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Peelaerts W, Mercado G, George S, Villumsen M, Kasen A, Aguileta M, Linstow C, Sutter AB, Kuhn E, Stetzik L, Sheridan R, Bergkvist L, Meyerdirk L, Lindqvist A, Gavis MLE, Van den Haute C, Hultgren SJ, Baekelandt V, Pospisilik JA, Brudek T, Aznar S, Steiner JA, Henderson MX, Brundin L, Ivanova MI, Hannan TJ, Brundin P. Urinary tract infections trigger synucleinopathy via the innate immune response. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:541-559. [PMID: 36991261 PMCID: PMC10119259 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02562-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Symptoms in the urogenital organs are common in multiple system atrophy (MSA), also in the years preceding the MSA diagnosis. It is unknown how MSA is triggered and these observations in prodromal MSA led us to hypothesize that synucleinopathy could be triggered by infection of the genitourinary tract causing ɑ-synuclein (ɑSyn) to aggregate in peripheral nerves innervating these organs. As a first proof that peripheral infections could act as a trigger in MSA, this study focused on lower urinary tract infections (UTIs), given the relevance and high frequency of UTIs in prodromal MSA, although other types of infection might also be important triggers of MSA. We performed an epidemiological nested-case control study in the Danish population showing that UTIs are associated with future diagnosis of MSA several years after infection and that it impacts risk in both men and women. Bacterial infection of the urinary bladder triggers synucleinopathy in mice and we propose a novel role of ɑSyn in the innate immune system response to bacteria. Urinary tract infection with uropathogenic E. coli results in the de novo aggregation of ɑSyn during neutrophil infiltration. During the infection, ɑSyn is released extracellularly from neutrophils as part of their extracellular traps. Injection of MSA aggregates into the urinary bladder leads to motor deficits and propagation of ɑSyn pathology to the central nervous system in mice overexpressing oligodendroglial ɑSyn. Repeated UTIs lead to progressive development of synucleinopathy with oligodendroglial involvement in vivo. Our results link bacterial infections with synucleinopathy and show that a host response to environmental triggers can result in ɑSyn pathology that bears semblance to MSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Laboratory for Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Mercado
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Marie Villumsen
- Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alysa Kasen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Miguel Aguileta
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Christian Linstow
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra B Sutter
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Kuhn
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lucas Stetzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rachel Sheridan
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Liza Bergkvist
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Meyerdirk
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Allison Lindqvist
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Martha L Escobar Gavis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Chris Van den Haute
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Scott J Hultgren
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Veerle Baekelandt
- Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
- Leuven Viral Vector Core, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | | | - Tomasz Brudek
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana Aznar
- Centre for Neuroscience and Stereology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michael X Henderson
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Biophysics Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tom J Hannan
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Parkinson's Disease Center, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland.
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Ke M, Chong CM, Zhu Q, Zhang K, Cai CZ, Lu JH, Qin D, Su H. Comprehensive Perspectives on Experimental Models for Parkinson's Disease. Aging Dis 2021; 12:223-246. [PMID: 33532138 PMCID: PMC7801282 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks second among the most common neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive and selective loss of dopaminergic neurons. Various cross-species preclinical models, including cellular models and animal models, have been established through the decades to study the etiology and mechanism of the disease from cell lines to nonhuman primates. These models are aimed at developing effective therapeutic strategies for the disease. None of the current models can replicate all major pathological and clinical phenotypes of PD. Selection of the model for PD largely relies on our interest of study. In this review, we systemically summarized experimental PD models, including cellular and animal models used in preclinical studies, to understand the pathogenesis of PD. This review is intended to provide current knowledge about the application of these different PD models, with focus on their strengths and limitations with respect to their contributions to the assessment of the molecular pathobiology of PD and identification of the therapeutic strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Ke
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cheong-Meng Chong
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Qi Zhu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Cui-Zan Cai
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jia-Hong Lu
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- 2Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,3South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanxing Su
- 1State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
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Mahul-Mellier AL, Burtscher J, Maharjan N, Weerens L, Croisier M, Kuttler F, Leleu M, Knott GW, Lashuel HA. The process of Lewy body formation, rather than simply α-synuclein fibrillization, is one of the major drivers of neurodegeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:4971-4982. [PMID: 32075919 DOI: 10.1101/751891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded and aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) into intraneuronal inclusions named Lewy bodies (LBs). Although it is widely believed that α-syn plays a central role in the pathogenesis of PD, the processes that govern α-syn fibrillization and LB formation remain poorly understood. In this work, we sought to dissect the spatiotemporal events involved in the biogenesis of the LBs at the genetic, molecular, biochemical, structural, and cellular levels. Toward this goal, we further developed a seeding-based model of α-syn fibrillization to generate a neuronal model that reproduces the key events leading to LB formation, including seeding, fibrillization, and the formation of inclusions that recapitulate many of the biochemical, structural, and organizational features of bona fide LBs. Using an integrative omics, biochemical and imaging approach, we dissected the molecular events associated with the different stages of LB formation and their contribution to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. In addition, we demonstrate that LB formation involves a complex interplay between α-syn fibrillization, posttranslational modifications, and interactions between α-syn aggregates and membranous organelles, including mitochondria, the autophagosome, and endolysosome. Finally, we show that the process of LB formation, rather than simply fibril formation, is one of the major drivers of neurodegeneration through disruption of cellular functions and inducing mitochondria damage and deficits, and synaptic dysfunctions. We believe that this model represents a powerful platform to further investigate the mechanisms of LB formation and clearance and to screen and evaluate therapeutics targeting α-syn aggregation and LB formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Mahul-Mellier
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Niran Maharjan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Weerens
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Croisier
- BioEM Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Kuttler
- Biomolecular Screening Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marion Leleu
- Gene Expression Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Graham W Knott
- BioEM Core Facility and Technology Platform, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Peelaerts W, Bergkvist L, George S, Johnson M, Meyerdirk L, Schulz E, Steiner JA, Madaj Z, Ma J, Becker K, Nilsson KPR, Colca JR, Brundin P. Inhibiting the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier does not ameliorate synucleinopathy in the absence of inflammation or metabolic deficits. FREE NEUROPATHOLOGY 2020; 1. [PMID: 35224554 PMCID: PMC8870797 DOI: 10.17879/freeneuropathology-2020-3049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest a link between type-2 diabetes and Parkinson’s disease (PD) risk. Treatment of type-2 diabetes with insulin sensitizing drugs lowers the risk of PD. We previously showed that the insulin sensitizing drug, MSDC-0160, ameliorates pathogenesis in some animal models of PD. MSDC-0160 reversibly binds the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) protein complex, which has an anti-inflammatory effect and restores metabolic deficits. Since PD is characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein (αSyn), we hypothesized that inhibiting the MPC might directly inhibit αSyn aggregation in vivo in mammals. To answer if modulation of MPC can reduce the development of αSyn assemblies, and reduce neurodegeneration, we treated two chronic and progressive mouse models; a viral vector-based αSyn overexpressing model and a pre-formed fibril (PFF) αSyn seeding model with MSDC-0160. These two models present distinct types of αSyn pathology but lack inflammatory or autophagy deficits. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found that a modulation of MPC in these models did not reduce the accumulation of αSyn aggregates or mitigate neurotoxicity. Instead, MSDC-0160 changed the post-translational modification and aggregation features of αSyn. These results are consistent with the lack of a direct effect of MPC modulation on synuclein clearance in these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Peelaerts
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,KU Leuven, Laboratory for Neurobiology and Gene Therapy, Dept. of Neurosciences, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liza Bergkvist
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Sonia George
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Michaela Johnson
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Lindsay Meyerdirk
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Emily Schulz
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer A Steiner
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Zachary Madaj
- Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Jiyan Ma
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Katelyn Becker
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - K Peter R Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jerry R Colca
- Metabolic Solutions Development Company, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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AAV2/DJ-mediated alpha-synuclein overexpression in the rat substantia nigra as early stage model of Parkinson's disease. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:1-14. [PMID: 30989398 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and alpha-synucleinopathy. We mimic the disease pathology with overexpression of either the human α-syn wildtype (α-syn-WT) or E46K mutant form (α-syn-E46K) in DA neurons of the SNpc in adult rats using AAV2/DJ as a viral vector for the first time. Transduction efficiency was compared to an equal virus titer expressing the green fluorescent protein (GFP). Motor skills of all animals were evaluated in the cylinder and amphetamine-induced rotation test over a total time period of 12 weeks. Additionally, stereological quantification of DA cells and striatal fiber density measurements were performed every 4 weeks after injection. Rats overexpressing α-syn-WT showed a progressive loss of DA neurons with 40% reduction after 12 weeks accompanied by a greater loss of striatal DA fibers. In contrast, α-syn-E46K led to this reduction after 4 weeks without further progress. Insoluble α-syn positive cytoplasmic inclusions were observed in both groups within DA neurons of the SNpc and VTA. In addition, both α-syn groups developed a characteristic worsening of the rotational behavior over time. However, only the α-syn-WT group reached statistically significant different values in the cylinder test. Summarizing these effects, we established a motor symptom animal model of PD by using AAV2/DJ in the brain for the first time. Thereby, overexpressing of α-syn-E46K mimicked a rather pre-symptomatic stage of the disease, while the α-syn-WT overexpressing animals imitated an early symptomatic stage of PD.
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Creed RB, Goldberg MS. New Developments in Genetic rat models of Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2018; 33:717-729. [PMID: 29418019 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical research on Parkinson's disease has relied heavily on mouse and rat animal models. Initially, PD animal models were generated primarily by chemical neurotoxins that induce acute loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. On the discovery of genetic mutations causally linked to PD, mice were used more than rats to generate laboratory animals bearing PD-linked mutations because mutagenesis was more difficult in rats. Recent advances in technology for mammalian genome engineering and optimization of viral expression vectors have increased the use of genetic rat models of PD. Emerging research tools include "knockout" rats with disruption of genes in which mutations have been causally linked to PD, including LRRK2, α-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1. Rats have also been increasingly used for transgenic and viral-mediated overexpression of genes relevant to PD, particularly α-synuclein. It may not be realistic to obtain a single animal model that completely reproduces every feature of a human disease as complex as PD. Nevertheless, compared with mice with the same mutations, many genetic rat animal models of PD better reproduce key aspects of PD including progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, locomotor behavior deficits, and age-dependent formation of abnormal α-synuclein protein aggregates. Here we briefly review new developments in genetic rat models of PD that may have greater potential for identifying underlying mechanisms, for discovering novel therapeutic targets, and for developing greatly needed treatments to slow or halt disease progression. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose B Creed
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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