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Xu X, Gao C, Emusani R, Jia C, Xiang D. Toward Practical Single-Molecule/Atom Switches. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2400877. [PMID: 38810145 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Electronic switches have been considered to be one of the most important components of contemporary electronic circuits for processing and storing digital information. Fabricating functional devices with building blocks of atomic/molecular switches can greatly promote the minimization of the devices and meet the requirement of high integration. This review highlights key developments in the fabrication and application of molecular switching devices. This overview offers valuable insights into the switching mechanisms under various stimuli, emphasizing structural and energy state changes in the core molecules. Beyond the molecular switches, typical individual metal atomic switches are further introduced. A critical discussion of the main challenges for realizing and developing practical molecular/atomic switches is provided. These analyses and summaries will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the switch mechanisms, providing guidance for the rational design of functional nanoswitch devices toward practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Xu
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chunyan Gao
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ramya Emusani
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Chuancheng Jia
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Dong Xiang
- Institute of Modern Optics and Center of Single Molecule Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300350, China
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2
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Pabi B, Marek Š, Pal A, Kumari P, Ray SJ, Thakur A, Korytár R, Pal AN. Resonant transport in a highly conducting single molecular junction via metal-metal covalent bond. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12995-13008. [PMID: 37483089 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02585c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Achieving highly transmitting molecular junctions through resonant transport at low bias is key to the next-generation low-power molecular devices. Although resonant transport in molecular junctions was observed by connecting a molecule between the metal electrodes via chemical anchors by applying a high source-drain bias (>1 V), the conductance was limited to <0.1G0, G0 being the quantum of conductance. Herein, we report electronic transport measurements by directly connecting a ferrocene molecule between Au electrodes under ambient conditions in a mechanically controllable break junction setup (MCBJ), revealing a conductance peak at ∼0.2G0 in the conductance histogram. A similar experiment was repeated for ferrocene terminated with amine (-NH2) and cyano (-CN) anchors, where conductance histograms exhibit an extended low conductance feature, including the sharp high conductance peak, similar to pristine ferrocene. The statistical analysis of the data and density functional theory-based transport calculation suggest a possible molecular conformation with a strong hybridization between the Au electrodes, and that the Fe atom of ferrocene is responsible for a near-perfect transmission in the vicinity of the Fermi energy, leading to the resonant transport at a small applied bias (<0.5 V). Moreover, calculations including van der Waals/dispersion corrections reveal a covalent-like organometallic bonding between Au and the central Fe atom of ferrocene, having bond energies of ∼660 meV. Overall, our study not only demonstrates the realization of an air-stable highly transmitting molecular junction, but also provides important insights about the nature of chemical bonding at the metal/organo-metallic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Pabi
- Department of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector III, Block JD, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
| | - Štepán Marek
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Adwitiya Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar-801106, India
| | - Soumya Jyoti Ray
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bihar-801106, India
| | - Arunabha Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Richard Korytár
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, 121 16, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Atindra Nath Pal
- Department of Condensed Matter and Materials Physics, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Sector III, Block JD, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India.
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3
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Zwick P, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Mayor M. Porphyrins as building blocks for single-molecule devices. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:15500-15525. [PMID: 34558586 PMCID: PMC8485416 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr04523g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Direct measurement of single-molecule electrical transparency by break junction experiments has become a major field of research over the two last decades. This review specifically and comprehensively highlights the use of porphyrins as molecular components and discusses their potential use for the construction of future devices. Throughout the review, the features provided by porphyrins, such as low level misalignments and very low attenuation factors, are shown with numerous examples, illustrating the potential and limitations of these molecular junctions, as well as differences emerging from applied integration/investigation techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Chile, Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008, Santiago 8330015, Chile
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
- Institute for Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM), School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU), 510275 Guangzhou, China
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4
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Jahangiri S, Arrazola JM, Delgado A. Quantum Algorithm for Simulating Single-Molecule Electron Transport. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:1256-1261. [PMID: 33497214 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An accurate description of electron transport at a molecular level requires a precise treatment of quantum effects. These effects play a crucial role in determining the electron transport properties of single molecules, which can be challenging to simulate classically. Here we introduce a quantum algorithm to efficiently calculate electronic current through single-molecule junctions in the weak-coupling regime. We show that a quantum computer programmed to simulate vibronic transitions between different charge states of a molecule can be used to compute electron-transfer rates and electronic current. In the harmonic approximation, the algorithm can be implemented using Gaussian boson sampling devices, which are a near-term platform for photonic quantum computing. We apply the algorithm to simulate the current and conductance of a magnesium porphine molecule. The algorithm provides a means for better understanding the mechanism of electron transport at a molecular level, which paves the way for building practical molecular electronic devices.
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single-Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin-Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19193-19201. [PMID: 33448538 PMCID: PMC7590179 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature has developed supramolecular constructs to deliver outstanding charge-transport capabilities using metalloporphyrin-based supramolecular arrays. Herein we incorporate simple, naturally inspired supramolecular interactions via the axial complexation of metalloporphyrins into the formation of a single-molecule wire in a nanoscale gap. Small structural changes in the axial coordinating linkers result in dramatic changes in the transport properties of the metalloporphyrin-based wire. The increased flexibility of a pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand due to an extra methyl group, as compared to a more rigid 4-pyridinethiol linker, allows the pyridine-4-yl-methanethiol ligand to adopt an unexpected highly conductive stacked structure between the two junction electrodes and the metalloporphyrin ring. DFT calculations reveal a molecular junction structure composed of a shifted stack of the two pyridinic linkers and the metalloporphyrin ring. In contrast, the more rigid 4-mercaptopyridine ligand presents a more classical lifted octahedral coordination of the metalloporphyrin metal center, leading to a longer electron pathway of lower conductance. This works opens to supramolecular electronics, a concept already exploited in natural organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy DepartmentMax Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los MaterialesFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH)Casilla 40, Correo 33SantiagoChile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and BioengineeringETH ZurichVladimir Prelog Weg 18093ZurichSwitzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable ChemistryThe University of NottinghamTriumph RoadNottinghamNG7 2TUUK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats)Passeig Lluis Companys 2308010BarcelonaSpain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona08193BellaterraSpain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i OrgànicaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i ComputacionalUniversitat de BarcelonaDiagonal 64508028BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of Natural & Mathematical SciencesKing's College LondonBritannia House, 7 Trinity StreetLondonSE1 1DBUK
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6
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Aragonès AC, Martín‐Rodríguez A, Aravena D, Puigmartí‐Luis J, Amabilino DB, Aliaga‐Alcalde N, González‐Campo A, Ruiz E, Díez‐Pérez I. Tuning Single‐Molecule Conductance in Metalloporphyrin‐Based Wires via Supramolecular Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Albert C. Aragonès
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
- Current address: Molecular Spectroscopy Department Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research Ackermannweg 10 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Alejandro Martín‐Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Daniel Aravena
- Departamento de Química de los Materiales Facultad de Química y Biología Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) Casilla 40, Correo 33 Santiago Chile
| | - Josep Puigmartí‐Luis
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - David B. Amabilino
- The GSK Carbon Neutral Laboratories for Sustainable Chemistry The University of Nottingham Triumph Road Nottingham NG7 2TU UK
| | - Núria Aliaga‐Alcalde
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) Passeig Lluis Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arántzazu González‐Campo
- ICMAB-CSIC (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
- Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional Universitat de Barcelona Diagonal 645 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Ismael Díez‐Pérez
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences King's College London Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street London SE1 1DB UK
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Mondal R, Bhattacharya B, Singh NB, Sarkar U. Theoretical study of electronic transport through P-porphyrin and S-porphyrin nanoribbons. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107543. [PMID: 32006741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Electronic transport through P-porphyrin and S-porphyrin nanoribbons have been studied by using nonequilibrium Green's function formalism (NEGF) combined with density functional theory (DFT) method. Band structure of both nanoribbons shows metallic behavior and bands near the Fermi level contain π character contributed by py orbital. Both nanoribbons exhibit metal-like conduction at extreme low bias. A remarkable negative differential resistance (NDR) effect is observed for both nanoribbons which is further explained with the evolution of transmission peak within energy bias window (EBW), and overlap of energy states of left and right electrodes. The low bias NDR phenomena of our proposed devices could be used in designing NDR devices including frequency multipliers, memory, and fast switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Mondal
- Department of Physics, Nabadwip Vidyasagar College, Nabadwip, West Bengal, 741302, India; Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India
| | | | - N Bedamani Singh
- Department of Physics, Nagaland University, Nagaland, 797004, India
| | - Utpal Sarkar
- Department of Physics, Assam University, Silchar, 788011, India.
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8
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El Abbassi M, Zwick P, Rates A, Stefani D, Prescimone A, Mayor M, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Unravelling the conductance path through single-porphyrin junctions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8299-8305. [PMID: 31803408 PMCID: PMC6853084 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02497b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By studying transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives with a machine learning algorithm we could identify and distinguish three different electronic paths.
Porphyrin derivatives are key components in natural machinery enabling us to store sunlight as chemical energy. In spite of their prominent role in cascades separating electrical charges and their potential as sensitizers in molecular devices, reports concerning their electronic transport characteristics are inconsistent. Here we report a systematic investigation of electronic transport paths through single porphyrin junctions. The transport through seven structurally related porphyrin derivatives was repeatedly measured in an automatized mechanically controlled break-junction set-up and the recorded data were analyzed by an unsupervised clustering algorithm. The correlation between the appearances of similar clusters in particular sub-sets of the porphyrins with a common structural motif allowed us to assign the corresponding current path. The small series of model porphyrins allowed us to identify and distinguish three different electronic paths covering more than four orders of magnitude in conductance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria El Abbassi
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Patrick Zwick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland .
| | - Alfredo Rates
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands . .,Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
| | - Davide Stefani
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | | | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , CH-4056 Basel , Switzerland . .,Institute of Nanotechnology (INT) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , D-76021 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Lehn Institute of Functional Materials (LIFM) , School of Chemistry , Sun Yat-Sen University (SYSU) , Guangzhou 510275 , China
| | - Herre S J van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands .
| | - Diana Dulić
- Department of Physics , Department of Electrical Engineering , Faculty of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , University of Chile , Avenida Blanco Encalada 2008 , Santiago 8330015 , Chile .
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Algethami N, Sadeghi H, Sangtarash S, Lambert CJ. The Conductance of Porphyrin-Based Molecular Nanowires Increases with Length. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4482-4486. [PMID: 29878788 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High electrical conductance molecular nanowires are highly desirable components for future molecular-scale circuitry, but typically molecular wires act as tunnel barriers and their conductance decays exponentially with length. Here, we demonstrate that the conductance of fused-oligo-porphyrin nanowires can be either length independent or increase with length at room temperature. We show that this negative attenuation is an intrinsic property of fused-oligo-porphyrin nanowires, but its manifestation depends on the electrode material or anchor groups. This highly desirable, nonclassical behavior signals the quantum nature of transport through such wires. It arises because with increasing length the tendency for electrical conductance to decay is compensated by a decrease in their highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap. Our study reveals the potential of these molecular wires as interconnects in future molecular-scale circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norah Algethami
- Theory of Molecular Scale Transport, Physics Department , Lancaster University , LA1 4YB Lancaster , United Kingdom
| | - Hatef Sadeghi
- Theory of Molecular Scale Transport, Physics Department , Lancaster University , LA1 4YB Lancaster , United Kingdom
| | - Sara Sangtarash
- Theory of Molecular Scale Transport, Physics Department , Lancaster University , LA1 4YB Lancaster , United Kingdom
| | - Colin J Lambert
- Theory of Molecular Scale Transport, Physics Department , Lancaster University , LA1 4YB Lancaster , United Kingdom
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10
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Advance of Mechanically Controllable Break Junction for Molecular Electronics. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:61. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0149-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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11
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Shaikh AJ. Exploring the Direction of Charge Transfer in Porphyrin - PbSe Quantum Dot Hybrids. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahson J. Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry; COMSATS Institute of Information Technology; Abbottabad- 22060, KPK Pakistan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Delft University of Technology; Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft the Netherlands
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12
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Díaz-Torres R, Menelaou M, Roubeau O, Sorrenti A, Brandariz-de-Pedro G, Sañudo EC, Teat SJ, Fraxedas J, Ruiz E, Aliaga-Alcalde N. Multiscale study of mononuclear Co II SMMs based on curcuminoid ligands. Chem Sci 2016; 7:2793-2803. [PMID: 30090276 PMCID: PMC6054041 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Two related single-molecule magnets, [Co(9Accm)2(py)2] and [Co(9Accm)2(2,2′-bpy)], with cis and trans disposition of the CCMoid ligands were studied in solution, in the solid state and by deposition on different surfaces.
This work introduces a novel family of CoII species having a curcuminoid (CCMoid) ligand, 9Accm, attached, namely [Co(9Accm)2(py)2] (1) and [Co(9Accm)2(2,2′-bpy)] (2), achieved in high yields by the use of a microwave reactor, and exhibiting two different arrangements for the 9Accm ligands, described as “cis”(2) and “trans”(1). The study of the similarities/differences of the magnetic, luminescent and surface behaviors of the two new species, 1 and 2, is the main objective of the present work. The determined single-crystal structures of both compounds are the only CoII-CCMoid structures described in the literature so far. Both compounds exhibit large positive D values, that of 1 (D = +74 cm–1) being three times larger than that of 2 (D = +24 cm–1), and behave as mononuclear Single-Molecule Magnets (SMMs) in the presence of an external magnetic field. Their similar structures but different anisotropy and SMM characteristics provide, for the first time, deep insight on the spin-orbital effects thanks to the use of CASSCF/NEVPT2 calculations implementing such contributions. Further magnetic studies were performed in solution by means of paramagnetic 1H NMR, where both compounds (1 and 2) are stable in CDCl3 and display high symmetry. Paramagnetic NMR appears to be a useful diagnostic tool for the identification of such molecules in solution, where the resonance values found for the methine group (–CH–) of 9Accm vary significantly depending on the cis or trans disposition of the ligands. Fluorescence studies show that both systems display chelation enhancement of quenching (CHEQ) with regard to the free ligand, while 1 and 2 display similar quantum yields. Deposition of 1–2 on HOPG and Si(100) surfaces using spin-coating was studied using AFM; UV photoemission experiments under the same conditions display 2 as the most robust system. The measured occupied density of states of 2 with UV photoemission is in excellent agreement with theoretical DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Díaz-Torres
- Departament de Química Inorgànica , Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Melita Menelaou
- Departament de Química Inorgànica , Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Olivier Roubeau
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA) , CSIC and Universidad de Zaragoza , Plaza San Francisco s/n , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Alessandro Sorrenti
- CSIC-ICMAB (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain
| | | | - E Carolina Sañudo
- Departament de Química Inorgànica and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia-UB , Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , USA
| | - Jordi Fraxedas
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology , Campus UAB, Bellaterra , 08193 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Eliseo Ruiz
- Departament de Química Inorgànica , Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain.,Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional , Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal, 645 , 08028 Barcelona , Spain
| | - Núria Aliaga-Alcalde
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats) , CSIC-ICMAB (Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona) Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , 08193 Bellaterra , Spain .
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13
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Verzijl CJO, Celis Gil JA, Perrin ML, Dulić D, van der Zant HSJ, Thijssen JM. Image effects in transport at metal-molecule interfaces. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:174106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4934882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C. J. O. Verzijl
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Celis Gil
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. L. Perrin
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D. Dulić
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - H. S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J. M. Thijssen
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Shaikh AJ, Rabbani F, Sherazi TA, Iqbal Z, Mir S, Shahzad SA. Binding strength of porphyrin-gold nanoparticle hybrids based on number and type of linker moieties and a simple method to calculate inner filter effects of gold nanoparticles using fluorescence spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:1108-16. [PMID: 25611751 DOI: 10.1021/jp510924n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticle-porphyrin assemblies were formed by binding functionalized porphyrins to gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Spectroscopic properties of hybrids and binding strength of porphyrins to Au-NPs were observed based on number and type of linker moieties using fluorescence spectroscopy. Binding appears to be dependent on number rather than type of linker moieties present on the porphyrin molecules, as tetraaminophenyl porphyrin shows the highest binding among the molecules we studied and causes agglomeration of nanoparticles due to presence of four linker groups. The inner filter effects of Au-NPs are considerably high due to their high extinction coefficient and cause large errors in the evaluation of quenching efficiencies. We have described a very simple method to calculate the inner filter effects of Au-NPs by first loading them with porphyrins and then replacing them with nonfluorescent ligands. The difference in the fluorescence of unbound porphyrins in the presence and absence of Au-NPs describes their inner filter effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahson J Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology , Abbottabad-22060, Pakistan
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15
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Zhong S, Koch T, Walheim S, Rösner H, Nold E, Kobler A, Scherer T, Wang D, Kübel C, Wang M, Hahn H, Schimmel T. Self-organization of mesoscopic silver wires by electrochemical deposition. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:1285-1290. [PMID: 25247112 PMCID: PMC4168863 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Long, straight mesoscale silver wires have been fabricated from AgNO3 electrolyte via electrodeposition without the help of templates, additives, and surfactants. Although the wire growth speed is very fast due to growth under non-equilibrium conditions, the wire morphology is regular and uniform in diameter. Structural studies reveal that the wires are single-crystalline, with the [112] direction as the growth direction. A possible growth mechanism is suggested. Auger depth profile measurements show that the wires are stable against oxidation under ambient conditions. This unique system provides a convenient way for the study of self-organization in electrochemical environments as well as for the fabrication of highly-ordered, single-crystalline metal nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Walheim
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Harald Rösner
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Eberhard Nold
- Institute for Materials Research I (IMF I) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Aaron Kobler
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials (KIT and TUD), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Petersenstr. 32, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christian Kübel
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Mu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Horst Hahn
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Joint Research Laboratory Nanomaterials (KIT and TUD), Technische Universität Darmstadt (TUD), Petersenstr. 32, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm Electrochemical Energy Storage, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, NUST, Nanjing 21009, China
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Herbert Gleiter Institute of Nanoscience, NUST, Nanjing 21009, China
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16
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Aragonès AC, Darwish N, Saletra WJ, Pérez-García L, Sanz F, Puigmartí-Luis J, Amabilino DB, Díez-Pérez I. Highly conductive single-molecule wires with controlled orientation by coordination of metalloporphyrins. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4751-6. [PMID: 24978587 DOI: 10.1021/nl501884g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrin-based molecular wires are promising candidates for nanoelectronic and photovoltaic devices due to the porphyrin chemical stability and unique optoelectronic properties. An important aim toward exploiting single porphyrin molecules in nanoscale devices is to possess the ability to control the electrical pathways across them. Herein, we demonstrate a method to build single-molecule wires with metalloporphyrins via their central metal ion by chemically modifying both an STM tip and surface electrodes with pyridin-4-yl-methanethiol, a molecule that has strong affinity for coordination with the metal ion of the porphyrin. The new flat configuration resulted in single-molecule junctions of exceedingly high lifetime and of conductance 3 orders of magnitude larger than that obtained previously for similar porphyrin molecules but wired from either end of the porphyrin ring. This work presents a new concept of building highly efficient single-molecule electrical contacts by exploiting metal coordination chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert C Aragonès
- Departament de Química Física, Universitat de Barcelona , Diagonal 645, and Institut de Bioenginyeria de Catalunya (IBEC) , Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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17
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Xiang D, Jeong H, Lee T, Mayer D. Mechanically controllable break junctions for molecular electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:4845-67. [PMID: 23913697 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201301589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) represents a fundamental technique for the investigation of molecular electronic junctions, especially for the study of the electronic properties of single molecules. With unique advantages, the MCBJ technique has provided substantial insight into charge transport processes in molecules. In this review, the techniques for sample fabrication, operation and the various applications of MCBJs are introduced and the history, challenges and future of MCBJs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-747, Korea
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18
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Perrin ML, Verzijl CJO, Martin CA, Shaikh AJ, Eelkema R, van Esch JH, van Ruitenbeek JM, Thijssen JM, van der Zant HSJ, Dulić D. Large tunable image-charge effects in single-molecule junctions. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:282-7. [PMID: 23503093 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metal/organic interfaces critically determine the characteristics of molecular electronic devices, because they influence the arrangement of the orbital levels that participate in charge transport. Studies on self-assembled monolayers show molecule-dependent energy-level shifts as well as transport-gap renormalization, two effects that suggest that electric-field polarization in the metal substrate induced by the formation of image charges plays a key role in the alignment of the molecular energy levels with respect to the metal's Fermi energy. Here, we provide direct experimental evidence for an electrode-induced gap renormalization in single-molecule junctions. We study charge transport through single porphyrin-type molecules using electrically gateable break junctions. In this set-up, the position of the occupied and unoccupied molecular energy levels can be followed in situ under simultaneous mechanical control. When increasing the electrode separation by just a few ångströms, we observe a substantial increase in the transport gap and level shifts as high as several hundreds of meV. Analysis of this large and tunable gap renormalization based on atomic charges obtained from density functional theory confirms and clarifies the dominant role of image-charge effects in single-molecule junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael L Perrin
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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19
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Penon O, Marsico F, Santucci D, Rodríguez L, Amabilino DB, Pérez-García L. Multiply biphenyl substituted zinc(II) porphyrin and phthalocyanine as components for molecular materials. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424612501453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and physico-chemical characteristics of zinc(II) porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives with biphenyl units are reported. These compounds have been prepared as components for molecular electronics systems and rotor-based molecular machines, where the biphenyl units can act as paddles because they are oriented quasi-perpendicularly to the plane of the aromatic macrocycles which would be coordianted through the transition metal ion by an axial ligand. The minimalist design along with the absence of solubilizing groups leads to a low solubility of the compounds in organic solvents; the phthalocyanines is only sparingly soluble while the porphyrin is more easily manipulated, but in any case the concentration of both compounds is sufficient for surface deposition. The luminescence of the compounds is characteristic of the central unit, although it is clear in the absorption spectra that the phthalocyanine derivative has a particularly strong tendency to aggregate non-specifically. The porphyrin forms microcrystals while the phthalocyanines which bears eight biphenyl units forms amorphous aggregates from 1,2-dichlorobenzene reminiscent of glasses of other biphenyl derivatives, which is interesting for the preparation of amorphous materials for optics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Penon
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Filippo Marsico
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Davide Santucci
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Rodríguez
- Departament de Química Inorgànica, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David B. Amabilino
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus Universitari de Bellaterra, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Lluïsa Pérez-García
- Laboratori de Química Orgànica, Facultat de Farmàcia, and Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Obermair C, Kress M, Wagner A, Schimmel T. Reversible mechano-electrochemical writing of metallic nanostructures with the tip of an atomic force microscope. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 3:824-30. [PMID: 23365795 PMCID: PMC3557521 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.3.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We recently introduced a method that allows the controlled deposition of nanoscale metallic patterns at defined locations using the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) as a "mechano-electrochemical pen", locally activating a passivated substrate surface for site-selective electrochemical deposition. Here, we demonstrate the reversibility of this process and study the long-term stability of the resulting metallic structures. The remarkable stability for more than 1.5 years under ambient air without any observable changes can be attributed to self-passivation. After AFM-activated electrochemical deposition of copper nanostructures on a polycrystalline gold film and subsequent AFM imaging, the copper nanostructures could be dissolved by reversing the electrochemical potential. Subsequent AFM-tip-activated deposition of different copper nanostructures at the same location where the previous structures were deleted, shows that there is no observable memory effect, i.e., no effect of the previous writing process on the subsequent writing process. Thus, the four processes required for reversible information storage, "write", "read", "delete" and "re-write", were successfully demonstrated on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Obermair
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marina Kress
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Wagner
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Schimmel
- Institute of Applied Physics and Center for Functional Nanostructures (CFN), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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van Ruitenbeek J. Metal/molecule interfaces: Dispersion forces unveiled. NATURE MATERIALS 2012; 11:834-835. [PMID: 23001228 DOI: 10.1038/nmat3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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22
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Lee JT, Chae DH, Yao Z, Sessler JL. High-order tunneling processes in single-porphyrin transistors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:4420-2. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc31371e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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