Evaluation of the effect of salmon nasal proteoglycan on biomarkers for cartilage metabolism in individuals with knee joint discomfort: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study

Salmon Nasal Cartilage-Derived Proteoglycans Alleviate Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

Osteoarthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by the degeneration of joint cartilage and underlying bone, resulting in pain, swelling, and reduced mobility. This study evaluates the efficacy of salmon nasal cartilage-derived proteoglycans in mitigating osteoarthritis symptoms and investigates the underlying molecular mechanisms. This study employed a rat model of osteoarthritis induced by monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) injection. The rats were orally administered salmon nasal cartilage-derived proteoglycans or ibuprofen. Key aspects of osteoarthritis pathology, including impaired exercise ability, inflammation, extracellular matrix degradation, and chondrocyte apoptosis, were assessed using histological analysis, micro-CT, treadmill testing, serum assays, and mRNA/protein expression studies. The MIA injection caused significant cartilage damage, reduced bone mineral density, and impaired exercise ability. Additionally, it elevated serum levels of prostaglandin E2 and nitric oxide, increased the mRNA and protein levels of inflammation-related factors, and activated apoptosis signaling pathways in cartilage. Treatment with salmon nasal cartilage-derived proteoglycans significantly improved cartilage morphology and mineralization, reduced inflammation, and inhibited apoptosis signaling pathways, with effects comparable to those observed with ibuprofen treatment. These findings highlight the potential of salmon nasal cartilage-derived proteoglycans as a therapeutic agent for managing osteoarthritis by effectively reducing inflammation, preventing cartilage degradation, and inhibiting chondrocyte apoptosis.

The efficacy and tolerability of proteoglycan F in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: A prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To identify the efficacy and tolerability of Proteoglycan F in patients with primary knee OA.Design: A 24-week randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial with two arms: (1) Proteoglycan F (received 10 ​mg proteoglycan daily, for 24 weeks) and (2) control group (received placebo). Knee symptoms and joint cartilage status (evaluated by ultrasound and MRI of knee joints), quality of life, serum cytokine levels (IL-1β and TNF-α), and safety evaluation were measured before, during, and after the treatment.

RESULTS

After 24-week treatment, pain reduction (in the KOOS pain score) of at least 20% and at least 50% (NRS scale) compared to baseline in the PGF group was significantly higher than those in the control group. The PGF group had greater reductions in the total scores of subchondral bone marrow edema, and bone cocoon under cartilage on knee MRI (classification according to WORMs), which were -2.27 (-4.0; -0.51) and -1.77 (-3.08; -0.46), respectively (p ​< ​0.05). The two groups had no statistically significant difference in knee ultrasound characteristics. After 4 weeks, 12, and 24 weeks compared to baseline, there was no statistically significant difference in levels of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase within the group and between the two study groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Salmon cartilage PG with 10 ​mg per day has potential to improve pain symptoms and subchondral bone marrow edema and bone cocoon under cartilage lesions in primary knee OA. However, the efficacy of PGF should be viewed with caution, and future studies are needed for more specific evaluation.

Salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan stimulates hair growth

Hair loss is a commonly encountered problem. In this study, hair growth was enhanced by daily oral ingestion of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (PG) in mice. Proteoglycan stimulated vesicular endothelial growth factor production in human follicle dermal papilla cells through insulin growth factor-1 receptor signaling, suggesting the possibility of hair loss improvement by PG ingestion.

Oral Administration of Protease-Soluble Chicken Type II Collagen Ameliorates Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection-Induced Osteoarthritis in Rats

This study investigated whether oral supplementation with protease-soluble chicken type II collagen (PSCC-II) mitigates the progression of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) in rats. Eight-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control, sham, ACLT, group A (ACLT + pepsin-soluble collagen type II collagen (C-II) with type I collagen), group B (ACLT + Amano M-soluble C-II with type I collagen), group C (ACLT + high-dose Amano M-soluble C-II with type I collagen), and group D (ACLT + unproteolyzed C-II). Various methods were employed to analyze the knee joint: nociceptive tests, microcomputed tomography, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Rats treated with any form of C-II had significant reductions in pain sensitivity and cartilage degradation. Groups that received PSCC-II treatment effectively mitigated the ACLT-induced effects of OA concerning cancellous bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular separation compared with the ACLT alone group. Furthermore, PSCC-II and unproteolyzed C-II suppressed ACLT-induced effects, such as the downregulation of C-II and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase-13, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β. These results indicate that PSCC-II treatment retains the protective effects of traditional undenatured C-II and provide superior benefits for OA management. These benefits encompass pain relief, anti-inflammatory effects, and the protection of cartilage and cancellous bone.

Managing Skin Ageing as a Modifiable Disorder—The Clinical Application of Nourella® Dual Approach Comprising a Nano-Encapsulated Retinoid, Retilex-A® and a Skin Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy, Vercilex®

Skin ageing is a progressive, but modifiable, multi-factorial disorder that involves all the skin’s tissues. Due to its wide range of physiological and psychosocial complications, skin ageing requires rigorous clinical attention. In this review, we aim to encourage clinicians to consider skin ageing as a disorder and suggest a novel, dual approach to its clinical treatment. Topical retinoids and per-oral proteoglycans are promising, non-invasive, therapeutic modalities. To overcome the low bioavailability of conventional free retinoids, Nourella® cream with Retilex-A® (Pharma Medico, Aarhus, Denmark) was developed using a proprietary nano-encapsulation technology. The nano-encapsulation is a sophisticated ‘permeation/penetration enhancer’ that optimises topical drug delivery by increasing the surface availability and net absorption ratio. Treatment adherence is also improved by minimising skin irritation. Interventional evidence suggests the greater efficacy of Retilex-A® in improving skin thickness and elasticity compared with conventional free forms. It is also reported that the rejuvenating efficacy of Retilex-A® and tretinoin are comparable. Another skin anti-ageing approach is proteoglycan replacement therapy (PRT) with Vercilex®. Vercilex® in Nourella® tablet form has the potential to ameliorate proteoglycan dysmetabolism in aged skin by activating skin cells and improving collagen/elastin turnover. Replicated clinical trials evidenced that PRT can significantly enhance the density, elasticity and thickness of both intrinsically aged and photoaged skin. Evidently, Vercilex® and Retilex-A® share a range of bioactivities that underlie their synergistic activity, as observed in a clinical trial. Dual therapy with Nourella® tablets and cream produced greater effects on skin characteristics than monotherapy with each of the two treatments. In conclusion, Nourella® cream and tablets are safe and effective treatments for skin ageing; however, combining the two in a ‘dual skin rejuvenation system’ significantly improves treatment outcomes.

Effects of salmon cartilage proteoglycan on obesity in mice fed with a high-fat diet

This study investigated the effects of salmon nasal cartilage proteoglycan (PG), which shows anti-inflammatory properties, on obesity induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in a mouse model. Mice were fed either a HFD or normal diet (ND), with or without PG, for 8-12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the body weight of mice fed with PG-free HFD was 54.08 ± 4.67 g, whereas that of mice fed with HFD containing PG was 41.83 ± 4.97 g. The results suggest that the increase in body weight was attenuated in mice fed with HFD containing PG. This effect was not observed in mice fed with ND. The PG administration suppressed the elevation of serum lipids (the level of serum lipids ranged between 54% and 69% compared to 100% in mice fed with PG-free HFD) and the upregulated mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), which is a transcription factor that acts as a master regulator of lipogenic gene expression in the liver (the expression level was 77.5% compared to 100% in mice fed with PG-free HFD). High leptin levels in mice fed with PG-free HFD were observed during fasting (average at 14,376 ng/ml), and they did not increase after refeeding (average of 14,263 ng/ml), whereas serum leptin levels in mice fed with HFD containing PG were low during fasting (average of 6481 ng/ml) and increased after refeeding (average 13,382 ng/ml). These results suggest that PG feeding has an anti-obesity effect and that the regulation of SREBP-1c and leptin secretion play a role in this effect.

Disease-Modifying Adjunctive Therapy (DMAT) in Osteoarthritis-The Biological Effects of a Multi-Mineral Complex, LithoLexal® Joint-A Review

Modern advances in molecular medicine have led to the reframing of osteoarthritis as a metabolically active, inflammatory disorder with local and systemic contributing factors. According to the ‘inflammatory theory’ of osteoarthritis, immune response to an initial damage is the key trigger that leads to progressive joint destruction. Several intertwined pathways are known to induce and govern articular inflammation, cartilage matrix degradation, and subchondral bone changes. Effective treatments capable of halting or delaying the progression of osteoarthritis remain elusive. As a result, supplements such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate are commonly used despite the lack of scientific consensus. A novel option for adjunctive therapy of osteoarthritis is LithoLexal^® Joint, a marine-derived, mineral-rich extract, that exhibited significant efficacy in clinical trials. LithoLexal^® has a lattice microstructure containing a combination of bioactive rare minerals. Mechanistic research suggests that this novel treatment possesses various potential disease-modifying properties, such as suppression of nuclear factor kappa-B, interleukin 1β, tumor necrosis factor α, and cyclooxygenase-2. Accordingly, LithoLexal^® Joint can be considered a disease-modifying adjunctive therapy (DMAT). LithoLexal^® Joint monotherapy in patients with knee osteoarthritis has significantly improved symptoms and walking ability with higher efficacy than glucosamine. Preliminary evidence also suggests that LithoLexal^® Joint may allow clinicians to reduce the dose of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in osteoarthritic patients by up to 50%. In conclusion, the multi-mineral complex, LithoLexal^® Joint, appears to be a promising candidate for DMAT of osteoarthritis, which may narrow the existing gap in clinical practice.

Changes in knee adduction moment wearing a variable-stiffness shoe correlate with changes in pain and mechanically stimulated cartilage oligomeric matrix levels

This study aimed to determine if changes in knee adduction moment (KAM) after 6 months of variable-stiffness shoe wear are associated with changes in symptoms or serum levels of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) following a mechanical stimulus in subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis (OA). Twenty-five subjects were enrolled in the study and assigned a variable-stiffness shoe, and 19 subjects completed the 6-month follow-up. At baseline and follow-up subjects underwent gait analysis in control and variable-stiffness shoes, completed Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (WOMAC) questionnaires, and serum COMP concentrations were measured immediately before, 3.5 and 5.5 hours after a 30-minute walking activity. Relationships between changes in KAM (first peak and impulse) and changes in (a) COMP levels in response to the 30-minute walking activity and (b) WOMAC scores from baseline to 6-month follow-up were assessed by Pearson correlation coefficients. Changes in first peak KAM were associated with changes in COMP levels 5.5 hours postactivity from baseline to follow-up (R = .564, P = .045). Subjects with greater reductions in KAM had larger decreases in COMP (expressed as a percent of preactivity levels) at follow-up. Subjects with greater reductions in KAM impulse had significantly greater improvements in WOMAC Pain (R = -.56, P = .015) and Function (R = -.52, P = .028) scores at follow-up. The study results demonstrated the magnitude of reduction in the KAM wearing a variable-stiffness shoe is associated with decreases in mechanically stimulated COMP levels and pain/function. This work suggests that interactions between COMP and joint loading during walking should be further investigated in future studies of treatment outcomes in OA.

Oral Administration of Salmon Cartilage Proteoglycan Attenuates Osteoarthritis in a Monosodium Iodoacetate-Induced Rat Model

Proteoglycan (PG) is a type of glycoprotein which forms an extracellular matrix with collagen and hyaluronic acid to maintain articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid. This study aimed to evaluate the antiosteoarthritis effects of salmon nasal cartilage-derived PG in alleviating knee osteoarthritis in an osteoarthritis rat model. Knee osteoarthritis was induced in rats by intra-articular injection of monosodium iodoacetate (MIA), 3 mg/knee, to the right knee. Animals were then administered either diclofenac (3 mg/kg body weight [b.w]/day) or proteoglycan F (PGF; 40 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg b.w/day) by oral gavage for 6 consecutive weeks. Knee diameters were measured throughout the experimental period; serum interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels, and histological analysis of the ligament were carried out at the end of the experiment. Salmon cartilage PG considerably alleviated the osteoarthritis symptoms in the model and lowered the serum concentrations of interleukin-1β and TNF-α. Diclofenac 3 mg/kg/day and PGF at doses of 40 mg/kg/day and 120 mg/kg/day also improved articular cartilage structure on further histological studies. This study demonstrated the in vivo effect of salmon cartilage PG in attenuating symptoms in an MIA-induced rat model, including reduction of inflammatory markers and histological improvement of cartilage tissue.

Integral Roles of Specific Proteoglycans in Hair Growth and Hair Loss: Mechanisms behind the Bioactivity of Proteoglycan Replacement Therapy with Nourkrin® with Marilex® in Pattern Hair Loss and Telogen Effluvium

Follicular proteoglycans are key players with structural, functional, and regulatory roles in the growth and cycling behaviour of the hair follicles. The expression pattern of specific proteoglycans is strongly correlated with follicular phase transitions, which further affirms their functional involvement. Research shows that bioactive proteoglycans, e.g., versican and decorin, can actively trigger follicular phase shift by their anagen-inducing, anagen-maintaining, and immunoregulatory properties. This emerging insight has led to the recognition of “dysregulated proteoglycan metabolism” as a plausible causal or mediating pathology in hair growth disorders in both men and women. In support of this, declined expression of proteoglycans has been reported in cases of anagen shortening and follicular miniaturisation. To facilitate scientific communication, we propose designating this pathology “follicular hypoglycania (FHG),” which results from an impaired ability of follicular cells to replenish and maintain a minimum relative concentration of key proteoglycans during anagen. Lasting FHG may advance to structural decay, called proteoglycan follicular atrophy (PFA). This process is suggested to be an integral pathogenetic factor in pattern hair loss (PHL) and telogen effluvium (TE). To address FHG and PFA, a proteoglycan replacement therapy (PRT) program using oral administration of a marine-derived extract (Nourkrin® with Marilex®, produced by Pharma Medico Aps, Aarhus, Denmark) containing specific proteoglycans has been developed. In clinical studies, this treatment significantly reduced hair fall, promoted hair growth, and improved quality of life in patients with male- and female-pattern hair loss. Accordingly, PRT (using Nourkrin® with Marilex®) can be recommended as an add-on treatment or monotherapy in patients with PHL and TE.

Bioactives From Agri-Food Wastes: Present Insights and Future Challenges

Sustainable utilization of agri-food wastes and by-products for producing value-added products (for cosmetic, pharmaceutical or food industrial applications) provides an opportunity for earning additional income for the dependent industrial sector. Besides, effective valorisation of wastes/by-products can efficiently help in reducing environmental stress by decreasing unwarranted pollution. The major focus of this review is to provide comprehensive information on valorisation of agri-food wastes and by-products with focus laid on bioactive compounds and bioactivity. The review covers the bioactives identified from wastes and by-products of plants (fruits, exotic fruits, vegetables and seeds), animals (dairy and meat) and marine (fish, shellfish seaweeds) resources. Further, insights on the present status and future challenges of sustainably utilizing agri-food wastes/by-products for value addition will be highlighted.

Osteoarthritis year in review 2018: biomarkers (biochemical markers)

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this narrative review is to summarize important findings from biochemical marker studies relevant to osteoarthritis (OA) in the context of new discoveries and clinical and scientific need.

DESIGN

We conducted a systematic search of electronic medical databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, Cochrane central) between 01-03-2017 and 31-03-2018. The search was restricted to human studies, English language and full text available publications while reviews were excluded. Only papers describing protein based biomarkers measured in human body fluids (blood, urine and synovial fluid (SF)) were included. Of the 992 papers, 86 were reviewed here, with inclusion primarily based on relevance to OA biochemical markers.

RESULTS

This review highlights a selection of studies based on their quality and perceived importance to the field mainly including those that¹ evaluate prognostic value of biomarkers for OA progression (i.e., biomarkers reflecting change in composition of joint tissues and biomarkers of inflammation)², help in assessment of intervention efficacy, and³ are innovative and uncover new candidate biomarkers, or use new approaches in biomarker discovery.

CONCLUSIONS

Key findings and implications for possible clinical utility of biochemical markers are summarized and discussed. Given the paucity of robust biomarkers within the field, and the heterogeneity of the condition, enormous works are needed for development and validation of novel and clinically applicable biomarkers to reduce the impact of this highly prevalent and debilitating condition.