X's) prevent parafoveal preprocessing, but do not interfere with foveal processing. A recent study, however, raised doubts about the neutrality of parafoveal masks. In the present study, we explored this issue by means of fixation-related brain potentials (FRPs). Two FRP conditions presented rows of five words. The task of the participant was to judge whether the final word of a list was a “new” word, or whether it was a repeated (i.e., “old”) word. The critical manipulation was that the final word was X-masked during parafoveal preview in one condition, whereas another condition presented a valid preview of the word. In two additional event-related brain potential (ERP) conditions, the words were presented serially with no parafoveal preview available; in one of the conditions with a fixed timing, in the other word presentation was self-paced by the participants. Expectedly, the valid-preview FRP condition elicited the shortest processing times. Processing times did not differ between the two ERP conditions indicating that “cognitive readiness” during self-paced processing can be ruled out as an alternative explanation for differences in processing times between the ERP and the FRP conditions. The longest processing times were found in the X-mask FRP condition indicating that parafoveal X-masks interfere with foveal word recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Hutzler
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Neurocognitive Research, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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Perea M, Moret-Tatay C, Carreiras M. Facilitation versus Inhibition in the Masked Priming Same–Different Matching Task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2011; 64:2065-79. [PMID: 21722060 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2011.582131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past years, growing attention has been devoted to the masked priming same–different task introduced by Norris and Kinoshita (2008, Journal of Experimental Psychology: General). However, a number of researchers have raised concerns on the nature of the cognitive processes underlying this task—in particular the suspicion that masked priming effects in this task are mostly inhibitory in nature and may be affected by probe–prime contingency. To examine the pattern of facilitative/inhibitory priming effects in this task, we conducted two experiments with an incremental priming paradigm using four stimulus–onset asynchronies (13, 27, 40, and 53 ms). Experiment 1 was conducted under a predictive-contingency scenario (probe–prime–target; i.e., “same” trials: HOUSE– house– HOUSE vs. house– water– HOUSE; “different” trials: field– house– HOUSE vs. field– water– HOUSE), while Experiment 2 employed a zero-contingency scenario (i.e., “same” trials: HOUSE– house– HOUSE vs. house– water– HOUSE; “different” trials: field– field– HOUSE vs. field– water– HOUSE). Results revealed that, for “same” responses, both facilitation and inhibition increased linearly with prime duration in the two scenarios, whereas the pattern of data varied for “different” responses, as predicted by the Bayesian Reader model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Perea
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Moret-Tatay
- Departamento de Metodología, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Metodología, Psicología Básica, y Psicología Social, Universidad Católica de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Carreiras
- Basque Center for Cognition, Brain, and Language, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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New B, Grainger J. On letter frequency effects. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2011; 138:322-8. [PMID: 21855049 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In four experiments we examined whether the frequency of occurrence of letters affects performance in the alphabetic decision task (speeded letter vs. pseudo-letter classification). Experiments 1A and 1B tested isolated letters and pseudo-letters presented at fixation, and Experiments 2A and 2B tested the same stimuli inserted at the 1st, 3rd, or 5th position in a string of Xs. Significant negative correlations between letter frequency and response times to letter targets were found in all experiments. The correlations were found to be stronger for token frequency counts compared with both type frequency and frequency rank, stronger for frequency counts based on a book corpus compared with film subtitles, and stronger for measures counting occurrences as the first letter of words compared with inner letters and final letters. Correlations for letters presented in strings of Xs were found to depend on letter case and position-in-string. The results are in favor of models of word recognition that implement case-specific and position-specific letter representations.
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Perea M, Abu Mallouh R, Garcı A-Orza J, Carreiras M. Masked priming effects are modulated by expertise in the script. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2010; 64:902-19. [PMID: 20924985 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2010.512088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study using a masked priming same-different matching task, Garcı´a-Orza, Perea, and Munoz (2010) found a transposition priming effect for letter strings, digit strings, and symbol strings, but not for strings of pseudoletters (i.e., EPRI-ERPI produced similar response times to the control pair EDBI-ERPI). They argued that the mechanism responsible for position coding in masked priming is not operative with those "objects" whose identity cannot be attained rapidly. To assess this hypothesis, Experiment 1 examined masked priming effects in Arabic for native speakers of Arabic, whereas participants in Experiments 2 and 3 were lower intermediate learners of Arabic and readers with no knowledge of Arabic, respectively. Results showed a masked priming effect only for readers who are familiar with the Arabic script. Furthermore, transposed-letter priming in native speakers of Arabic only occurred when the order of the root letters was kept intact. In Experiments 3-7, we examined why masked repetition priming is absent for readers who are unfamiliar with the Arabic script. We discuss the implications of these findings for models of visual-word recognition.
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Diependaele K, Ziegler JC, Grainger J. Fast phonology and the Bimodal Interactive Activation Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/09541440902834782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Johannes C. Ziegler
- b Aix-Marseille Université, and Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS , Marseilles , France
| | - Jonathan Grainger
- b Aix-Marseille Université, and Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, CNRS , Marseilles , France
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Early morphological processing is morphosemantic and not simply morpho-orthographic: a violation of form-then-meaning accounts of word recognition. Psychon Bull Rev 2009; 16:684-91. [PMID: 19648453 DOI: 10.3758/pbr.16.4.684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have suggested that a word's orthographic form must be processed before its meaning becomes available. Some interpret the (null) finding of equal facilitation after semantically transparent and opaque morphologically related primes in early stages of morphological processing as consistent with this view. Recent literature suggests that morphological facilitation tends to be greater after transparent than after opaque primes, however. To determine whether the degree of semantic transparency influences parsing into a stem and a suffix (morphological decomposition) in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical decision paradigm, we compared patterns of facilitation between semantically transparent (e.g., coolant-cool) and opaque (e.g., rampant-ramp) prime-target pairs. Form properties of the stem (frequency, neighborhood size, and prime-target letter overlap), as well as related-unrelated and transparent-opaque affixes, were matched. Morphological facilitation was significantly greater for semantically transparent pairs than for opaque pairs. Ratings of prime-target relatedness predicted the magnitude of facilitation. The results limit the scope of form-then-meaning models of word recognition and demonstrate that semantic similarity can influence even early stages of morphological processing.
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Mousikou P, Coltheart M, Finkbeiner M, Saunders S. Can the dual-route cascaded computational model of reading offer a valid account of the masked onset priming effect? Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2009; 63:984-1003. [PMID: 19742386 DOI: 10.1080/17470210903156586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The masked onset priming effect (MOPE) refers to the empirical finding that target naming is faster when the target (SIB) is preceded by a briefly presented masked prime that starts with the same letter/phoneme (suf) than when it does not (mof; Kinoshita, 2000, Experiment 1). The dual-route cascaded (DRC) computational model of reading (Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) has offered an explanation for how the MOPE might occur in humans. However, there has been some empirical discrepancy regarding whether for nonword items the effect is limited to the first-letter/phoneme overlap between primes and targets or whether orthographic/phonological priming effects occur beyond the first letter/phoneme. Experiment 1 tested these two possibilities. The human results, which were successfully simulated by the DRC model, showed priming beyond the first letter/phoneme. Nevertheless, two recent versions of the DRC model made different predictions regarding the nature of these priming effects. Experiment 2 examined whether it is facilitatory, inhibitory, or both, in order to adjudicate between the two versions of the model. The human results showed that primes exert both facilitatory and inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petroula Mousikou
- Macquarie Centre for Cognitive Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Morris J, Grainger J, Holcomb PJ. An electrophysiological investigation of early effects of masked morphological priming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:1021-1056. [PMID: 19779574 DOI: 10.1080/01690960802299386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This experiment examined event-related responses to targets preceded by semantically transparent morphologically related primes (e.g., farmer-farm), semantically opaque primes with an apparent morphological relation (cornercorn), and orthographically, but not morphologically, related primes (scandalscan) using the masked priming technique combined with a semantic categorisation task. In order to provide information about possible early effects of morphology we focused our analysis on the N250 ERP component. Priming effects for transparent and opaque items patterned together in the early phase of the N250 (200-250 ms), whereas the transparent and orthographic items patterned together in the latter phase of this component (250-300 ms). These results provide further evidence in support of the rapid extraction of morphemes from morphologically complex stimuli independently of the semantic relatedness of the whole and its parts.
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Letter perception: from pixels to pandemonium. Trends Cogn Sci 2008; 12:381-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2008] [Revised: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 06/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rueckl JG, Aicher K. Are CORNER and BROTHER Morphologically Complex? Not in the Long Term. LANGUAGE AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES 2008; 23:972-1001. [PMID: 22933828 PMCID: PMC3427946 DOI: 10.1080/01690960802211027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies haves shown that under masked priming conditions, CORNER primes CORN as strongly as TEACHER primes TEACH and more strongly than BROTHEL primes BROTH. This result has been taken as evidence of a purely structural level of representation at which words are decomposed into morphological constituents in a manner that is independent of semantics. The research reported here investigated the influence of semantic transparency on long-term morphological priming. Two experiments demonstrated that while lexical decisions were facilitated by semantically transparent primes like TEACHER, semantically opaque words like CORNER had no effect. Although differences in the nonword foils used in each experiment gave rise to somewhat different patterns of results, this difference in the effects of transparent and opaque primes was found in both experiments. The implications of this finding for accounts of morphological effects on visual word identification are discussed.
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