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Anyona SB, Raballah E, Cheng Q, Hurwitz I, Ndege C, Munde E, Otieno W, Seidenberg PD, Schneider KA, Lambert CG, McMahon BH, Ouma C, Perkins DJ. Differential Gene Expression in Host Ubiquitination Processes in Childhood Malarial Anemia. Front Genet 2021; 12:764759. [PMID: 34880904 PMCID: PMC8646022 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.764759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria remains one of the leading global causes of childhood morbidity and mortality. In holoendemic Plasmodium falciparum transmission regions, such as western Kenya, severe malarial anemia [SMA, hemoglobin (Hb) < 6.0 g/dl] is the primary form of severe disease. Ubiquitination is essential for regulating intracellular processes involved in innate and adaptive immunity. Although dysregulation in ubiquitin molecular processes is central to the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases, the expression patterns of ubiquitination genes in SMA remain unexplored. Methods: To examine the role of the ubiquitination processes in pathogenesis of SMA, differential gene expression profiles were determined in Kenyan children (n = 44, aged <48 mos) with either mild malarial anemia (MlMA; Hb ≥9.0 g/dl; n = 23) or SMA (Hb <6.0 g/dl; n = 21) using the Qiagen Human Ubiquitination Pathway RT2 Profiler PCR Array containing a set of 84 human ubiquitination genes. Results: In children with SMA, 10 genes were down-regulated (BRCC3, FBXO3, MARCH5, RFWD2, SMURF2, UBA6, UBE2A, UBE2D1, UBE2L3, UBR1), and five genes were up-regulated (MDM2, PARK2, STUB1, UBE2E3, UBE2M). Enrichment analyses revealed Ubiquitin-Proteasomal Proteolysis as the top disrupted process, along with altered sub-networks involved in proteasomal, protein, and ubiquitin-dependent catabolic processes. Conclusion: Collectively, these novel results show that protein coding genes of the ubiquitination processes are involved in the pathogenesis of SMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel B. Anyona
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya,University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,*Correspondence: Samuel B. Anyona,
| | - Evans Raballah
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
| | - Qiuying Cheng
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Ivy Hurwitz
- Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Caroline Ndege
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya
| | - Elly Munde
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Health Science, Kirinyaga University, Kerugoya, Kenya
| | - Walter Otieno
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Philip D. Seidenberg
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Kristan A. Schneider
- Department Applied Computer and Bio-Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Mittweida, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Benjamin H. McMahon
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
| | - Collins Ouma
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, School of Public Health and Community Development, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Douglas J. Perkins
- University of New Mexico-Kenya Global Health Programs, Kisumu and Siaya, Kenya,Center for Global Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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Abstract
We reported (Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Gischler J, Crowley J, Horgan MM, and Powderly WG. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 275: E577-E583, 1998) that AIDS muscle wasting was associated with an inappropriately low rate of muscle protein synthesis and an elevated glutamine rate of appearance (Ra Gln). We hypothesized that high plasma HIV RNA caused dysregulation of muscle amino acid metabolism. We determined whether a reduction in HIV RNA (> or =1 log) increased muscle protein synthesis rate and reduced R(a) Gln and muscle proteasome activity in 10 men and 1 woman (22-57 yr, 60-108 kg, 17-33 kg muscle) with advanced HIV (CD4 = 0-311 cells/microl; HIV RNA = 10-375 x 10(3) copies/ml). We utilized stable isotope tracer methodologies ([13C]Leu and [15N]Gln) to measure the fractional rate of mixed muscle protein synthesis and plasma Ra Gln in these subjects before and 4 mo after initiating their first or a salvage antiretroviral therapy regimen. After treatment, median CD4 increased (98 vs. 139 cells/microl, P = 0.009) and median HIV RNA was reduced (155,828 vs. 100 copies/ml, P = 0.003). Mixed muscle protein synthesis rate increased (0.062 +/- 0.005 vs. 0.078 +/- 0.006%/h, P = 0.01), Ra Gln decreased (387 +/- 33 vs. 323 +/- 15 micromol.kg fat-free mass(-1).h(-1), P = 0.04), and muscle proteasome chymotrypsin-like catalytic activity was reduced 14% (P = 0.03). Muscle mass was only modestly increased (1 kg, P = not significant). We estimated that, for each 10,000 copies/ml reduction in HIV RNA, approximately 3 g of additional muscle protein are synthesized per day. These findings suggest that reducing HIV RNA increases muscle protein synthesis and reduces muscle proteolysis, but muscle protein synthesis relative to whole body protein synthesis rate is not restored to normal, so muscle mass is not substantially increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin E Yarasheski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kwak KS, Zhou X, Solomon V, Baracos VE, Davis J, Bannon AW, Boyle WJ, Lacey DL, Han HQ. Regulation of Protein Catabolism by Muscle-Specific and Cytokine-Inducible Ubiquitin Ligase E3α-II during Cancer Cachexia. Cancer Res 2004; 64:8193-8. [PMID: 15548684 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The progressive depletion of skeletal muscle is a hallmark of many types of advanced cancer and frequently is associated with debility, morbidity, and mortality. Muscle wasting is primarily mediated by the activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, which is responsible for degrading the bulk of intracellular proteins. E3 ubiquitin ligases control polyubiquitination, a rate-limiting step in the ubiquitin-proteasome system, but their direct involvement in muscle protein catabolism in cancer remains obscure. Here, we report the full-length cloning of E3alpha-II, a novel "N-end rule" ubiquitin ligase, and its functional involvement in cancer cachexia. E3alpha-II is highly enriched in skeletal muscle, and its expression is regulated by proinflammatory cytokines. In two different animal models of cancer cachexia, E3alpha-II was significantly induced at the onset and during the progression of muscle wasting. The E3alpha-II activation in skeletal muscle was accompanied by a sharp increase in protein ubiquitination, which could be blocked by arginine methylester, an E3alpha-selective inhibitor. Treatment of myotubes with tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 6 elicited marked increases in E3alpha-II but not E3alpha-I expression and ubiquitin conjugation activity in parallel. E3alpha-II transfection markedly accelerated ubiquitin conjugation to endogenous cellular proteins in muscle cultures. These findings show that E3alpha-II plays an important role in muscle protein catabolism during cancer cachexia and suggest that E3alpha-II is a potential therapeutic target for muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith S Kwak
- Department of Metabolic Disorders, Oncology & Discovery Research, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA
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Li YP, Chen Y, Li AS, Reid MB. Hydrogen peroxide stimulates ubiquitin-conjugating activity and expression of genes for specific E2 and E3 proteins in skeletal muscle myotubes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2003; 285:C806-12. [PMID: 12773310 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to promote muscle atrophy in chronic wasting diseases, but the underlying mechanism has not been determined. Here we show that H2O2 stimulates ubiquitin conjugation to muscle proteins through transcriptional regulation of the enzymes (E2 and E3 proteins) that conjugate ubiquitin to muscle proteins. Incubation of C2C12 myotubes with 100 microM H2O2 increased the rate of 125I-labeled ubiquitin conjugation to muscle proteins in whole cell extracts. This response required at least 4-h exposure to H2O2 and persisted for at least 24 h. Preincubating myotubes with cycloheximide or actinomycin D blocked H2O2 stimulation of ubiquitin-conjugating activity, suggesting that gene transcription is required. Northern blot analyses revealed that H2O2 upregulates expression of specific E3 and E2 proteins that are thought to regulate muscle catabolism, including atrogin1/MAFbx, MuRF1, and E214k. These results suggest that ROS stimulate protein catabolism in skeletal muscle by upregulating the ubiquitin conjugation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Li
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Llovera M, García-Martínez C, Agell N, López-Soriano FJ, Authier FJ, Gherardi RK, Argiles JM. Ubiquitin gene expression is increased in human muscle undergoing neurogenic involvement. Neurochem Int 1999; 34:137-40. [PMID: 10213072 DOI: 10.1016/s0197-0186(98)00080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histological features of neurogenic muscle involvement included type grouping, muscle fiber atrophy, and target fibers. In muscles with myofiber atrophy and target fibers, we found an increased expression of the genes encoding for the ubiquitin-ATP-dependent proteolytic system. Thus, in patients with target fibers, a 5.2- and a 3.9-fold increase were observed for the 2.4 and 1.2 kb transcripts, respectively, while in those with atrophic angulated hyperoxidative fibers, a 3.9- and a 4.4-fold increase were observed for the 2.4 and 1.2 kb transcripts, respectively. It is suggested that the activation of this proteolytic system may be responsible for the skeletal muscle alterations that often accompany human muscle neurogenic involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Llovera
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
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