miR-144 inhibits growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells by targeting VEGFA and VEGFC

MicroRNA-875-5p inhibits the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells by promoting autophagy and apoptosis and inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Introduction

MicroRNA-875-5p (miR-875-5p) is a cancer-related microRNA. It has been demonstrated that miR-875-5p participates in the development of various types of cancer such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, prostate and bladder cancer. Previous research suggested that miR-875 is implicated in the development of cervical cancer cells. However, the exact role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer remain unexplored. It is important to examine the role and function of miR-875-5p and the associated signaling pathway, as the findings may have diagnostic and therapeutic significance. Thus, in this study, we investigated the effect of miR-875-5p on the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer cells and the possible underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the expression of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer cells and normal cervical epithelium. After overexpression or co-expression of miR-875-5p in cells, the changes in cell function were analyzed. Western blot was used to detect the expression changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) -related proteins and autophagy-related proteins.

Results

Functional studies demonstrated that miR-875-5p overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and promotes apoptosis and autophagy of cervical cancer cells., while miR-875-5p knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT, and inhibited apoptosis and autophagy cervical cancer cells. Furthermore, Western blot results showed that overexpression of miR-875-5p downregulated the expressions of N-cadherin, Snail, Vimentin and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3B I (LC3B I). Conversely, miR-875-5p upregulated the expression of E-cadherin.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our findings suggest that miR-875-5p functions as a tumor inhibitor suppressing the growth and metastasis of cervical cancer. Overexpression of miR-875-5p inhibits malignant behavior and promotes autophagy and apoptosis in cervical cancer cells. These findings advance our understanding of the role and function of miR-875-5p in cervical cancer and could facilitate the development of early genetic markers or biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cervical cancer.

Prognostic potential of miR-144 in various cancers: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

MicrorNA-144 (MiR-144) has been shown to be an attractive prognostic tumor biomarker and play a fundamental role in various cancers, However, the conclusion was inconsistency. The aim of this study was to identify the prognostic role of miR-144 in cancers.

METHODS

Relevant studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science up to April 20, 2022. Hazard ratios (HR), odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were pooled from the selected studies.

RESULTS

A total of 15 articles involving 1846 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The results revealed that low miR-144 expression was significantly associated with favorable overall survival (HR: 0.68, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.53-0.88) in various cancers. Low miR-144 expression had better predictive value in patients with urinary system cancer (HR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.35-0.64). In addition, low miR-144 expression was associated with tumor diameter (big vs small) (OR: 1.69, 95% CI: 1.08-2.75), tumor stage (III-IV vs I-II) (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 3.76-8.14) and invasion depth (T3 + T4 vs T2 + T1) (OR: 3.24, 95% CI: 1.72-4.89).

CONCLUSION

miR-144 may serve as a prognostic biomarker in cancers.

miR-144-3p inhibited the growth, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colorectal adenocarcinoma by targeting ZEB1/2

miR-144-3p is aberrantly expressed in several types of human cancer and functions as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting metastasis. However, the clinical significance and biological function of miR-144-3p in colorectal adenocarcinoma (CRA) have yet to be elucidated. Here we reported that miR-144-3p expression level was significantly down-regulated in CRA tissues compared with matched noncancerous colorectal mucosae tissues. Low miR-144-3p expression was correlated with adverse clinicopathologic characteristics and poor prognosis of CRA patients. Cox regression analysis showed that low miR-144-3p expression was an independent risk factor for DFS and OS in CRA. In vitro and in vivo assays showed that miR-144-3p significantly inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion of CRA cells. In particular, miR-144-3p could suppress EMT process of CRA cells by regulating the cytoskeleton and EMT markers. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that EMT associated transcription factors ZEB1 and ZEB2 were potential targets of miR-144-3p, and miR-144-3p inhibited ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression and was negatively correlated with their expression in CRA. Finally, we confirmed that ZEB1 and ZEB2 down-regulation collaboratively mediated the inhibitory effect of miR-144-3p on proliferation, invasion and EMT of CRA cells. In conclusion, our study provided evidence that miR-144-3p could inhibit CRA cell proliferation, invasion and EMT by targeting ZEB1/2.

LINC00707 Regulates miR-382-5p/VEGFA Pathway to Enhance Cervical Cancer Progression

Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are reported to exhibit crucial roles in cancer progression. LINC00707 is recently indicated to be a significant oncogene in various cancers. Up to now, the mechanism of LINC00707 in cervical cancer is still unclear. In this study, our present work was designed to study the biological effects of LINC00707 in cervical cancer. Firstly, the expression level of LINC00707 in cervical cancer was tested. We observed LINC00707 expression was greatly increased in cervical cancer. Then, we assessed the detailed effect of LINC00707 on the development of cervical cancer using CCK-8 assay, Transwell assays, and tumor xenograft experiments. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function assays revealed the function of LINC00707 in cervical cancer progression. In addition, the action of LINC00707 in cervical cancer cells was studied using bioinformatic tools and luciferase reporter experiment. It was displayed that loss of LINC00707 significantly repressed cell growth of cervical cancer. Meanwhile, restoration of LINC00707 expression obviously induced cervical cancer cell growth. Then, we predicted that LINC00707 could serve as a molecular sponge for miR-382-5p to modulate VEGFA expression in cervical cancer. Subsequently, lack of VEGFA expression reversed the influence of miR-382-5p knockdown on cervical cancer cells. In conclusion, our findings evidenced the significant role of LINC00707-miR-382-5p-VEGFA network in cervical cancer and it can provide an attractive target.

Small Non-Coding-RNA in Gynecological Malignancies

Gynecologic malignancies, which include cancers of the cervix, ovary, uterus, vulva, vagina, and fallopian tube, are among the leading causes of female mortality worldwide, with the most prevalent being endometrial, ovarian, and cervical cancer. Gynecologic malignancies are complex, heterogeneous diseases, and despite extensive research efforts, the molecular mechanisms underlying their development and pathology remain largely unclear. Currently, mechanistic and therapeutic research in cancer is largely focused on protein targets that are encoded by about 1% of the human genome. Our current understanding of 99% of the genome, which includes noncoding RNA, is limited. The discovery of tens of thousands of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), possessing either structural or regulatory functions, has fundamentally altered our understanding of genetics, physiology, pathophysiology, and disease treatment as they relate to gynecologic malignancies. In recent years, it has become clear that ncRNAs are relatively stable, and can serve as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, as well as guide therapy choices. Here we discuss the role of small non-coding RNAs, i.e., microRNAs (miRs), P-Element induced wimpy testis interacting (PIWI) RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived small RNAs in gynecological malignancies, specifically focusing on ovarian, endometrial, and cervical cancer.

MicroRNA-144: A novel biological marker and potential therapeutic target in human solid cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. It has been reported that microRNA-144 (miR-144) is highly conserved and can combine complementarily with the 3'-UTRs of target gene mRNAs to inhibit mRNA translation or promote targeted mRNA degradation. MiR-144 is abnormally expressed and has been identified as a tumor suppressor in many types of solid tumors. Increasing evidence supports a crucial role for miR-144 in modulating physiopathologic processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and angiogenesis in different tumor cells. Apart from these functions, miR-144 can also affect drug sensitivity, cancer treatment and patient prognosis. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of miR-144, its direct targets and the important signal pathways through which it acts in relation to various tumors. We also discuss the role of miR-144 in tumor biology and its clinical significance in detail and offer novel insights into molecular targeting therapy for human cancers.

The Abnormal Expression of miR-205-5p, miR-195-5p, and VEGF-A in Human Cervical Cancer Is Related to the Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism

BACKGROUND

Low molecular heparin (LWMH) therapy can prevent the occurrence of VTE in tumor patients and may have a direct antitumor effect. However, the expression pattern of VEGF-A and microRNAs was less reported in cervical cancer subjects who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) or received anticoagulant treatment with low molecular weight heparin (LWMH) after CCRT (CCRT+LWMH).

METHODS

In this study, 30 cervical cancer subjects treated with CCRT and 30 cervical cancer patients treated with CCRT+LWMH were enrolled. We screened five miRNAs (miR-15a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-29a-3p, miR-195-5p, and miR-205-5p), which have multiple binding sites with VEGF-A and are highly expressed in serum of patients with cervical cancer, by RT-qPCR. The expression level of VEGF-A was also detected by RT-qPCR and ELISA. Statistical methods were used for difference and correlation analyses.

RESULTS

We observed the curative effect in the two treatment methods. In the CCRT group, the total effective rate was 60.00%, and in the CCRT+LWMT group, the total effective rate was 83.33% (P = 0.013, χ 2 = 6.129). Additionally, the serum levels of VEGF-A in the CCRT+LWMH group were downregulated, relative to the CCRT group (P < 0.05), and VEGF-A in serum was significantly positively correlated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) (r = 2.134, P = 0.035). Only miR-205-5p and miR-195-5p were upregulated in CCRT+LWMH, relative to CCRT (P < 0.05). In serum of patients with cervical cancer after CCRT+LWMH treatment, there was no significant correlation between VEGF-A and miR-15a-5p (r = -0.132, P = 0.209), miR-16-5p (r = -0.205, P = 0.311), or miR-29a-3p (r = -0.029, P = 0.662), but VEGF-A was significantly negatively correlated with miR-195-5p (r = -0.396, P = 0.040) and miR-205-5p (r = -0.315, P = 0.032). Furthermore, VTE was also significantly negatively correlated with miR-195-5p (r = -0.412, P = 0.031) and miR-205-5p (r = -0.123, P = 0.044).

CONCLUSION

These data revealed roles for VEGF-A and these miRNAs as potential biomarkers in cervical cancer patients with VTE, which exhibited usage potential in the treatment of venous thromboembolism.

miR-4429 Regulates the Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Cervical Cancer by Targeting FOXM1

BACKGROUND

miR-4429 acts as an inhibitor in many malignant tumors and participates in the biological processes of them, but the clinical value and potential molecular mechanism of miR-4429 in cervical cancer (CC) are still under investigation.

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the clinical value and molecular mechanism of miR-4429 in CC.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A qRT-PCR assay was employed to determine the levels of miR-4429 and forkhead-box M1 (FOXM1) in CC tissues, CC cell lines (SiHa, CaSki, ME-180, and C33A) and human normal immortalized epithelial cell lines (HaCaT). The proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis abilities of ME-180 and C33A cells were detected, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related proteins in the cells were also determined.

RESULTS

MiR-4429 acted as a tumor suppressor gene in CC tissues and cells and was linked to lymph node metastasis and International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging. The survival analysis revealed that lymph node metastasis, high FIGO staging, and low miR-4429 expression were all related to the unfavorable prognosis of the patients, and the dual-luciferase reporter assay revealed that FOXM1 was the target of miR-4429. Both overexpression of miR-4429 and knock-down of FOXM1 inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of CCCs, and accelerated the apoptosis of them. Conversely, both knockdown of miR-4429 and overexpression of FOXM1 promoted those biological behaviors of the cells. Moreover, the rescue experiment revealed that the overexpression of FOXM1 reversed the influences of miR-4429 overexpression on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of CCCs.

CONCLUSION

miR-4429 acts as a tumor suppressor in CC and can directly target FOXM1 to regulate the proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis and EMT of CCCs, so miR-4429 is expected to be a new therapeutic target for CC.

[Over-expression of miR-144 inhibits invasion of liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells in vitro by suppressing TLR/MyD88 pathway]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effects of over-expression of miR-144 on invasion of SMMC-7721 cells and Toll-like receptor (TLR)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma cells.

METHODS

The expressions of miR-144 was examined in normal human hepatocyte line HL-7702 and hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 using realtime quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR). SMMC-7721 cells were divided into blank group, miR-144 NC group and miR-144 mimics group, and the expressions of miR-144 in each group were detected with qRT-PCR. Cell count kit-8 (CCK8) was used to assess the survival of SMMC-7721 cells, and the cell invasion was evaluated using Transwell assay. The expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and TLR/MyD88 pathway-related proteins in the cells were detected with Western blotting; the effect of 40 μ mol/L MyD88 inhibitor on TLR/MyD88 pathway-related proteins was examined in SMMC-7721 cells.

RESULTS

Compared with normal human hepatocytes, SMMC-7721 cells expressed a significantly lower level of miR-144 (P < 0.05). CCK-8 assay showed that test showed that miR-144 over-expression significantly decreased the cell survival rate (P < 0.05), lowered the number of invasive cells, and decreased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in SMMC-7721 cells (P < 0.05). The expressions of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), MyD88, phosphorylated nuclear factor-kappa B (pNF-κB) and NF-κB protein decreased significantly in miR-144 mimics group and TJ-M2010-2 group (P < 0.05) and were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of miR-144 decreases SMMC-7721 cell survival and invasion by inhibiting TLR/MyD88 pathway.

MiR-144: A New Possible Therapeutic Target and Diagnostic/Prognostic Tool in Cancers

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small and non-coding RNAs that display aberrant expression in the tissue and plasma of cancer patients when tested in comparison to healthy individuals. In past decades, research data proposed that miRNAs could be diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer patients. It has been confirmed that miRNAs can act either as oncogenes by silencing tumor inhibitors or as tumor suppressors by targeting oncoproteins. MiR-144s are located in the chromosomal region 17q11.2, which is subject to significant damage in many types of cancers. In this review, we assess the involvement of miR-144s in several cancer types by illustrating the possible target genes that are related to each cancer, and we also briefly describe the clinical applications of miR-144s as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in cancers.

microRNA-144 functions as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for retinoblastoma

OBJECTIVES

Retinoblastoma (RB) is a highly malignant eye tumor with a low survival rate and a high metastatic rate. The current work was designed to investigate the potential roles of microRNA-144 (miR-144) in the diagnosis and prognosis of RB.

METHODS

miR-144 expression levels in RB tissues and adjacent normal tissues, as well as serum samples from RB patients and healthy controls were measured. The association between miR-144 expression levels and clinical features were analyzed. Moreover, diagnostic and prognostic values of miR-144 in RB were verified by receiver operating characteristic analysis and Kaplan-Meier survival assays.

RESULTS

The expression level of miR-144 was markedly decreased in tumor tissues of RB patients, and the expression level of miR-144 was positively associated with tumor size and metastasis in RB patients. Moreover, miR-144 can distinguish tumor tissues from normal tissues with high specificity and sensitivity, and RB patients with lower miR-144 expression have shorter overall and disease-free survival rates than those with higher miR-144 expression. Alternatively, miR-144 also decreased in the serum of RB patients in comparison with healthy subjects, and miR-144 expression levels in the tissue samples and serum were positively correlated. Furthermore, miR-144 levels in the serum of RB patients sensitively distinguished RB patients from healthy controls.

CONCLUSIONS

miR-144 expression was downregulated in serum and tissue samples of RB patients and may function as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for RB.

CLK3 Is A Direct Target Of miR-144 And Contributes To Aggressive Progression In Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Background

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer with high incidence. The underlying molecular mechanisms of HCC development have been intensively studied. CLK3 (CDC Like Kinase 3) is a nuclear dual-specificity kinase and regulates gene splicing. We investigated the expression profile and functional role of CLK3 in HCC.

Methods

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot were performed to determine CLK3 expression in HCC tissues. Bioinformatics analysis using TCGA and GEO database was conducted to evaluate the relationship between CLK3 expression and HCC prognosis. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK8, EdU and colony formation assays, while transwell and wound-healing assays were performed to investigate the cell migration and invasion in vitro. Xenograft nude mouse model was used to test the function of CLK3 on tumor growth in vivo. Luciferase reporter assay, Western blot and RT-qPCR were conducted to verify the miRNA that directly targeted CLK3.

Results

CLK3 was markedly upregulated in HCC tissues, and the expression levels of CLK3 were closely associated with TNM stages and HCC prognosis. Functional analysis indicated that knockdown of CLK3 could suppress HCC cell growth, invasion and migration in vitro, and inhibit tumor development in vivo. Moreover, CLK3 was demonstrated as a direct target of miR-144 and miR-144 expression was inversely correlated with CLK3 expression in HCC. Enforced overexpression of miR-144 markedly inhibited the CLK3 expression while overexpression of CLK3 partially reversed the inhibitory function of miR-144 on HCC cell growth and metastasis. Mechanistically, we found that miR-144 overexpression inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling and the inhibition could be partly abolished by overexpression of CLK3.

Conclusion

In summary, we demonstrate tumor suppressor miR-144 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma development and metastasis via regulating CLK3 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, indicating that miR-144/CLK3 could be used for HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Competitive endogenous RNA network identifies four long non-coding RNA signature as a candidate prognostic biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most commonly histological subtype of lung cancer (LC) and the prognoses of the majority of LUAD patients are still very poor. The present study aimed at integrating long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression data to construct lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network and identify importantly potential lncRNA signature in ceRNA network as a candidate prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients.

METHODS

lncRNA, miRNA and mRNA expression data as well as clinical characteristics of LUAD patients were retrieved from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs), differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and differentially expressed miRNA (DEmiRNA) between LUAD and normal lung tissues samples were analyzed. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network was constructed and the biological functions of DEmRNAs in ceRNA network were analyzed using gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses of DElncRNAs in ceRNA network were implemented to predict the overall survival (OS) in LUAD patients. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to evaluate the performance of multivariate Cox regression model.

RESULTS

A total of 1,664 DElncRNAs, 120 DEmiRNAs and 2,503 DEmRNAs was identified between LUAD and normal lung tissues samples. A lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network including 140 DElncRNAs, 33 DEmiRNAs and 57 DEmRNAs was established. Kaplan-Meier (KM) [Log-rank (LR) test] and univariate regression analysis of those 140 DElncRNAs revealed that 7 DElncRNAs (LINC00518, UCA1, NAV2-AS2, MED4-AS1, SYNPR-AS1, AC011483.1, AP002478.1) were simultaneously identified to be associated with OS of LUAD patients. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of those 7 DElncRNAs showed that a group of 4 DElncRNAs including AP002478.1 (Cox P=4.66E-03), LINC00518 (Cox P=2.34E-04), MED4-AS1 (Cox P=6.42E-03) and NAV2-AS2 (Cox P=6.66E-02) had significantly prognostic value in OS of LUAD patients. The cumulative risk score indicated that the 4-lncRNA signature was significantly associated with OS of LUAD patients (P=0). The area under the curve (AUC) of the 4-lncRNA signature related with 3-year survival was 0.669.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study provides novel insights into the lncRNA-related regulatory mechanisms in LUAD, and identifying 4-lncRNA signature may serve as a candidate prognostic biomarker in predicting the OS of LUAD patients.

miR‑144 promotes the proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells by downregulating the expression of SFRP1

Osteoporosis (OP) seriously affects the health and quality of life of elderly individuals and postmenopausal women, and the need to identify drugs that can prevent or treat OP remains urgent. Recently, several miRNAs have been reported to be involved in the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts; however, the role of miRNA (miR)-144 in regulating OP remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the expression levels of miR-144, secreted frizzled-related protein 1 (Sfrp1) and TNF-α in clinical samples were detected by the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and ELISA, respectively. 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine staining, Hoechst 33258 staining, flow cytometry, a clone formation assay and Alizarin red staining were used to assess the effects of miR-144 combined with or without Sfrp1 small interfering RNA on the proliferation, apoptosis and osteoblastic differentiation of primary mesenchymal stem cells isolated from rats. Western blot assays were performed to assess the relevant mechanisms, and a dual luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the interaction between miR-144 and Sfrp1. The results showed that the levels of miR-144, Sfrp1 and TNF-α in clinical serum samples obtained from patients with postmenopausal OP were higher than those in serum samples obtained from postmenopausal women with normal bone density. There was a significant positive correlation between miR-144 and Sfrp1. Functional experiments demonstrated that miR-144 promoted proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and induced the osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells by targeting Sfrp1. It was also shown that miR-144 may help regulate OP by activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These data suggest miR-144 as a novel target for preventing and treating OP.

The role of miRNAs in the invasion and metastasis of cervical cancer

Cervical cancer (CC) with early metastasis of the primary tumor results in poor prognosis and poor therapeutic outcomes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that play a substantial role in regulating gene expression post-transcriptionally and influence the development and progression of tumors. Numerous studies have discovered that miRNAs play significant roles in the invasion and metastasis of CC by affecting specific pathways, including Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathways. miRNAs also effectively modulate the process of epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Many studies provide new insights into the role of miRNAs and the pathogenesis of metastatic CC. In this review, we will offer an overview and update of our present understanding of the potential roles of miRNAs in metastatic CC.

A novel circular RNA hsa_circ_0020123 exerts oncogenic properties through suppression of miR-144 in non-small cell lung cancer

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death worldwide, while circulatory. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are found to play important roles in cancer initiation and development. Herein, a novel functional circRNA hsa_circ_0020123 had been identified in NSCLC progression in this study, and elevated hsa_circ_0020123 expression could be observed in cancer tissues compared with that in matched normal lung tissues. Moreover, up-regulation of hsa_circ_0020123 was recognized to be closely associated with a poor differentiation degree, lymph node metastasis, a high TNM stage and dismal prognosis for NSCLC patients. Typically, knockdown of hsa_circ_0020123 could inhibit the NSCLC growth and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo, which could be reversed by the hsa_circ_0020123 overexpression. Importantly, miR-144 was identified as the hsa_circ_0020123-associated miRNA through performing RNA in vivo precipitation (RIP) in NSCLC cells using a biotin-labeled hsa_circ_0020123 probe. Besides, our results suggested that, miR-144 suppression had determined the oncogenic properties mediated by hsa_circ_0020123. In addition, hsa_circ_0020123 could upregulate ZEB1 and EZH2 through competitively binding with miR-144. Finally, the administration of hsa_circ_0020123 siRNA could suppress the growth and metastasis in NSCLC-bearing mice in vivo. In conclusion, the hsa_circ_0020123-miR-144-ZEB1/EZH2 axis is critical for NSCLC progression, which indicates that hsa_circ_0020123 is a potential target for NSCLC treatment.

Lico A Causes ER Stress and Apoptosis via Up-Regulating miR-144-3p in Human Lung Cancer Cell Line H292

During our study on the bioactivities of natural flavonoids, we found that the total flavonoids (TFs) and the main constituent of it, licochalcone A (lico A), activated unfolded protein response (UPR) and induced autophagy and thereby apoptosis in H292 cells. MicroRNAs, such as the tumor repressor miR-144-3p, were reported to be differentially expressed in lung cancer cells and were linked to ER stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. However, the underlying miRNA-based mechanism for lico A modulating proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis in lung cancer cells is elusive. In this study, we found that miR-144-3p was down-regulated in H292 cells comparing to normal embryonic lung cells WI-38, and lico A (10 μM) could increase miR-144-3p level in H292 cells. Knockdown of miR-144-3p significantly abrogated the apoptosis and proliferation-inhibiting effects of lico A, and lico A could enhance the proliferation-inhibiting effect and apoptosis induced by miR-144-3p overexpression. Moreover, overexpression miR-144-3p could induce ER stress by down-regulating Nrf2, and lico A enhanced the Nrf2 down-regulation caused by miR-144-3p overexpression. Co-transfection experiments showed that lico A potentially increased the dicing of pre-miR-144 so as to increase the mature miR-144-3p level. Interestingly, high level of lico A (40 μM) up-regulated CHOP protein, but failed to increase the downstream genes levels of CHOP, including Bim and Bcl-2 in H292 cells. Docking studies indicated that CHOP-mediated pathway was potentially blocked by high dose of lico A. Our results suggested that lico A could cause UPR, autophagy and apoptosis, and the underlying mechanism involved up-regulation of miR-144-3p, and increased lico A level would also increase the potential for lico A inhibiting CHOP-dependent apoptosis in H292 cells.

Current Challenges and Opportunities in Treating Glioblastoma

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, has a high mortality rate despite extensive efforts to develop new treatments. GBM exhibits both intra- and intertumor heterogeneity, lending to resistance and eventual tumor recurrence. Large-scale genomic and proteomic analysis of GBM tumors has uncovered potential drug targets. Effective and "druggable" targets must be validated to embark on a robust medicinal chemistry campaign culminating in the discovery of clinical candidates. Here, we review recent developments in GBM drug discovery and delivery. To identify GBM drug targets, we performed extensive bioinformatics analysis using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas project. We discovered 20 genes, BOC, CLEC4GP1, ELOVL6, EREG, ESR2, FDCSP, FURIN, FUT8-AS1, GZMB, IRX3, LITAF, NDEL1, NKX3-1, PODNL1, PTPRN, QSOX1, SEMA4F, TH, VEGFC, and C20orf166AS1 that are overexpressed in a subpopulation of GBM patients and correlate with poor survival outcomes. Importantly, nine of these genes exhibit higher expression in GBM versus low-grade glioma and may be involved in disease progression. In this review, we discuss these proteins in the context of GBM disease progression. We also conducted computational multi-parameter optimization to assess the blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of small molecules in clinical trials for GBM treatment. Drug delivery in the context of GBM is particularly challenging because the BBB hinders small molecule transport. Therefore, we discuss novel drug delivery methods, including nanoparticles and prodrugs. Given the aggressive nature of GBM and the complexity of targeting the central nervous system, effective treatment options are a major unmet medical need. Identification and validation of biomarkers and drug targets associated with GBM disease progression present an exciting opportunity to improve treatment of this devastating disease.