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Moradbeygi F, Ghasemi Y, Farmani AR, Hemmati S. Glucarpidase (carboxypeptidase G2): Biotechnological production, clinical application as a methotrexate antidote, and placement in targeted cancer therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115292. [PMID: 37579696 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) for malignancies are exposed to diverse complications, including nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, mucositis, myelotoxicity, neurological symptoms, and death. Glucarpidase is a recombinant carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2) that converts MTX into nontoxic metabolites. In this study, the role of vector type, gene optimization, orientation, and host on the expression of CPG2 is investigated. The effectiveness of various therapeutic regimens containing glucarpidase is classified and perspectives on the dose adjustment based on precision medicine are provided. Conjugation with cell-penetrating peptides, human serum albumin, and polymers such as PEG and dextran for delivery, higher stability, and production of the biobetter variants of CPG2 is highlighted. Conjugation of CPG2 to F(ab՜)2 or scFv antibody fragments against tumor-specific antigens and the corresponding prodrugs for tumor-targeted drug delivery using the antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) is communicated. Trials to reduce the off-target effects and the possibility of repeated ADEPT cycles by adding pro-domains sensitive to tumor-overexpressed proteases, antiCPG2 antibodies, CPG2 mutants with immune-system-unrecognizable epitopes, and protective polymers are reported. Intracellular cpg2 gene expression by gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) and the concerns regarding the safety and transfection efficacy of the GDEPT vectors are described. A novel bifunctional platform using engineered CAR-T cell micropharmacies, known as Synthetic Enzyme-Armed KillER (SEAKER) cells, expressing CPG2 to activate prodrugs at the tumor niche is introduced. Taken together, integrated data in this review and recruiting combinatorial strategies in novel drug delivery systems define the future directions of ADEPT, GDEPT, and SEAKER cell therapy and the placement of CPG2 therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradbeygi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Farmani
- Tissue Engineering Department, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Shiva Hemmati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Sharma SK, Pedley RB, Bhatia J, Boxer GM, El-Emir E, Qureshi U, Tolner B, Lowe H, Michael NP, Minton N, Begent RHJ, Chester KA. Sustained Tumor Regression of Human Colorectal Cancer Xenografts Using a Multifunctional Mannosylated Fusion Protein in Antibody-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.814.11.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose: Antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) requires highly selective antibody-mediated delivery of enzyme to tumor. MFE-CP, a multifunctional genetic fusion protein of antibody and enzyme, was designed to achieve this by two mechanisms. First by using a high affinity and high specificity single chain Fv antibody directed to carcinoembryonic antigen. Second by rapid removal of antibody-enzyme from normal tissues by virtue of post-translational mannosylation. The purpose of this paper is to investigate these dual functions in an animal model of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and efficacy.
Experimental Design: MFE-CP was expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and purified via an engineered hexahistidine tag. Biodistribution and therapeutic effect of a single ADEPT cycle (1,000 units/kg MFE-CP followed by 70 mg/kg ZD2767P prodrug at 6, 7, and 8 hours) and multiple ADEPT cycles (9-10 cycles within 21-24 days) was studied in established human colon carcinoma xenografts, LS174T, and SW1222.
Results: Selective localization of functional enzyme in tumors and rapid clearance from plasma was observed within 6 hours, resulting in tumor to plasma ratios of 1,400:1 and 339:1, respectively for the LS174T and SW1222 models. A single ADEPT cycle produced reproducible tumor growth delay in both models. Multiple ADEPT cycles significantly enhanced the therapeutic effect of a single cycle in the LS174T xenografts (P = 0.001) and produced regressions in the SW1222 xenografts (P = 0.0001), with minimal toxicity.
Conclusions: MFE-CP fusion protein, in combination with ZD2767P, provides a new and successful ADEPT system, which offers the potential for multiple cycles and antitumor efficacy. These results provide a basis for the next stage in clinical development of ADEPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surinder K. Sharma
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Barbara Pedley
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeetendra Bhatia
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey M. Boxer
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Qureshi
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Berend Tolner
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Lowe
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - N. Paul Michael
- 2Center for Applied Microbiology and Research, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nigel Minton
- 3Institute of Infections, Immunity and Inflammation, Queens Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H. J. Begent
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry A. Chester
- 1CR UK Targeting and Imaging Group, Department of Oncology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
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Cheng TL, Wei SL, Chen BM, Chern JW, Wu MF, Liu PW, Roffler SR. Bystander killing of tumour cells by antibody-targeted enzymatic activation of a glucuronide prodrug. Br J Cancer 1999; 79:1378-85. [PMID: 10188879 PMCID: PMC2362709 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
RHI-betaG-PEG, formed by linking poly(ethylene glycol)-modified beta-glucuronidase to Mab RH1, was employed to examine bystander killing of antigen-negative N1S1 rat hepatoma cells by activation of a glucuronide prodrug (BHAMG) of p-hydroxyaniline mustard (pHAM) at antigen-positive AS-30D rat hepatoma cells. Sequential treatment of cells with 10 microg ml(-1) RH1-betaG-PEG and 20 microM BHAMG was not toxic to N1S1 cells but killed 99% of AS-30D cells. Over 98% of N1S1 cells, however, were killed in mixed populations containing as few as 2% AS-30D cells after identical treatment, demonstrating an in vitro bystander effect. Subcutaneous injection of AS-30D and N1S1 cells in BALB/c nu/nu mice produced solid tumours containing both cells. Uptake of radiolabelled RH1-betaG-PEG in solid AS-30D and mixed AS-30D/N1S1 tumours was 11.6 and 9.3 times greater than a control antibody conjugate 120 h after i.v. injection. Intravenous treatment with RH1-betaG-PEG and BHAMG cured seven of seven nude mice bearing solid s.c. AS-30D tumours and significantly delayed, compared with control conjugate and prodrug treatment, the growth of mixed N1S1/AS-30D tumours with one cure, showing that targeted activation of BHAMG kills bystander tumour cells in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Aniline Mustard/analogs & derivatives
- Aniline Mustard/metabolism
- Aniline Mustard/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/therapeutic use
- Diffusion
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Glucuronidase/metabolism
- Glucuronidase/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunotoxins/metabolism
- Immunotoxins/therapeutic use
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Polyethylene Glycols/metabolism
- Polyethylene Glycols/therapeutic use
- Prodrugs/metabolism
- Prodrugs/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Time Factors
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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