1
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Capendale PE, García-Rodríguez I, Ambikan AT, Mulder LA, Depla JA, Freeze E, Koen G, Calitz C, Sood V, Vieira de Sá R, Neogi U, Pajkrt D, Sridhar A, Wolthers KC. Parechovirus infection in human brain organoids: host innate inflammatory response and not neuro-infectivity correlates to neurologic disease. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2532. [PMID: 38514653 PMCID: PMC10958052 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are a leading cause of central nervous system (CNS) infections. While genotypes such as parechovirus A3 (PeV-A3) and echovirus 11 (E11) can elicit severe neurological disease, the highly prevalent PeV-A1 is not associated with CNS disease. Here, we expand our current understanding of these differences in PeV-A CNS disease using human brain organoids and clinical isolates of the two PeV-A genotypes. Our data indicate that PeV-A1 and A3 specific differences in neurological disease are not due to infectivity of CNS cells as both viruses productively infect brain organoids with a similar cell tropism. Proteomic analysis shows that PeV-A infection significantly alters the host cell metabolism. The inflammatory response following PeV-A3 (and E11 infection) is significantly more potent than that upon PeV-A1 infection. Collectively, our findings align with clinical observations and suggest a role for neuroinflammation, rather than viral replication, in PeV-A3 (and E11) infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela E Capendale
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anoop T Ambikan
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lance A Mulder
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Josse A Depla
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- UniQure Biopharma B.V., Department of Research & Development, Paasheuvelweg 25A, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Freeze
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koen
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlemi Calitz
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vikas Sood
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Renata Vieira de Sá
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ujjwal Neogi
- The Systems Virology Lab, Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, ANA Futura, Campus Flemingsberg, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Institute for Reproduction and Development, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Emma Center for Personalized Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Kilich G, Perelygina L, Sullivan KE. Rubella virus chronic inflammatory disease and other unusual viral phenotypes in inborn errors of immunity. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:113-137. [PMID: 38009321 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Infectious susceptibility is a component of many inborn errors of immunity. Nevertheless, antibiotic use is often used as a surrogate in history taking for infectious susceptibility, thereby disadvantaging patients who present with viral infections as their phenotype. Further complicating clinical evaluations are unusual manifestations of viral infections which may be less familiar that the typical respiratory viral infections. This review covers several unusual viral phenotypes arising in patients with inborn errors of immunity and other settings of immune compromise. In some cases, chronic infections lead to oncogenesis or tumor-like growths and the conditions and mechanisms of viral-induced oncogenesis will be described. This review covers enterovirus, rubella, measles, papillomavirus, and parvovirus B19. It does not cover EBV and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis nor lymphomagenesis related to EBV. EBV susceptibility has been recently reviewed. Our goal is to increase awareness of the unusual manifestations of viral infections in patients with IEI and to describe treatment modalities utilized in this setting. Coincidentally, each of the discussed viral infections can have a cutaneous component and figures will serve as a reminder of the physical features of these viruses. Given the high morbidity and mortality, early recognition can only improve outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonench Kilich
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ludmila Perelygina
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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3
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Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Mercier A, Vergez I, Sane F, Alidjinou EK, Hober D. Combating coxsackievirus B infections. Rev Med Virol 2023; 33:e2406. [PMID: 36371612 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackieviruses B (CVB) are small, non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. They are common worldwide and cause a wide variety of human diseases ranging from those having relatively mild symptoms to severe acute and chronic pathologies such as cardiomyopathy and type 1 diabetes. The development of safe and effective strategies to combat these viruses remains a challenge. The present review outlines current approaches to control CVB infections and associated diseases. Various drugs targeting viral or host proteins involved in viral replication as well as vaccines have been developed and shown potential to prevent or combat CVB infections in vitro and in vivo in animal models. Repurposed drugs and alternative strategies targeting miRNAs or based on plant extracts and probiotics and their derivatives have also shown antiviral effects against CVB. In addition, clinical trials with vaccines and drugs are underway and offer hope for the prevention or treatment of CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France.,Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ambroise Mercier
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ines Vergez
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille et CHU de Lille, Lille, France
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4
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Wagner JN, Leibetseder A, Troescher A, Panholzer J, von Oertzen TJ. Characteristics and therapy of enteroviral encephalitis: case report and systematic literature review. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 113:93-102. [PMID: 34628025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enterovirus (EV) is a frequent cause of encephalitis. The optimal therapeutic approach remains a matter of debate. We present the case of an immunosuppressed patient with EV encephalitis treated successfully with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and report the results of a systematic review on the characteristics of EV encephalitis, as well as the safety and efficacy of IVIG therapy. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using the PubMed, Cochrane Database, BIOSIS Previews, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to identify all reports on patients with EV encephalitis as of December 31, 2020. The main outcomes assessed were the efficacy and safety of the respective therapeutic approach. RESULTS A total of 73 articles were included: one prospective trial, one retrospective and prospective case series, one purely retrospective case series, and 70 case reports. The case reports included a total of 101 patients. Immunosuppressed patients were at higher risk of contracting EV encephalitis and experiencing a fatal course. Hypogammaglobulinaemia particularly predisposes to EV disease, even with a moderate reduction in serum IgG levels. IVIG therapy in the immunosuppressed may confer a survival advantage. CONCLUSIONS IVIG therapy is rarely associated with severe adverse events and may be considered in immunosuppressed patients with EV encephalitis. Future trials should investigate the optimal IVIG dosing and route of application, the benefit of antibody-enriched IVIG preparations, and the serum immunoglobulin level that should trigger prophylactic replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith N Wagner
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria.
| | - Annette Leibetseder
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Anna Troescher
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Juergen Panholzer
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Tim J von Oertzen
- Department of Neurology 1, Kepler University Hospital, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Wagner-Jauregg-Weg 15, 4020 Linz, Austria
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5
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Zhang Y, Wu C, Wan X, Wang C. Direct synthesis of 3,5‐diaryl‐1,2,
4‐oxadiazoles
using 1‐(2‐oxo‐2‐arylethyl)pyridin‐1‐iums with benzamidines. J Heterocycl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.4354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Chengjun Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Xinyi Wan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
| | - Cunde Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University Yangzhou China
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6
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Neutralising Antibodies against Enterovirus and Parechovirus in IVIG Reflect General Circulation: A Tool for Sero-Surveillance. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061028. [PMID: 34072486 PMCID: PMC8228535 DOI: 10.3390/v13061028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) and parechoviruses (PeV) are widespread pathogens that cause significant morbidity. Surveillance is based on culturing or genotyping of virus strains found in clinical samples. Sero-surveillance, by measuring neutralising antibodies (nAb) through virus neutralisation assays (VNA), could provide additional information as it offers a more comprehensive overview of exposure to circulating types in the general population. In our study we evaluated Intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) to generate sero-surveillance data. We performed VNA of nineteen NPEV and PeV with Dutch IVIG batches from two different time points (2010 and 2017) and an IVIG batch from Vietnam (2011). We compared our findings with geno- and sero-surveillance data and evaluated changes over time and between the two countries. Our findings show a good correlation with what is known from geno-surveillance data. The highest nAb titres were found against strains from Enterovirus B, while we did not observe nAb titres against strains belonging to Enterovirus C. In conclusion, we demonstrated that sero-surveillance by means of IVIG can be used to obtain insight into circulation of EV and PeV genotypes. This is of particular interest for public health, to evaluate changes over time and population susceptibility to emerging genotypes.
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7
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Beaman MH. Community-acquired acute meningitis and encephalitis: a narrative review. Med J Aust 2018; 209:449-454. [PMID: 30309300 DOI: 10.5694/mja17.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Meningitis and encephalitis are medical emergencies. Patients need prompt evaluation and immediate empiric therapy to reduce the likelihood of fatal outcomes and chronic neurological sequelae. Conjugate bacterial vaccines have significantly reduced the incidence of bacterial meningitis, especially in children. As the results of changes in patterns of bacterial drug sensitivity, ceftriaxone is now part of the recommended empiric treatment for bacterial meningitis and should be administered as early as possible. Neuroimaging delays the treatment of meningitis and is not needed in most cases. Adjunctive corticosteroid therapy is of benefit for many patients with meningitis and should be initiated in most adults before antibiotic therapy. Molecular testing can assist the specific diagnosis of encephalitis and should be based on the exposure history and geographic risk factors relevant to the patient, but non-infectious causes of encephalitis are also common. Empiric therapy for encephalitis should be directed at the most frequently identified infectious pathogen, herpes simplex virus type 1 (ie, intravenous aciclovir). Vaccines can protect against the major pathogens of childhood infections (measles, mumps, rubella, polio, varicella viruses), influenza viruses, and exotic pathogens that cause meningitis and encephalitis (rabies, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, tick-borne encephalitis viruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
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8
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Moline HL, Karachunski PI, Strain A, Griffith J, Kenyon C, Schleiss MR. Acute Transverse Myelitis Caused by Echovirus 11 in a Pediatric Patient: Case Report and Review of the Current Literature. Child Neurol Open 2018; 5:2329048X17751526. [PMID: 29372173 PMCID: PMC5772484 DOI: 10.1177/2329048x17751526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 12-year-old boy presented with acute flaccid weakness of the right upper extremity and was found to have acute flaccid myelitis with transverse myelitis involving the cervical cord (C1-T1). An interdisciplinary team-based approach was undertaken, including input from a generalist, an infectious diseases physician, and a pediatric neurologist. Consultation was sought from the Minnesota Department of Health to investigate for a potential etiology and source of the responsible infection. Evaluation for an infectious etiology demonstrated infection with human echovirus 11. The patient recovered with some disability. Echovirus 11 is among the more common etiologies of acute flaccid myelitis and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this increasingly recognized pediatric infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Moline
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Peter I Karachunski
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Strain
- Epidemiology and Control Division, Infectious Diseases, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jayne Griffith
- Epidemiology and Control Division, Infectious Diseases, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Cynthia Kenyon
- Epidemiology and Control Division, Infectious Diseases, Minnesota Department of Health, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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9
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Chronic meningoencephalitis caused by Echo virus 6 in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency : Successful treatment with pleconaril. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2017; 130:70-72. [PMID: 29116409 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-017-1289-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic enteroviral meningoencephalitis, most commonly caused by echoviruses, can particularly be seen in agammaglobulinemic patients. In spite of the fact that no specific treatment for enteroviral infections exists, pleconaril is an antiviral drug reported to be efficient against enteroviral infections in infants and adults. We present a case of a 42-year-old male, previously diagnosed with common variable immunodeficiency, who presented with severe chronic meningoencephalitis caused by Echo virus 6 and was successfully treated with pleconaril. Enteroviruses usually cause mild symptoms, but some strains can cause life-threatening conditions especially in immunocompromised patients. Although pleconaril production is unprofitable due to the rarity of severe disease, our effective treatment should encourage further availability of pleconaril.
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10
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Abstract
Infections with enteroviruses and human parechoviruses are highly prevalent, particularly in neonates, where they may cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Individuals with B-cell-related immunodeficiencies are at risk for severe enteroviral infections, usually a chronic and fatal meningoencephalitis. In transplant recipients and patients with malignancy, enterovirus infections typically involve the respiratory tract, but cases of severe, disseminated infection have been described. The mainstay of diagnosis for enterovirus and human parechovirus infections involves the use of molecular diagnostic techniques. However, routine nucleic acid-detection methods for enteroviruses will not detect human parechoviruses. Laboratory diagnosis of these viral infections is important in determining a patient's prognosis and guiding clinical management.
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11
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Benschop KS, Geeraedts F, Beuvink B, Spit SA, Fanoy EB, Claas EC, Pas SD, Schuurman R, Verweij JJ, Bruisten SM, Wolthers KC, Niesters HG, Koopmans M, Duizer E. Increase in ECHOvirus 6 infections associated with neurological symptoms in the Netherlands, June to August 2016. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30351. [PMID: 27719751 PMCID: PMC5069425 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.39.30351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Dutch virus-typing network VIRO-TypeNed reported an increase in ECHOvirus 6 (E-6) infections with neurological symptoms in the Netherlands between June and August 2016. Of the 31 cases detected from January through August 2016, 15 presented with neurological symptoms. Ten of 15 neurological cases were detected in the same province and the identified viruses were genetically related. This report is to alert medical and public health professionals of the circulation of E-6 associated with neurological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Sm Benschop
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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12
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Benschop KSM, Rahamat-Langendoen JC, van der Avoort HGAM, Claas ECJ, Pas SD, Schuurman R, Verweij JJ, Wolthers KC, Niesters HGM, Koopmans MPG. VIRO-TypeNed, systematic molecular surveillance of enteroviruses in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30352. [PMID: 27719752 PMCID: PMC5069426 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.39.30352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
VIRO-TypeNed is a collaborative molecular surveillance platform facilitated through a web-based database. Genetic data in combination with epidemiological, clinical and patient data are shared between clinical and public health laboratories, as part of the surveillance underpinning poliovirus eradication. We analysed the combination of data submitted from 2010 to 2014 to understand circulation patterns of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) of public health relevance. Two epidemiological patterns were observed based on VIRO-TypeNed data and classical surveillance data dating back to 1996: (i) endemic cyclic, characterised by predictable upsurges/outbreaks every two to four years, and (ii) epidemic, where rare virus types caused upsurges/outbreaks. Genetic analysis suggests continuous temporal displacement of virus lineages due to the accumulation of (silent) genetic changes. Non-synonymous changes in the antigenic B/C loop suggest antigenic diversification, which may affect population susceptibility. Infections were frequently detected at an age under three months and at an older, parenting age (25–49 years) pointing to a distinct role of immunity in the circulation patterns. Upsurges were detected in the summer and winter which can promote increased transmissibility underlying new (cyclic) upsurges and requires close monitoring. The combination of data provide a better understanding of NPEV circulation required to control and curtail upsurges and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley S M Benschop
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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13
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Bearden D, Collett M, Quan PL, Costa-Carvalho BT, Sullivan KE. Enteroviruses in X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia: Update on Epidemiology and Therapy∗. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2016; 4:1059-1065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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de Crom SCM, Rossen JWA, van Furth AM, Obihara CC. Enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children: a brief overview. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1023-9. [PMID: 27156106 PMCID: PMC4930465 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus and parechovirus are a frequent cause of infection in children. This review is an overview of what is known from enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children and contains information about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children. CONCLUSIONS EV and HPeV infections are a frequent cause of infection in childhood. The clinical presentation is diverse. RT-qPCR is the best way to detect an EV or HPeV. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood and feces have the highest sensitivity for detecting an EV or HPeV. There is no treatment for EV and HPeV infections. Two vaccines against EV 71 are just licensed in China and will be available on the private market. Little is known about the prognosis of EV and HPeV infections. WHAT IS KNOWN •EV and HPeV are a frequent cause of infection in children. What is new: •This review gives a brief overview over EV and HPeV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M de Crom
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Immunology and Rheumatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Obihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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15
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Morriss FH, Lindower JB, Bartlett HL, Atkins DL, Kim JO, Klein JM, Ford BA. Neonatal Enterovirus Infection: Case Series of Clinical Sepsis and Positive Cerebrospinal Fluid Polymerase Chain Reaction Test with Myocarditis and Cerebral White Matter Injury Complications. AJP Rep 2016; 6:e344-e351. [PMID: 27695644 PMCID: PMC5042705 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1593406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We describe five neonates with enteroviral (EV) infection to demonstrate central nervous system (CNS) and cardiac complications and report successful treatment of myocarditis with immunoglobulin intravenous (IVIG) in two. Study Design Case series identified during three enteroviral seasons in one neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for EV in neonates suspected to have sepsis, but with sterile bacterial cultures. Results Cases were identified in each of three sequential years in a NICU with 800 to 900 admissions/year. Two cases were likely acquired perinatally; all were symptomatic with lethargy and poor feeding by age 5 to 10 days. All had signs of sepsis and/or meningitis; one progressed to periventricular leukomalacia and encephalomalacia. Two recovered from myocarditis after treatment that included IVIG 3 to 5 g/kg. Conclusion Neonates who appear septic without bacterial etiology may have EV CNS infections that can be diagnosed rapidly by CSF PCR testing. Cases may be underdiagnosed in the early neonatal period if specific testing is not performed. Neonates with EV infection should be investigated for evidence of periventricular leukomalacia, screened for myocarditis, and considered for IVIG treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Morriss
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa; Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Julie B Lindower
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa; Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Dianne L Atkins
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa; Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Jean O Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jonathan M Klein
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa; Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bradley A Ford
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa
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16
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Makarov VA, Braun H, Richter M, Riabova OB, Kirchmair J, Kazakova ES, Seidel N, Wutzler P, Schmidtke M. Pyrazolopyrimidines: Potent Inhibitors Targeting the Capsid of Rhino- and Enteroviruses. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:1629-34. [PMID: 26260222 PMCID: PMC4600222 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no drugs available for the treatment of enterovirus (EV)-induced acute and chronic diseases such as the common cold, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, and myocarditis with or without consecutive dilated cardiomyopathy. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of pyrazolopyrimidines, a well-tolerated and potent class of novel EV inhibitors. The compounds inhibit the replication of a broad spectrum of EV in vitro with IC50 values between 0.04 and 0.64 μm for viruses resistant to pleconaril, a known capsid-binding inhibitor, without affecting cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. Using virological and genetics methods, the viral capsid was identified as the target of the most promising, orally bioavailable compound 3-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino-6-phenylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-amine (OBR-5-340). Its prophylactic as well as therapeutic application was proved for coxsackievirus B3-induced chronic myocarditis in mice. The favorable pharmacokinetic, toxicological, and pharmacodynamics profile in mice renders OBR-5-340 a highly promising drug candidate, and the regulatory nonclinical program is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A Makarov
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071 (Russia)
| | - Heike Braun
- Virology & Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena (Germany)
| | - Martina Richter
- Virology & Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena (Germany)
| | - Olga B Riabova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071 (Russia)
| | - Johannes Kirchmair
- Center for Bioinformatics, University of Hamburg, Bundesstrasse 43, 20146 Hamburg (Germany)
| | - Elena S Kazakova
- A. N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky pr. 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071 (Russia)
| | - Nora Seidel
- Virology & Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena (Germany)
| | - Peter Wutzler
- Virology & Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena (Germany)
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Virology & Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena (Germany).
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17
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van der Linden L, Wolthers KC, van Kuppeveld FJM. Replication and Inhibitors of Enteroviruses and Parechoviruses. Viruses 2015; 7:4529-62. [PMID: 26266417 PMCID: PMC4576193 DOI: 10.3390/v7082832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Enterovirus (EV) and Parechovirus genera of the picornavirus family include many important human pathogens, including poliovirus, rhinovirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and human parechoviruses (HPeV). They cause a wide variety of diseases, ranging from a simple common cold to life-threatening diseases such as encephalitis and myocarditis. At the moment, no antiviral therapy is available against these viruses and it is not feasible to develop vaccines against all EVs and HPeVs due to the great number of serotypes. Therefore, a lot of effort is being invested in the development of antiviral drugs. Both viral proteins and host proteins essential for virus replication can be used as targets for virus inhibitors. As such, a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication is pivotal in the design of antiviral strategies goes hand in hand with a good understanding of the complex process of virus replication. In this review, we will give an overview of the current state of knowledge of EV and HPeV replication and how this can be inhibited by small-molecule inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonneke van der Linden
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Katja C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam 1105 AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, The Netherlands.
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18
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Salorinne K, Lahtinen T. Crystal structure of 5-{3-[2,6-dimethyl-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxa-diazol-3-yl)phen-oxy]prop-yl}-N-(11-hy-droxy-undec-yl)isoxazole-3-carboxamide hemihydrate. Acta Crystallogr E Crystallogr Commun 2015; 71:505-8. [PMID: 25995867 PMCID: PMC4420136 DOI: 10.1107/s2056989015007367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C29H42N4O5·0.5H2O, comprises four structural units. A flexible prop-yloxy unit in a gauche conformation, with a -C(H2)-C(H2)-C(H2)-O- torsion angle of -64.32 (18)°, connects an isoxazole ring and an approximately planar phenyl-oxa-diazole ring system [with a maxixmum devation of 0.061 (2) Å], which are oriented almost parallel to one another with a dihedral angle of 10.75 (7)°. Furthermore, a C11-alkyl chain with a terminal hy-droxy group links to the 3-position of the isoxazole ring via an amide bond. In the crystal, a half-occupancy solvent water mol-ecule connects to a neighbouring mol-ecule via an inter-molecular O-H⋯O(water) hydrogen bond to the C11-alkyl chain hy-droxy group.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Salorinne
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 JYU, Finland
| | - T. Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, 40014 JYU, Finland
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19
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Janes VA, Minnaar R, Koen G, van Eijk H, Dijkman-de Haan K, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC, Benschop KS. Presence of human non-polio enterovirus and parechovirus genotypes in an Amsterdam hospital in 2007 to 2011 compared to national and international published surveillance data: a comprehensive review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 25425513 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.46.20964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) and human parechoviruses (HPeV) are endemic worldwide. These infections are a constant cause of hospitalisation and severe disease, predominantly in young children and infants. Coordinated monitoring and surveillance are crucial to control these infections. We have monitored EV and HPeV epidemiology in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2011 with real-time RT-PCR and direct genotyping, facilitating highly sensitive surveillance. Moreover, we conducted a literature survey of existing surveillance data for comparison. Only 14 studies were identified. While HPeV1 was most frequently detected in Amsterdam, EV-B viruses dominated nationally and internationally. Furthermore, the top 10 strains detected differed yearly and per study. However, detection and typing methods were too varied to allow direct comparison and comprehension of the worldwide distribution and circulation patterns of the different genotypes. This limited a direct response to anticipate peaks. Uniform European monitoring programmes are essential to aid prediction of outbreaks and disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Janes
- Emma Children s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Haematology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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20
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Benschop KSM, Wildenbeest JG, Koen G, Minnaar RP, van Hemert FJ, Westerhuis BM, Pajkrt D, van den Broek PJ, Vossen ACTM, Wolthers KC. Genetic and antigenic structural characterization for resistance of echovirus 11 to pleconaril in an immunocompromised patient. J Gen Virol 2014; 96:571-579. [PMID: 25395595 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleconaril is a capsid inhibitor used previously to treat enterovirus infections. A pleconaril-resistant echovirus 11 (E11) strain was identified before pleconaril treatment was given in an immunocompromised patient. The patient was also treated with intravenous Ig (IVIg) for a long period but remained unresponsive. The pleconaril-resistant strains could not be neutralized in vitro, confirming IVIg treatment failure. To identify the basis of pleconaril resistance, genetic and structural analyses were conducted. Analysis of a modelled viral capsid indicated conformational changes in the hydrophobic pocket that could prevent pleconaril docking. Substitutions (V117I, V119M and I188L) in the pleconaril-resistant viruses were found in the pocket region of VP1. Modelling suggested that V119M could confer resistance, most probably due to the protruding sulfate side chain of methionine. Although pleconaril resistance induced in vitro in a susceptible E11 clinical isolate was characterized by a different substitution (I183M), resistance was suggested to also result from a similar mechanism, i.e. due to a protruding sulfate side chain of methionine. Our results showed that resistant strains that arise in vivo display different markers from those identified in vitro and suggest that multiple factors may play a role in pleconaril resistance in patient strains. Based on IVIg treatment failure, we predict that one of these factors could be immune related. Thus, both IVIg and capsid inhibitors target the viral capsid and can induce mutations that can be cross-reactive, enabling escape from both IVIg and the drug. This could limit treatment options and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S M Benschop
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G Wildenbeest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G Koen
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R P Minnaar
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F J van Hemert
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B M Westerhuis
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J van den Broek
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A C T M Vossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K C Wolthers
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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The capsid binder Vapendavir and the novel protease inhibitor SG85 inhibit enterovirus 71 replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6990-2. [PMID: 25199773 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03328-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivirals against enterovirus 71 (EV71) are urgently needed. We demonstrate that the novel enteroviral protease inhibitor (PI) SG85 and capsid binder (CB) vapendavir efficiently inhibit the in vitro replication of 21 EV71 strains/isolates that are representative of the different genogroups A, B, and C. The PI rupintrivir, the CB pirodavir, and the host-targeting compound enviroxime, which were included as reference compounds, also inhibited the replication of all isolates. Remarkably, the CB compound pleconaril was devoid of any anti-EV71 activity. An in silico docking study revealed that pleconaril-unlike vapendavir and pirodavir-lacks essential binding interactions with the viral capsid. Vapendavir and SG85 (or analogues) should be further explored for the treatment of EV71 infections. The data presented here may serve as a reference when developing yet-novel inhibitors.
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22
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Eyckmans T, Wollants E, Janssens A, Schoemans H, Lagrou K, Wauters J, Maertens J. Coxsackievirus A16 encephalitis during obinutuzumab therapy, Belgium, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis 2014; 20:913-5. [PMID: 24751368 PMCID: PMC4012818 DOI: 10.3201/eid2005.131766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Belgium
- Encephalitis, Viral/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, Viral/drug therapy
- Encephalitis, Viral/etiology
- Enterovirus/classification
- Enterovirus/genetics
- Enterovirus Infections/diagnosis
- Enterovirus Infections/drug therapy
- Enterovirus Infections/etiology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulins, Intravenous
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/complications
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Treatment Outcome
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23
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Badoe E, Wilmshurst JM. An overview of the effect and epidemiology of viral central nervous system infections in African children. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2014; 21:26-9. [PMID: 24655401 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections in Africa are common. Polio still persists in the continent despite vaccination campaigns. Many of the common viral infections, such as by the nonpolio enteroviruses, lack effective therapies and leave devastating sequelae to infected neonates and infants. Rarer conditions, such as by West Nile virus, have generated a fascinating conundrum as to how the virus spread to other parts of the world, such as the United States of America. This infection illustrates that these conditions should not be considered isolated to Africa alone but that they represent examples of potentially lethal infections which, although predominantly found in Africa, have the capacity to spread wider afield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eben Badoe
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jo M Wilmshurst
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Red Cross Children's Hospital, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Salorinne K, Lahtinen T, Marjomäki V, Häkkinen H. Polymorphic and solvate structures of ethyl ester and carboxylic acid derivatives of WIN 61893 analogue and their stability in solution. CrystEngComm 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ce01152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl ester and carboxylic acid derivatives of WIN 61983 analogue were shown to crystallize either as polymorphs or solvates depending on their hydrogen bond forming abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Salorinne
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - Tanja Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Science
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Chemistry
- Nanoscience Center
- University of Jyväskylä
- , Finland
- Department of Physics
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25
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Ciccarelli S, Stolfi I, Caramia G. Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis. Infect Drug Resist 2013; 6:133-61. [PMID: 24194646 PMCID: PMC3815002 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis, characterized by the onset of diarrhea with or without vomiting, continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in mostly resource-constrained nations. Although generally a mild and self-limiting disease, gastroenteritis is one of the most common causes of hospitalization and is associated with a substantial disease burden. Worldwide, up to 40% of children aged less than 5 years with diarrhea are hospitalized with rotavirus. Also, some microorganisms have been found predominantly in resource-constrained nations, including Shigella spp, Vibrio cholerae, and the protozoan infections. Prevention remains essential, and the rotavirus vaccines have demonstrated good safety and efficacy profiles in large clinical trials. Because dehydration is the major complication associated with gastroenteritis, appropriate fluid management (oral or intravenous) is an effective and safe strategy for rehydration. Continuation of breastfeeding is strongly recommended. New treatments such as antiemetics (ondansetron), some antidiarrheal agents (racecadotril), and chemotherapeutic agents are often proposed, but not yet universally recommended. Probiotics, also known as "food supplement," seem to improve intestinal microbial balance, reducing the duration and the severity of acute infectious diarrhea. The European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and the European Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases guidelines make a stronger recommendation for the use of probiotics for the management of acute gastroenteritis, particularly those with documented efficacy such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Saccharomyces boulardii. To date, the management of acute gastroenteritis has been based on the option of "doing the least": oral rehydration-solution administration, early refeeding, no testing, no unnecessary drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Ciccarelli
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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26
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Leendertse M, van Vugt M, Benschop KS, van Dijk K, Minnaar RP, van Eijk HWM, Hodiamont CJ, Wolthers KC. Pleurodynia caused by an echovirus 1 brought back from the tropics. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:490-3. [PMID: 23938303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A 31 year-old woman presented with acute pain on the left side of the thorax and abdomen, radiating to the back together with fever, after she had returned from traveling in Southeast Asia. Except for pleural friction rub auscultated on the left hemithorax, no physical abnormalities were detected. We diagnosed a classical course of Bornholm disease, caused by an echovirus type 1. While described as a classical pathogen causing Bornholm disease, this genotype has not been reported frequently in Surveillance data in the Western World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masja Leendertse
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Wildenbeest JG, Wolthers KC, Straver B, Pajkrt D. Successful IVIG treatment of human parechovirus-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in an infant. Pediatrics 2013; 132:e243-7. [PMID: 23776125 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2012-1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are closely related to human enteroviruses and exhibit many similarities in disease spectrum and symptoms. HPeV1 is most commonly associated with mild disease, but rare associations with severe disease such as myocarditis have been reported. Currently, no treatment is available for severe HPeV infections. In this case report we describe an infant with a severe, dilated cardiomyopathy in whom HPeV1 was revealed to be the only identifiable cause. The infant was treated with intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) and recovered completely. In vivo blood samples revealed a high HPeV1 antibody titer after treatment with IVIGs. In vitro IVIGs contained high titers of neutralizing antibodies against HPeV1. Our hypothesis is that patients with myocarditis caused by viruses with a high prevalence in the population and hence high antibody titers in IVIGs are likely to benefit from treatment with IVIGs. More research combining virological and clinical data is needed to see whether this hypothesis is true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne G Wildenbeest
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Emma Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Evaluation of two (semi-)nested VP1 based-PCRs for typing enteroviruses directly from cerebral spinal fluid samples. J Virol Methods 2012; 185:228-33. [PMID: 22796036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (EVs) are the leading cause of CNS-associated disease in childhood. Identification of the EV types that patients are infected with is essential for monitoring outbreaks, the emergence of new types or variants, epidemiological surveillance and contributes to patient management. Rapid and sensitive molecular detection methods are frequently used to detect EVs/HPeVs directly from CSF. This requires that sensitive EV typing methods from CSF material need to be developed. In the present study two nested PCR-based typing assays were evaluated. The performance of the EV-A and -B specific nested PCR protocol and the Codehop-based PCR protocol were analyzed with several TCID(50)-titrated EV-A to D strains and 22 EV positive CSF samples. The EV-A and -B protocol was found to be more sensitive than the Codehop protocol. The Codehop protocol showed a high degree of aspecific amplification products when run on a gel, and required additional gel purification. The detection limit of the two protocols varied between the types, ranging from 0.1TCID(50)/mL sample to 10(6)TCID(50)/mL sample. From the 22 EV positive CSF samples, 15 (68%) samples were typed using either protocol. All samples were characterized as members of species B (E30 (9), CAV9 (2), E6 (1), E11 (1), E21 (1), E25 (1)). Three samples (E30 (2) and E25 (1)) could only be typed using the EV-B protocol. In this study, selected EV strains could be typed using both assays at low virus concentrations, typically found in CSF. However, the EV-A and -B protocol was more sensitive than the Codehop protocol for primary typing of CSF samples.
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