1
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Wang Q, Sang Y, Yang J, Liu H. Mechanochemically Synthesized PEG-OTs as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor. Polymers (Basel) 2025; 17:422. [PMID: 39940624 PMCID: PMC11820882 DOI: 10.3390/polym17030422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2025] [Revised: 01/30/2025] [Accepted: 02/02/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Polymer corrosion inhibitors are reported to form dense films on carbon steel surfaces, and their thermostability enables survival in harsh downhole environments. In this paper, PEG-OTs was synthesized by mechanochemistry using ball mill by grafting tosyl on PEG. Using this solvent-free green chemistry, non-toxic PEG and PEG-OTs with various molecular weights (600, 2000, and 10,000 g/mol) were prepared and used as corrosion inhibitors. The corrosion inhibition performance of 5 × 10-3 mol/L inhibitors on Q235 carbon steel in 0.5 M HCl solution was investigated using static weight-loss, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, polarization curves, SEM, and contact angle measurements. The results show that, after modification, PEG-OTs has an elevated corrosion inhibition effect compared to PEG. A maximum of 90% corrosion inhibition efficiency was achieved using static weight-loss. The morphology study shows that a dense film formed to protect carbon steel. Thanks to their polymeric structure, a higher molecular weight leads to better corrosion inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hailing Liu
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Liaoning Petrochemical University, Dandong Road West 1, Wanghua District, Fushun 113001, China
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2
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Skala ME, Zeitler SM, Golder MR. Liquid-assisted grinding enables a direct mechanochemical functionalization of polystyrene waste. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10900-10907. [PMID: 39027266 PMCID: PMC11253180 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03362k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The plastic waste crisis has grave consequences for our environment, as most single-use commodity polymers remain in landfills and oceans long after their commercial lifetimes. Utilizing modern synthetic techniques to chemically modify the structure of these post-consumer plastics (e.g., upcycling) can impart new properties and added value for commercial applications. To expand beyond the abilities of current solution-state chemical processes, we demonstrate post-polymerization modification of polystyrene via solid-state mechanochemistry enabled by liquid-assisted grinding (LAG). Importantly, this emblematic trifluoromethylation study modifies discarded plastic, including dyed materials, using minimal exogenous solvent and plasticizers for improved sustainability. Ultimately, this work serves as a proof-of-concept for the direct mechanochemical post-polymerization modification of commodity polymers, and we expect future remediation of plastic waste via similar mechanochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Skala
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Sarah M Zeitler
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Matthew R Golder
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Engineering & Science Institute, University of Washington 36 Bagley Hall Seattle WA 98195 USA
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3
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Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Semi-Telechelic Polymers from Mechanochemical C─C Bond Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304571. [PMID: 37870199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Unstrained C─C bond activation is attained in homopolymers through mechanochemical bond scission followed by functionalization to yield mostly semi-telechelic polymer chains. Ball milling poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the presence of 1-(bromoacetyl)pyrene (BAPy) yields the pyrene terminated PEO. Similarly, milling with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone followed by Suzuki coupling allows the introduction of various aryl end groups. PEOs with a molecular weight below 20 kDa show no functionalization, supporting a mechanochemical mechanism. The protocol is also tested with doxorubicin, yielding the drug-polymer conjugate. PEO halogenation is also demonstrated by milling PEO with iodine, N-bromosuccinimide, or N-iodosuccinimide, which can then be reacted with an amine substituted anthracene. Grinding additional carbon polymers with BAPy indicates that this functionalization method is general for different polymer chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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4
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Al-Ithawi WKA, Khasanov AF, Kovalev IS, Nikonov IL, Platonov VA, Kopchuk DS, Santra S, Zyryanov GV, Ranu BC. TM-Free and TM-Catalyzed Mechanosynthesis of Functional Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:1853. [PMID: 37112002 PMCID: PMC10142995 DOI: 10.3390/polym15081853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemically induced methods are commonly used for the depolymerization of polymers, including plastic and agricultural wastes. So far, these methods have rarely been used for polymer synthesis. Compared to conventional polymerization in solutions, mechanochemical polymerization offers numerous advantages such as less or no solvent consumption, the accessibility of novel structures, the inclusion of co-polymers and post-modified polymers, and, most importantly, the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer/oligomer solubility and fast precipitation during polymerization. Consequently, the development of new functional polymers and materials, including those based on mechanochemically synthesized polymers, has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. In this review, we tried to highlight the most representative examples of transition-metal (TM)-free and TM-catalyzed mechanosynthesis of some functional polymers, such as semiconductive polymers, porous polymeric materials, sensory materials, materials for photovoltaics, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahab K. A. Al-Ithawi
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- Energy and Renewable Energies Technology Center, University of Technology—Iraq, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Albert F. Khasanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor S. Kovalev
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Igor L. Nikonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Vadim A. Platonov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Kopchuk
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Sougata Santra
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Grigory V. Zyryanov
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- I. Ya. Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of RAS (Ural Division), 22/20 S. Kovalevskoy/Akademicheskaya St., 620219 Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Brindaban C. Ranu
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Ural Federal University, 19 Mira St., 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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5
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Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Lee JW, Park J, Lee J, Park S, Kim JG, Kim BS. Solvent-Free Mechanochemical Post-Polymerization Modification of Ionic Polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3801-3805. [PMID: 34245491 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite their superior stability and facile handling, ionic polymers have limited solubility in most organic solvents, restricting the range of substrates and reaction conditions to which they can be applied. To overcome this solubility issue, the present study presents a solvent-free mechanochemical reaction. Specifically, a post-polymerization modification of ammonium-functionalized polyether was demonstrated using a solvent-free vibrational ball-milling technique. The formation of imine bonds between the ionic polymer and an aromatic aldehyde led to the complete conversion to imine within 1 h without any bond breakage on the polymer backbone. The viability of this approach for a wide range of aldehydes was also evaluated, highlighting the potential of the mechanochemical post-polymerization modification of polymers that are inaccessible by conventional solution approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Won Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Park
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Su Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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7
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Ardila-Fierro KJ, Hernández JG. Sustainability Assessment of Mechanochemistry by Using the Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2145-2162. [PMID: 33835716 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, mechanochemistry has been growing into a widely accepted alternative for chemical synthesis. In addition to their efficiency and practicality, mechanochemical reactions are also recognized for their sustainability. The association between mechanochemistry and Green Chemistry often originates from the solvent-free nature of most mechanochemical protocols, which can reduce waste production. However, mechanochemistry satisfies more than one of the Principles of Green Chemistry. In this Review we will present a series of examples that will clearly illustrate how mechanochemistry can significantly contribute to the fulfillment of Green Chemistry in a more holistic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Ardila-Fierro
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - José G Hernández
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička c. 54, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
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8
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Fiss BG, Richard AJ, Friščić T, Moores A. Mechanochemistry for sustainable and efficient dehydrogenation/hydrogenation. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions are one of the pillars of the chemical industry, with applications from bulk chemicals to pharmaceuticals manufacturing. The ability to selectively add hydrogen across double and (or) triple bonds is key in the chemist’s toolbox and the enabling component in the development of sustainable processes. Traditional solution-based approaches to these reactions are tainted by significant consumption of energy and production of solvent waste. This review highlights the development and applications of recently emerged solvent-free approaches to conduct the hydrogenation of organic molecules using mechanochemistry, i.e., chemical transformations induced or sustained by mechanical force. In particular, we will show mechanochemical techniques such as ball-milling enabled catalytic or stoichiometric metal-mediated hydrogenation and dehydrogenation reactions that are simple, fast, and conducted under significantly milder conditions compared with traditional solution routes. Importantly, we highlight the current challenges and opportunities in this field, while also identifying exciting cases in which mechanochemical hydrogenation strategies lead to new, unique targets and reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blaine G. Fiss
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Austin J. Richard
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Audrey Moores
- Centre in Green Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
- Department of Materials Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, QC H3A 0C5, Canada
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9
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Ashlin M, Hobbs CE. Post‐Polymerization Thiol Substitutions Facilitated by Mechanochemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marshal Ashlin
- Department of ChemistrySam Houston State University Huntsville TX 77340 USA
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10
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Grätz S, Zink S, Kraffczyk H, Rose M, Borchardt L. Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1154-1161. [PMID: 31164952 PMCID: PMC6541366 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study elucidates a mechanochemical polymerization reaction towards a hyper-crosslinked polymer as an alternative to conventional solvent-based procedures. The swift and solvent-free Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction yields a porous polymer with surface areas of up to 1720 m2g-1 and pore volumes of up to 1.55 cm3g-1. The application of LAG (liquid-assisted grinding) revealed a profound impact of the liquid´s boiling point on the textural properties of the obtained polymer materials. Finally, the materials are characterized by vapour sorption experiments with benzene and cyclohexane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zink
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanna Kraffczyk
- Fachgebiet Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Fachgebiet Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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11
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Park S, Kim JG. Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(trimethylene carbonate)s: an example of rate acceleration. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:963-970. [PMID: 31164933 PMCID: PMC6541340 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanochemical polymerization is a rapidly growing area and a number of polymeric materials can now be obtained through green mechanochemical synthesis. In addition to the general merits of mechanochemistry, such as being solvent-free and resulting in high conversions, we herein explore rate acceleration under ball-milling conditions while the conventional solution-state synthesis suffer from low reactivity. The solvent-free mechanochemical polymerization of trimethylene carbonate using the organocatalysts 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) and 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD) are examined herein. The polymerizations under ball-milling conditions exhibited significant rate enhancements compared to polymerizations in solution. A number of milling parameters were evaluated for the ball-milling polymerization. Temperature increases due to ball collisions and exothermic energy output did not affect the polymerization rate significantly and the initial mixing speed was important for chain-length control. Liquid-assisted grinding was applied for the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers, but it failed to protect the polymer chain from mechanical degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sora Park
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea
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12
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Bolm C, Hernández JG. Mechanochemistry of Gaseous Reactants. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:3285-3299. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bolm
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - José G. Hernández
- Institut für Organische Chemie; RWTH Aachen University; Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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14
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Lee GS, Moon BR, Jeong H, Shin J, Kim JG. Mechanochemical synthesis of poly(lactic acid) block copolymers: overcoming the miscibility of the macroinitiator, monomer and catalyst under solvent-free conditions. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Efficient mixing and energy delivery by ball-milling promoted the lactide polymer growth from macroinitiators without the use of a solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gue Seon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeon-Ju
- Korea
| | - Bo Reum Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeon-Ju
- Korea
| | - Haemin Jeong
- Center for Environment & Sustainable Resources
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Yuseong-gu
- Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering
| | - Jihoon Shin
- Center for Environment & Sustainable Resources
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology
- Yuseong-gu
- Korea
- Department of Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeon-Ju
- Korea
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15
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Ohn N, Kim JG. Mechanochemical Post-Polymerization Modification: Solvent-Free Solid-State Synthesis of Functional Polymers. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:561-565. [PMID: 35632931 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.8b00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical postpolymerization modification is reported herein. The fast and efficient synthesis of a library of macromolecules with functional diversity and structural uniformity was realized without a solvent by means of a high speed ball-milling technique. A series of polymers prepared from 4-vinylbenzaldehyde (4-VBA) underwent solid-state Schiff base formations with a series of amines and amine derivatives. The efficient mixing and energy delivery provided by the collisions between balls not only promoted rapid imine formation but also eliminated the need for a chemical solvent, which is highly desirable for green chemical synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuri Ohn
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physical Science, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Physical Science, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896 Republic of Korea
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