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He HY, Niikura H, Du YL, Ryan KS. Synthetic and biosynthetic routes to nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2991-3046. [PMID: 35311838 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00458c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-nitrogen bond is a core feature of diverse functional groups like hydrazines, nitrosamines, diazos, and pyrazoles. Such functional groups are found in >300 known natural products. Such N-N bond-containing functional groups are also found in significant percentage of clinical drugs. Therefore, there is wide interest in synthetic and enzymatic methods to form nitrogen-nitrogen bonds. In this review, we summarize synthetic and biosynthetic approaches to diverse nitrogen-nitrogen-bond-containing functional groups, with a focus on biosynthetic pathways and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan He
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Haruka Niikura
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| | - Yi-Ling Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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2
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Schäfer F, Mix A, Cati N, Lamm JH, Neumann B, Stammler G, Mitzel NW. Host guest chemistry of a bidentate silyl-triflate bis-Lewis-acid – complex complexation behaviour unravelled by diffusion NMR spectroscopy. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:7164-7173. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00583b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bidentate silicon-based Lewis acid, bis(dimethyl-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)silylethyl)dimethylsilane, Me2Si[(CH2)2SiMe2-OTf]2, was prepared by a two-step synthesis starting from dimethyldivinylsilane by hydrosilylation with dimethylchlorosilane and subsequent Lewis acidity enhancement of the terminal silicon atoms...
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3
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Rudlof J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Synthesis of a bifunctional boron-Lewis acid and studies on host-guest chemistry using pyridine and TMPD. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2021-0175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Based on the previously described bifunctional Lewis acid with a functional distance of the boron functions of 4.918(2) Å, the development of a further bifunctional, boron-containing Lewis acid with a wider functional distance is demonstrated. Again, a stannylated precursor was used and the Lewis-acidic boron functions were introduced by means of tin-boron exchange. The general suitability of this class of compounds for the formation of host-guest-complexes is demonstrated by NMR experiments and by solid-state structures using pyridine and TMPD (N
1,N
1,N
4,N
4-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diamine) as Lewis basic guests. The influence of traces of moisture on the boron-containing, bifunctional Lewis acids was investigated by the structure elucidation of a decomposition product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rudlof
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Bielefeld University , Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld , Germany
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4
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Rudlof J, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Synthesis of Directed, Tridentate Lewis Acids Based on a Trisilacyclohexane‐Backbone via Hydrosilylation. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rudlof
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld
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5
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Rudlof J, Aders N, Lamm JH, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Mitzel NW. Bidentate Lewis Acids Derived from o-Diethynylbenzene with Group 13 and 14 Functions. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1020-1027. [PMID: 34637192 PMCID: PMC8507440 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Starting from 1,2-diethynylbenzene, a series of bidentate Lewis acids was prepared by means of hydrometalations, in particular hydrosilylation, hydroboration, hydroalumination and terminal metalation based on group 13 and 14 elements. In the case of terminal alkyne metalation, the Lewis-acidic gallium function was introduced using triethylgallium under alkane elimination. A total of six different Lewis acids based on a semiflexible organic scaffold were prepared, bearing -SiClMe2 , -SiCl2 Me, -SiCl3 , -B(C6 F5 )2 , -AlBis2 (Bis=bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl) and -GaEt2 as the corresponding functional units. In all cases, the Lewis acid functionalisation was carried out twice and the products were obtained in good to excellent yields. In the case of the twofold gallium Lewis acid, a different structural motif in the form of a polymer-like chain was observed in the solid state. All new bidentate Lewis acids were characterised by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, CHN analysis and X-ray diffraction experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rudlof
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Niklas Aders
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jan-Hendrik Lamm
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Norbert W Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center of Molecular Materials CM2, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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6
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Schnell SD, González JA, Sklyaruk J, Linden A, Gademann K. Boron Trifluoride-Mediated Cycloaddition of 3-Bromotetrazine and Silyl Enol Ethers: Synthesis of 3-Bromo-pyridazines. J Org Chem 2021; 86:12008-12023. [PMID: 34342995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pyridazines are important scaffolds for medicinal chemistry or crop protection agents, yet the selective preparation of 3-bromo-pyridazines with high regiocontrol remains difficult. We achieved the Lewis acid-mediated inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction between 3-monosubstituted s-tetrazine and silyl enol ethers and obtained functionalized pyridazines. In the case of 1-monosubstituted silyl enol ethers, exclusive regioselectivity was observed. Downstream functionalization of the resulting 3-bromo-pyridazines was demonstrated utilizing several cross-coupling protocols to synthesize 3,4-disubstituted pyridazines with excellent control over the substitution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Schnell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jorge A González
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Sklyaruk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Linden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Gademann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Strauss MA, Kohrs D, Ruhl J, Wegner HA. Mechanistic Study of Domino Processes Involving the Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalyzed Inverse Electron‐Demand Diels−Alder Reaction. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Daniel Kohrs
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 35392 Giessen Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 35392 Giessen Germany
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8
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Schäfer F, Neumann B, Stammler H, Mitzel NW. Hexadentate Poly‐Lewis Acids Based on 1,3,5‐Trisilacyclohexane. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schäfer
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Norbert W. Mitzel
- Chair of Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Bielefeld University Universitätsstraße 25 D-33615 Bielefeld Germany
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9
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Ruhl J, Ahles S, Strauss MA, Leonhardt CM, Wegner HA. Synthesis of Medium-Sized Carbocycles via a Bidentate Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Inverse Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reaction Followed by Photoinduced Ring-Opening. Org Lett 2021; 23:2089-2093. [PMID: 33629862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The combination of a Lewis acid-catalyzed inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction with a photoinduced ring-opening (PIRO) reaction in a domino process has been established as an efficient synthetic method to access medium-sized carbocycles. From readily available electron-rich and electron-poor phthalazines and enamines, respectively, as starting materials, various 9- and 11-membered carbocycles were prepared. This versatile transition-metal-free tool will be valuable for broadening the structural space in biologically active compounds and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcel A Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Christopher M Leonhardt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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10
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Chen Q, Luo M, Guo F, Liang K, Zhou F, Gao G. An Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Phthalazin‐2‐Ium Bromide Catalyzed by Copper. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China Ministry of Education, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjian Luo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Fanrui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Highly-Efficient Utilization of Forestry Biomass Resources in Southwest China, College of Chemical EngineeringSouthwest Forestry University Kunming 650224 People's Republic of China
| | - Guolin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHarbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150080 People's Republic of China
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11
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Sergeev PG, Nenajdenko VG. Recent advances in the chemistry of pyridazine — an important representative of six-membered nitrogen heterocycles. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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12
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Widera A, Filbeck E, Wadepohl H, Kaifer E, Himmel H. Electron-Rich, Lewis Acidic Diborane Meets N-Heterocyclic Aromatics: Formation and Electron Transfer in Cyclophane Boranes. Chemistry 2020; 26:3435-3440. [PMID: 31943435 PMCID: PMC7155121 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Herein reported are the reactions of an electron-rich, Lewis acidic diborane with N-heterocyclic aromatics to give first members of an unprecedented family of highly charged cationic cyclophanes with diboranyl units. Tetracationic cyclophanes with 4,4'-bipyridine/ 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene and diboranyl units were synthesized and their redox chemistry was studied. Cyclisation of two diboranyl and two pyrazine units is accompanied by electron transfer from the diboranyl unit to the pyrazine. Our results pave the way for the integration of redox-active diboranyl units into cyclophanes and supramolecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Widera
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069121HeidelbergGermany
| | - Erik Filbeck
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069121HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hubert Wadepohl
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069121HeidelbergGermany
| | - Elisabeth Kaifer
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069121HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hans‐Jörg Himmel
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069121HeidelbergGermany
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13
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Ahles S, Ruhl J, Strauss MA, Wegner HA. Combining Bidentate Lewis Acid Catalysis and Photochemistry: Formal Insertion of o-Xylene into an Enamine Double Bond. Org Lett 2019; 21:3927-3930. [PMID: 31079462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A bidentate Lewis acid catalyzed domino inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reaction combined with a photoinduced ring opening formally inserts o-xylene moieties into enamine double bonds. After reduction, phenethylamines were obtained in good yields. The scope of the reaction was determined by variation of all three starting compounds: phthalazines, aldehydes, and amines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Julia Ruhl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Marcel A Strauss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany.,Center for Materials Research (LaMa) , Justus Liebig University , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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14
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Abstract
A concise and selective synthesis of the dichlorinated meroterpenoid azamerone is described. The paucity of tactics for the synthesis of natural-product-relevant chiral organochlorides motivated the development of unique strategies for accessing these motifs in enantioenriched forms. The route features a novel enantioselective chloroetherification reaction, a Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling between a quinone diazide and a boronic hemiester, and a late-stage tetrazine [4+2]-cycloaddition/oxidation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Landry
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Grace M McKenna
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Noah Z Burns
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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15
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Ahles S, Götz S, Schweighauser L, Brodsky M, Kessler SN, Heindl AH, Wegner HA. An Amine Group Transfer Reaction Driven by Aromaticity. Org Lett 2018; 20:7034-7038. [PMID: 30362764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A stereoselective domino inverse electron-demand Diels-Alder/amine group transfer reaction catalyzed by a bidentate Lewis acid provides 1-amino-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes, a core structure in many bioactive compounds. A concerted mechanism is proposed based on experimental studies as well as DFT computations demonstrating a new general reactivity scheme. The broad scope of the reaction was evaluated by variation of all three starting compounds, phthalazines, aldehydes, and amines. Scalability was demonstrated by a gram scale reaction without diminished yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ahles
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Silas Götz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Mirko Brodsky
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Simon N Kessler
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Justus Liebig University Giessen , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17 , 35392 Giessen , Germany
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16
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Brend'amour S, Gilmer J, Bolte M, Lerner HW, Wagner M. C-Halogenated 9,10-Diboraanthracenes: How the Halogen Load and Distribution Influences Key Optoelectronic Properties. Chemistry 2018; 24:16910-16918. [PMID: 30378720 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
9,10-Dihydro-9,10-diboraanthracenes (DBAs) have low-energy LUMOs and narrow HOMO-LUMO gaps and are thus attractive electron-transporting and light-emitting materials in optoelectronic devices. A systematic series of ten C-halogenated 9,10-(Mes)2 -DBAs was synthesized and studied by cyclic voltammetry, UV/Vis absorption and emission spectroscopy, and quantum-chemical calculations (Mes=mesityl). We probed the influence of the nature of the halogen atoms and the halogen substitution patterns on key optoelectronic properties of the DBAs. All 9,10-(Mes)2 derivatives can be reversibly reduced at the DBA cores and at electrode potentials between E1/2 Red1 =-1.84 and -1.26 V (vs. FcH/FcH+ ). The most bathochromic UV/Vis absorption and the fluorescence emission of each DBA correspond to an ICT transition between the Mes rings and the DBA core. Br substituents lower the DBA LUMO energy and narrow the energy gap to the highest degree along the series F<Cl<Br. Halogen atoms located at 1,4,5,8-positions are more influential than those at 2,3,6,7-positions. An increasing fluorine load continuously decreases the LUMO levels and HOMO-LUMO gaps. Colorless octafluoro- and tetrafluoro-DBAs form colored and fluorescent π-stacked hetero dimers with anthracene in C6 H6 solutions and in the solid state. The sterically congested 1,5-(ThMe)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA was prepared in 74 % yield from 1,5-(Br)2 -9,10-(Mes)2 -DBA and Me3 Sn-ThMe through a Stille-type C-C coupling reaction (ThMe=5-Me-2-thienyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brend'amour
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Jannik Gilmer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfram Lerner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | - Matthias Wagner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, 60438, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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