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Man K, Eisenstein NM, Hoey DA, Cox SC. Bioengineering extracellular vesicles: smart nanomaterials for bone regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:137. [PMID: 37106449 PMCID: PMC10134574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key regulators of bone development, homeostasis and repair. EV-based therapies have the potential to circumnavigate key issues hindering the translation of cell-based therapies including functional tissue engraftment, uncontrolled differentiation and immunogenicity issues. Due to EVs' innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high physiochemical stability, these naturally-derived nanoparticles have garnered growing interest as potential acellular nanoscale therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Our increasing knowledge of the roles these cell-derived nanoparticles play, has made them an exciting focus in the development of novel pro-regenerative therapies for bone repair. Although these nano-sized vesicles have shown promise, their clinical translation is hindered due to several challenges in the EV supply chain, ultimately impacting therapeutic efficacy and yield. From the biochemical and biophysical stimulation of parental cells to the transition to scalable manufacture or maximising vesicles therapeutic response in vivo, a multitude of techniques have been employed to improve the clinical efficacy of EVs. This review explores state of the art bioengineering strategies to promote the therapeutic utility of vesicles beyond their native capacity, thus maximising the clinical potential of these pro-regenerative nanoscale therapeutics for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil M Eisenstein
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
- Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 DK07, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, D02 VN51, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Role of biomechanics in vascularization of tissue-engineered bones. J Biomech 2020; 110:109920. [PMID: 32827778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterial based reconstruction is still the most commonly employed method of small bone defect reconstruction. Bone tissue-engineered techniques are improving, and adjuncts such as vascularization technologies allow re-evaluation of traditional reconstructive methods for healingofcritical-sized bone defect. Slow infiltration rate of vasculogenesis after cell-seeded scaffold implantation limits the use of clinically relevant large-sized scaffolds. Hence, in vitro vascularization within the tissue-engineered bone before implantation is required to overcome the serious challenge of low cell survival rate after implantation which affects bone tissue regeneration and osseointegration. Mechanobiological interactions between cells and microvascular mechanics regulate biological processes regarding cell behavior. In addition, load-bearing scaffolds demand mechanical stability properties after vascularization to have adequate strength while implanted. With the advent of bioreactors, vascularization has been greatly improved by biomechanical regulation of stem cell differentiation through fluid-induced shear stress and synergizing osteogenic and angiogenic differentiation in multispecies coculture cells. The benefits of vascularization are clear: avoidance of mass transfer limitation and oxygen deprivation, a significant decrease in cell necrosis, and consequently bone development, regeneration and remodeling. Here, we discuss specific techniques to avoid pitfalls and optimize vascularization results of tissue-engineered bone. Cell source, scaffold modifications and bioreactor design, and technique specifics all play a critical role in this new, and rapidly growing method for bone defect reconstruction. Given the crucial importance of long-term survival of vascular network in physiological function of 3D engineered-bone constructs, greater knowledge of vascularization approaches may lead to the development of new strategies towards stabilization of formed vascular structure.
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Zhang F, King MW. Biodegradable Polymers as the Pivotal Player in the Design of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1901358. [PMID: 32424996 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201901358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers play a pivotal role in in situ tissue engineering. Utilizing various technologies, researchers have been able to fabricate 3D tissue engineering scaffolds using biodegradable polymers. They serve as temporary templates, providing physical and biochemical signals to the cells and determining the successful outcome of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, a biodegradable scaffold also presents the fourth dimension for tissue engineering, namely time. The properties of the biodegradable polymer change over time, presenting continuously changing features during the degradation process. These changes become more complicated when different materials are combined together to fabricate a composite or heterogeneous scaffold. This review undertakes a systematic analysis of the basic characteristics of biodegradable polymers and describe recent advances in making composite biodegradable scaffolds for in situ tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The interaction between implanted biodegradable biomaterials and the in vivo environment are also discussed, including the properties and functional changes of the degradable scaffold, the local effect of degradation on the contiguous tissue and their evaluation using both in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Wilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA
| | - Martin W. King
- Wilson College of TextilesNorth Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27606 USA
- College of TextilesDonghua University Songjiang District Shanghai 201620 China
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Tseng SJ, Huang ST, Wu CC, Cheng CH, Lin JC. Studies of proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation of rat adipose stem cells using an anti-oxidative polyurethane scaffold combined with cyclic compression culture. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 112:110964. [PMID: 32409092 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.110964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The adipose stem cell is a potential candidate for the autologous chondrocytes repairing approach because of the abundance of fat in the animal body and its versatile differentiation capability. In this study, rat adipose stem cells (rASCs) were seeded into anti-oxidative N-acetylcysteine (NAC) grafted polyurethane (PU) scaffold and then combined with short dynamic compressive stimulation (24 h) to induce rASCs chondrogenesis differentiation in vitro. The inner pore surface of the PU scaffold was first modified via alginate and type I collagen to promote rASCs adherence. The modified layers crosslinked by genipin showed outstanding stability after ultrasonic treatment, indicating the modified layers were stable and can keep the cells adhesion well during dynamic compressive stimulation. After inner pore surface modification and 10 mM NAC grafting, the PU scaffold-A-C-G (graft 10 mM NAC) has shown the best proliferation efficiency with homogeneous cell distribution after 72hr static culture. After short term dynamic compressive stimulation, significant gene expression in chondrogenic markers, Sox-9, and Aggrecan, were noted in both PU scaffold-A-C-G and PU scaffold-A-C-G (graft 10 mM NAC). Considering the cell proliferation efficiency and gene expression, the anti-oxidative NAC grafted PU scaffold combined with short term dynamic compressive stimulation could be useful for cell culturing in stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Jui Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ching Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hui Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Jui-Che Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan.
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Percoco G, Uva AE, Fiorentino M, Gattullo M, Manghisi VM, Boccaccio A. Mechanobiological Approach to Design and Optimize Bone Tissue Scaffolds 3D Printed with Fused Deposition Modeling: A Feasibility Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E648. [PMID: 32024158 PMCID: PMC7041376 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the rather large use of the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique for the fabrication of scaffolds, no studies are reported in the literature that optimize the geometry of such scaffold types based on mechanobiological criteria. We implemented a mechanobiology-based optimization algorithm to determine the optimal distance between the strands in cylindrical scaffolds subjected to compression. The optimized scaffolds were then 3D printed with the FDM technique and successively measured. We found that the difference between the optimized distances and the average measured ones never exceeded 8.27% of the optimized distance. However, we found that large fabrication errors are made on the filament diameter when the filament diameter to be realized differs significantly with respect to the diameter of the nozzle utilized for the extrusion. This feasibility study demonstrated that the FDM technique is suitable to build accurate scaffold samples only in the cases where the strand diameter is close to the nozzle diameter. Conversely, when a large difference exists, large fabrication errors can be committed on the diameter of the filaments. In general, the scaffolds realized with the FDM technique were predicted to stimulate the formation of amounts of bone smaller than those that can be obtained with other regular beam-based scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Boccaccio
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Matematica e Management, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy; (G.P.); (A.E.U.); (M.F.); (M.G.); (V.M.M.)
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Lovecchio J, Gargiulo P, Vargas Luna JL, Giordano E, Sigurjónsson ÓE. A standalone bioreactor system to deliver compressive load under perfusion flow to hBMSC-seeded 3D chitosan-graphene templates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16854. [PMID: 31728040 PMCID: PMC6856067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of engineered biological tissues holds great potential for both clinical applications and basic research in a life science laboratory. A prototype standalone perfusion/compression bioreactor system was proposed to address the osteogenic commitment of stem cells seeded onboard of 3D chitosan-graphene (CHT/G) templates. Testing involved the coordinated administration of a 1 mL/min medium flow rate together with dynamic compression (1% strain at 1 Hz; applied twice daily for 30 min) for one week. When compared to traditional static culture conditions, the application of perfusion and compression stimuli to human bone marrow stem cells using the 3D CHT/G template scaffold induced a sizable effect. After using the dynamic culture protocol, there was evidence of a larger number of viable cells within the inner core of the scaffold and of enhanced extracellular matrix mineralization. These observations show that our novel device would be suitable for addressing and investigating the osteogenic phenotype commitment of stem cells, for both potential clinical applications and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lovecchio
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Cesare Pavese 50, 47522, Cesena, FC, Italy.
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Paolo Gargiulo
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
| | - Jose Luis Vargas Luna
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- Department of Science, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- Center of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20/4L, 1090, Wien, Austria
| | - Emanuele Giordano
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Engineering "Silvio Cavalcanti" - Department of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi" (DEI), University of Bologna, Via Cesare Pavese 50, 47522, Cesena, FC, Italy
- Advanced Research Center on Electronic Systems (ARCES), University of Bologna, Via Vincenzo Toffano 2/2, 40125, Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies - Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 41/E, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Ólafur Eysteinn Sigurjónsson
- Institute of Biomedical and Neural Engineering, Reykjavík University, Menntavegur 1, 101, Reykiavík, Iceland
- The Blood Bank, The Landspitali University Hospital, Snorrabraut 60, 105, Reykjavík, Iceland
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Katarivas Levy G, Birch MA, Brooks RA, Neelakantan S, Markaki AE. Stimulation of Human Osteoblast Differentiation in Magneto-Mechanically Actuated Ferromagnetic Fiber Networks. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1522. [PMID: 31546701 PMCID: PMC6833056 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently an interest in "active" implantable biomedical devices that include mechanical stimulation as an integral part of their design. This paper reports the experimental use of a porous scaffold made of interconnected networks of slender ferromagnetic fibers that can be actuated in vivo by an external magnetic field applying strains to in-growing cells. Such scaffolds have been previously characterized in terms of their mechanical and cellular responses. In this study, it is shown that the shape changes induced in the scaffolds can be used to promote osteogenesis in vitro. In particular, immunofluorescence, gene and protein analyses reveal that the actuated networks exhibit higher mineralization and extracellular matrix production, and express higher levels of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, collagen type 1α1, runt-related transcription factor 2 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 than the static controls at the 3-week time point. The results suggest that the cells filling the inter-fiber spaces are able to sense and react to the magneto-mechanically induced strains facilitating osteogenic differentiation and maturation. This work provides evidence in support of using this approach to stimulate bone ingrowth around a device implanted in bone and can pave the way for further applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Katarivas Levy
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
| | - Mark A Birch
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | - Roger A Brooks
- Division of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
| | - Suresh Neelakantan
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110 016, India.
| | - Athina E Markaki
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK.
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Bunpetch V, Wu H, Zhang S, Ouyang H. From "Bench to Bedside": Current Advancement on Large-Scale Production of Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 26:1662-1673. [PMID: 28934885 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the primary cell source in cell therapy and regenerative medicine due to its extraordinary self-renewing capacity and multilineage differentiation potential. Clinical trials involving MSCs are being conducted in a range of human diseases and the number of registered cases is continuously increasing. However, a wide gap exists between the number of MSCs obtainable from the donor site and the number required for implantation to damage tissues, and also between MSC scalability and MSC phenotype stability. The clinical translation of MSCs necessitates a scalable expansion bioprocess for the biomanufacturing of therapeutically qualified cells. This review presents current achievements for expansion of MSCs. Issues involving culture condition modification, bioreactor systems, as well as microcarrier and scaffold platforms for optimal MSC systems are discussed. Most importantly, the gap between current MSC expansion and clinical application, as well as outbreak directions for the future are discussed. The present systemic review will bring new insights into future large-scale MSC expansion and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varitsara Bunpetch
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Wu
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Shufang Zhang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- 1 Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,2 Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,3 Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,4 State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China .,5 Department of Sports Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, China
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Chen YW, Hsieh SC, Yang YC, Hsu SH, Kung ML, Lin PY, Hsieh HH, Lin CH, Tang CM, Hung HS. Functional engineered mesenchymal stem cells with fibronectin-gold composite coated catheters for vascular tissue regeneration. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:699-711. [PMID: 29325741 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vascularization of engineered tissues remains one of the key problems. Here, we described a novel approach to promote vascularization of engineered tissues using fibronectin (FN) incorporated gold nanoparticles (AuNP) coated onto catheters with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue engineering. We found that the FN-AuNP composite with 43.5 ppm of AuNP exhibited better biomechanical properties and thermal stability than pure FN. FN-AuNP composites promoted MSC proliferation and increased the biocompatibility. Mechanistically, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promoted MSC migration on FN-AuNP through the endothelial oxide synthase (eNOS)/metalloproteinase (MMP) signaling pathway. Vascular femoral artery tissues isolated from the implanted FN-AuNP-coated catheters with MSCs expressed substantial CD31 and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), displayed higher antithrombotic activity, as well as better endothelialization ability than those coated with all other materials. These data suggested that the implantation of FN-AuNP-coated catheter with MSCs could be a novel strategy for vascular biomaterials applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Chen Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C; Center for Stem Cell Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Chin Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shan-Hui Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mei-Lang Kung
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsien-Hsu Hsieh
- Blood Bank, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R. O. C
| | - Ching-Hao Lin
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Ming Tang
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Huey-Shan Hung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C; Translational Medicine Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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