Gankyrin is essential for hypoxia enhanced metastatic potential in breast cancer cells

Synthesis and evaluation of 2,5-substituted pyrimidines as small-molecule gankyrin binders

Background: Gankyrin is an ankyrin-repeat protein that promotes cell proliferation, tumor development and cancer progression when overexpressed. Aim: To design and synthesize a novel series of gankyrin-binding small molecules predicated on a 2,5-pyrimidine scaffold. Materials & methods: The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity, ability to bind gankyrin and effects on cell cycle progression and the proteasomal degradation pathway. Results: Compounds 188 and 193 demonstrated the most potent antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and A549 cells, respectively. Both compounds also demonstrated the ability to effectively bind gankyrin, disrupt proteasomal degradation and inhibit cell cycle progression. Conclusion: The 2,5-pyrimidine scaffold exhibits a novel and promising strategy for binding gankyrin and inhibiting cancer cell proliferation.

Gankyrin inhibits ferroptosis through the p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis in triple-negative breast cancer cells

Gankyrin is found in high levels in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) and has been established to form a complex with the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 and p53, resulting in the degradation of p53 in hepatocarcinoma cells. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether gankyrin could inhibit ferroptosis through this mechanism in TNBC cells. The expression of gankyrin was investigated in relation to the prognosis of TNBC using bioinformatics. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays were then conducted to determine the presence of a gankyrin and MDM2 complex. RT-qPCR and immunoblotting were used to examine molecules related to ferroptosis, such as gankyrin, p53, MDM2, SLC7A11, and GPX4. Additionally, cell death was evaluated using flow cytometry detection of 7-AAD and a lactate dehydrogenase release assay, as well as lipid peroxide C11-BODIPY. Results showed that the expression of gankyrin is significantly higher in TNBC tissues and cell lines, and is associated with a poor prognosis for patients. Subsequent studies revealed that inhibiting gankyrin activity triggered ferroptosis in TNBC cells. Additionally, silencing gankyrin caused an increase in the expression of the p53 protein, without altering its mRNA expression. Co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down experiments indicated that gankyrin and MDM2 form a complex. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts lacking both MDM2 and p53, this gankyrin/MDM2 complex was observed to ubiquitinate p53, thus raising the expression of molecules inhibited by ferroptosis, such as SLC7A11 and GPX4. Furthermore, silencing gankyrin in TNBC cells disrupted the formation of the gankyrin/MDM2 complex, hindered the degradation of p53, increased SLC7A11 expression, impeded cysteine uptake, and decreased GPX4 production. Our findings suggest that TNBC cells are able to prevent cell ferroptosis through the gankyrin/p53/SLC7A11/GPX4 signaling pathway, indicating that gankyrin may be a useful biomarker for predicting TNBC prognosis or a potential therapeutic target.

Small-Molecule Gankyrin Inhibition as a Therapeutic Strategy for Breast and Lung Cancer

Gankyrin is an oncoprotein responsible for the development of numerous cancer types. It regulates the expression levels of multiple tumor suppressor proteins (TSPs) in liver cancer; however, gankyrin's regulation of these TSPs in breast and lung cancers has not been thoroughly investigated. Additionally, no small-molecule gankyrin inhibitor has been developed which demonstrates potent anti-proliferative activity against gankyrin overexpressing breast and lung cancers. Herein, we are reporting the structure-based design of gankyrin-binding small molecules which potently inhibited the proliferation of gankyrin overexpressing A549 and MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, reduced colony formation, and inhibited the growth of 3D spheroids in an in vitro tumor simulation model. Investigations demonstrated that gankyrin inhibition occurs through either stabilization or destabilization of its 3D structure. These studies shed light on the mechanism of small-molecule inhibition of gankyrin and demonstrate that gankyrin is a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of breast and lung cancer.

Gankyrin as Potential Biomarker for Colorectal Cancer With Occult Liver Metastases

The majority of occult liver metastases cannot be detected by computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or other traditionally morphological imaging approaches since the lesions are too small or they have not yet formed cancer nodules. Gankyrin is a small molecular protein composed of seven ankyrin domains. In this study, the expression of Gankyrin in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with liver metastases was investigated to determine its prognosis value. Gankyrin expression in CRC patients was initially analyzed using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and bioinformatics tools. RT-qPCR, western blotting, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and transwell migration and invasion assays were then performed to verify the expression and function of Gankyrin in CRC cell line, CRC tissues and matched non-tumor tissues of clinical patients. General clinicopathological information including TNM stage as well as preoperative and postoperative imaging results were collected. The main outcome indicator was overall survival (OS), referring to the length of time from surgery to either death or the last visit. Statistical analyses included chi-squared tests, Cox analyses, progression free survival (PFS) rates and OS rates. Elevated Gankyrin expression was confirmed in CRC patients. The upregulated Gankyrin expression was positively correlated with the progression of disease and liver metastasis in CRC patients. OS analysis revealed that prognosis was worse in CRC patients with high Gankyrin expression compared to those with low expression. CRC patients with higher Gankyrin expression also had a higher risk of occult liver metastases and a lower PFS rate. Therefore, Gankyrin can be used as a potential biomarker for early diagnosis of CRC with occult liver metastasis.

Identification of a covalent binder to the oncoprotein gankyrin using a NIR-Based OBOC screening method

Despite huge advancements in the process of synthesizing small molecules as part of one-bead-one-compound (OBOC) libraries, progress lags in the ability to screen these libraries against proteins of interest. Recently, we developed a method to screen OBOC libraries in which a target protein is labeled with a near-infrared (NIR) range fluorophore. The labeled protein incubates with beads of a library in a 96-well plate, then the plate is imaged for fluorescence. Fluorescence intensities produced by the labeled protein binding the bead can be quantitated and provide a basis to rank hits. Here, we present an application of this technique by screening the oncoprotein gankyrin against a 343-member peptoid library. The library was composed of four positions occupied by one of seven amines. In the third position, an amine that facilitates covalent binding via a sulfonyl fluoride moiety was incorporated. After screening for gankyrin binders twice, ten structures showed overlap in the types of amines present at each position. These initial hits were validated with an in-gel fluorescence assay in which the labeled ligands covalently interacted with purified gankyrin. Excitingly, one peptoid was validated from this analysis. This hit was also shown to bind gankyrin in the presence of HEK 293T lysate. Results from this study demonstrate successful use of our screening method to quickly identify quality binders to a target protein of interest.

POTEE promotes colorectal carcinoma progression via activating the Rac1/Cdc42 pathway

Current studies have shown that POTE ankyrin domain family members have high expressions as tumor antigens in malignant tumors, such as prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer and the like. POTEE is a member of the POTE anchor protein family E. However, its role in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) has not been studied. In this study, the function of POTEE in CRC was examined for the first time and its correlation with CRC cell biological behaviors was analyzed. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), western blotting, and immunohistochemistry revealed that POTEE was remarkably overexpressed in CRC and associated with an aggressive phenotype. We also found that POTEE was localized in the cytoplasm. In addition, downregulation of POTEE expression can notably inhibit the proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRC cell in vitro, and repressed tumor growth and metastasis in vivo. In contrast, overexpression of POTEE could promote the aggressive behaviors of CRC cells. Mechanistically, POTEE promoted CRC migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by increasing the activation of Rac1 and Cdc42. To summarize, these results suggested that POTEE might serve as an oncogene for CRC tumorigenesis and progression, and may become a novel molecular marker for clinical diagnosis and treatment.

The oncogene Gankyrin is expressed in testicular cancer and contributes to cisplatin sensitivity in embryonal carcinoma cells

Background

Testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC) develops from pre-malignant germ neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) cells. GCNIS originates from fetal gonocytes (POU5F1⁺/MAGE-A4⁻), which fail to differentiate to pre-spermatogonia (POU5F1⁻/MAGE-A4⁺) and undergo malignant transformation. Gankyrin is an oncogene which has been shown to prevent POU5F1 degradation and specifically interact with MAGE-A4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We aimed to investigate the role of Gankyrin in progression from gonocyte to pre-invasive GCNIS and subsequent invasive TGCC.

Methods

We determined Gankyrin expression in human fetal testicular tissue (gestational weeks 9–20; n = 38), human adult testicular tissue with active spermatogenesis (n = 9), human testicular tissue with germ cell maturation delay (n = 4), testicular tissue from patients with pre-invasive GCNIS (n = 6), and invasive TGCC including seminoma (n = 6) and teratoma (n = 7). Functional analysis was performed in-vitro by siRNA knock-down of Gankyrin in the NTera2 cells (derived from embryonal carcinoma).

Results

Germ cell expression of Gankyrin was restricted to a sub-population of prespermatogonia in human fetal testes. Nuclear Gankyrin was also expressed in GCNIS cells of childhood and adult pre-invasive TGCC patients, and in GCNIS from seminoma and non-seminoma patients. Cytoplasmic expression was observed in seminoma tumour cells and NTera2 cells. Gankyrin knock-down in NTera2 cells resulted in an increase in apoptosis mediated via the TP53 pathway, whilst POU5F1 expression was unaffected. Furthermore, Gankyrin knock-down in NTera2 cells increased cisplatin sensitivity with an increase in cell death (13%, p < 0.05) following Gankyrin knock-down, when compared to cisplatin treatment alone, likely via BAX and FAS. Our results demonstrate that Gankyrin expression changes in germ cells during normal transition from gonocyte to prespermatogonia. In addition, changes in Gankyrin localisation are associated with progression of pre-invasive GCNIS to invasive TGCC. Furthermore, we found that Gankyrin is involved in the regulation of NTera2 cell survival and that a reduction in Gankyrin expression can modulate cisplatin sensitivity.

Conclusions

These results suggest that manipulation of Gankyrin expression may reduce the cisplatin dose required for the treatment of TGCC, with benefits in reducing dose-dependent side effects of chemotherapy. Further studies are required in order to assess the effects of modulating Gankyrin on GCNIS/TGCC using in vivo models.

The long non-coding RNA Linc-GALH promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via epigenetically regulating Gankyrin

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most prevalent subtype of liver cancer, and it is characterized by high rate of metastasis and recurrence. Recent studies have boosted our understanding that Gankyrin contributes to both of these pathological properties, but the mechanisms underlying its aberrant regulation are poorly understood. Recently, many long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in regulating the expression of oncogenes and anti-oncogenes through various mechanisms. Here, using transcriptome microarray analysis, we identified a long intergenic noncoding RNA termed Linc-GALH that was highly expressed and concordance with Gankyrin expression in HCC. In addition, we revealed that Linc-GALH was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator for HCC, followed functional experiments showed that Linc-GALH promoted HCC cells migration and invasion in vitro, and enhanced lung metastasis ability of HCC cells in vivo. Mechanistically, we found that Linc-GALH could regulate the expression of Gankyrin through controlling the methylation status of Gankyrin by adjusting the ubiquitination status of DNMT1 in HCC. Collectively, our results demonstrated the role and functional mechanism of Linc-GALH in HCC, and indicated that Linc-GALH may act as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for HCC.

IL-37b suppresses epithelial mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma by inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 signaling

BACKGROUND

Interleukin-37b (IL-37b), a vital negative regulator of the innate immune system, has been reported to be a tumor inhibitor in different type of cancers. However, little is known about the relationship between IL-37b and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present study aimed to investigate the potential roles of IL-37b in HCC progression.

METHODS

Subjects (n = 237) were recruited, and serum IL-37b was measured using ELISA. The tumor-suppressive capacity and underlying mechanisms of IL-37b in HCC were investigated in vitro and in vivo.

RESULTS

Compared to healthy controls, serum IL-37b levels were elevated in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients but decreased significantly in HBV-HCC patients, especially for those with portal venous tumor thrombus. Low level serum IL-37b in HBV-HCC patients correlated with high HCC stage and poor overall survival and disease-free survival. In vitro and in vivo, recombinant human IL-37b inhibited proliferation and metastasis in HCC cells. Furthermore, IL-37b inhibited epithelial mesenchymal transition in HCC cells in vitro by downregulating IL-6, pSTAT3 (Y705), N-cadherin, and vimentin expression and by upregulating E-cadherin expression. These effects were partially reversed by transfection of adenovirus encoding human IL-6.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-37b inhibits HCC growth, metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition by regulating IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Serum IL-37b may be a biomarker for HBV-HCC and its staging.

Decreased E-Cadherin in MCF7 Human Breast Cancer Cells Forming Multicellular Spheroids Exposed to Simulated Microgravity

MCF7 human breast cancer cells were cultured under normal gravity (1 g) and on a random positioning machine (RPM) preventing sedimentation. After 2 weeks, adherent 1 g-control and adherent RPM cells (AD) as well as multicellular spheroids (MCS) were harvested. AD and MCS had been exposed to the RPM in the same culture flask. In a subsequent proteome analysis, the majority of the proteins detected showed similar label-free quantification (LFQ) scores in each of the respective subpopulations, but in both AD or MCS cultures, proteins were also found whose LFQs deviated at least twofold from their counterparts in the 1 g-control cells. They included the cell junction protein E-cadherin, which was diminished in MCS cells, where proteins of the E-cadherin autodegradation pathway were enhanced and c-Src (proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase c-Src) was detected. Spheroid formation was prevented by inhibition of c-Src but promoted by antibodies blocking E-cadherin activity. An interaction analysis of the detected proteins that are involved in forming and regulating junctions or adhesion complexes and in E-cadherin autodegradation indicated connections between the two protein groups. This suggests that the balance of proteins that up- or downregulate E-cadherin mediates the tendency of MCF7 cells to form MCS during RPM exposure.

Gankyrin promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis in NSCLC through forming a closed circle with IL-6/ STAT3 and TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway

Our previous research showed that Gankyrin was overexpressed in NSCLC and significantly associated with clinicopathologic features and poor prognosis. In this study, we will explore potential effect of Gankyrin on EMT and metastasis in NSCLC. The ectopic higher expression of Gankyrin markedly increased the migration and invasion in NSCLC cells. In contrast, silencing Gankyrin inhibit this aggressive behavior in NSCLC cells. Further study demonstrated that overexpression of Gankyrin could decrease E-cadherin expression and increase expression of Vimentin and Twist1 at mRNA and protein levels. These data indicated that Gankyrin could facilitate occurrence and development of EMT. Also IHC analysis showed that Gankyrin expression was negatively correlated with E-cadherin expression, while positively correlated with Vimentin and Twist1 expression in NSCLC tissues. The mechanism study finally suggested that the Gankyrin-driven EMT was partially due to IL-6/p-STAT3 and TGF-β/p-SMAD3 pathways activation. Taken together, our data provided a novel mechanism of Gankyrin promoting EMT and metastasis in NSCLC through forming a closed circle with IL-6/p-STAT3 and TGF-β/p-SMAD3 signaling pathway.

Unexpected Lower Expression of Oncoprotein Gankyrin in Drug Resistant ABCG2 Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cell Lines

Background: Development of a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype to chemotherapy remains a major barrier in the treatment of cancer. Gankyrin (p28, p28GANK or PSMD10) is an oncoprotein overexpressed in different carcinoma cell lines. The aim of this study was to compare Gankyrin expression level in MDR cells (MCF-7/ADR and MCF-7/ MX) and non-MDR counterparts (MCF-7). Methods: Gankyrin, MDR1 (also known as ABCB1; the ATP-binding cassette sub-family B member 1) and ABCG2 (also known as BCRP; the human breast cancer resistance protein) mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression levels of Gankyrin. Results: The PCR results showed that the expression of Gankyrin was significantly lower in the ABCG2 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/MX than in non-resistanct MCF-7 cells. In contrast, there were no significant differences in mRNA expression of Gankyrin in the MDR1 overexpressing cell line MCF-7/ADR in comparison with MCF-7 cells. Similarly, Western blot analysis confirmed lower expression of Gankyrin protein in the MCF-7/MX cell line (26% compared to controls) but not in MCF-7/ADR cells. Conclusion: These findings showed that there may be a relation between down-regulation of Gankyrin and overexpression of ABCG2 but without any clear relationship with MDR1 expression in breast cancer cell lines.

Gankyrin: a novel promising therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is known as fifth common malignancies and third common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The identification of various mechanisms which are involved in hepatocarcinogenesis contributes in finding a variety of cellular and molecular targets for HCC diagnosis, prevention and therapy. Among various identified targets in HCC pathogenesis, Gankyrin is a crucial oncoprotein that is up-regulated in HCC and plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progression of the HCC. Oncogenic role of Gankyrin has been found to stem from inhibition of two ubiquitous tumour suppressor proteins, retinoblastoma protein (pRb) and P53, and also modulation of several vital cellular signalling pathways including Wnt/β-Catenin, NF-κB, STAT3/Akt, IL-1β/IRAK-1 and RhoA/ROCK. As a result, Gankyrin can be considered as a potential candidate for diagnosis and treatment of HCC. In this review, we summarized the physiological function and the significant role of Gankyrin as an important therapeutic target in HCC.

Gankyrin as a potential therapeutic target for cancer

Gankyrin is an oncoprotein that plays a central role in the development of cancer. Although researchers have increasingly focused on the relationships of gankyrin with carcinogenesis, metastasis and prognosis of different cancers, the molecular mechanisms are still unclear. In recent years, several interacting partners of gankyrin and cell signaling pathways regulated by gankyrin have been elucidated. In addition, accumulating evidence has indicated the contribution of microRNAs to regulating gankyrin expression in tumor cells. In this review, we summarize the major known roles of gankyrin in cancer cells and highlight the potential clinical relevance of targeting gankyrin. Graphical abstract ᅟ.

TGF-β1 signaling pathway serves a role in HepG2 cell regulation by affecting the protein expression of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves a key role in the pathogenesis of liver cancer. To investigate the association between TGF-β1 and the following proteins: Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), gankyrin, general vesicular transport factor p115 (p115), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and survivin, HepG2 liver cancer cells were transfected with small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against TGF-β1, or were treated with exogenous TGF-β1. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were assessed at 72 and 96 h using western blotting, cell growth was evaluated using a Cell Counting kit-8 assay, and flow cytometry was used to examine cell cycle distribution and apoptosis. In addition, PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein levels were evaluated using western blotting. TGF-β1 protein expression levels were decreased at 72 and 96 h following siRNA transfection, indicating that the siRNA against TGF-β1 was effective. In the TGF-β1-knockdown group, the HepG2 cells exhibited G₁ or S-phase cell cycle arrest; therefore, the number of G₂-phase cells was decreased, cell growth was inhibited and apoptotic peaks were observed. By contrast, no significant alteration in cell cycle distribution or apoptosis was observed in the cells treated with exogenous TGF-β1. In the exogenous TGF-β1 group, PCNA and XIAP protein expression levels were increased, whereas gankyrin, p115 and survivin protein expression was observed to be dependent on the duration of treatment. By contrast, PCNA, gankyrin, XIAP and survivin protein expression decreased following TGF-β1 knockdown; however, p115 protein expression increased. In conclusion, the TGF-β1 signaling pathway may affect cell growth, cell cycle distribution and apoptosis through the regulation of PCNA, gankyrin, p115, XIAP and survivin protein expression in liver cancer. The results of the present study may improve the current understanding of the role of the TGF-β signaling pathway during the pathogenesis of liver cancer.

Overexpression of p28GANK accelerates the metastasis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of p28GANK expression on the metastasis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) tissues and to investigate its roles in the metastasis of highly invasive and non‑invasive ESCC cell lines. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemical analyses were performed to assess p28GANK mRNA and protein expression in ESCC tissues and to analyse its significance in ESCC metastasis. qPCR and western blot analyses were used to detect p28GANK mRNA and protein expression in highly invasive and non‑invasive cell lines. Subsequently, lentivirus‑mediated p28GANK short interfering RNA (siRNA) was transfected into highly invasive ESCC cells, and Transwell assays were performed to analyse the effects of p28GANK knockdown on their migration and invasion. The mean expression levels of p28GANK mRNA in the ESCC tissues of patients with metastasis were significantly higher than those in the ESCC specimens from patients without metastasis. p28GANK expression in ESCC tissues was correlated with T‑stage, lymph node metastasis and lymphatic invasion. The mRNA and protein expression levels of p28GANK were significantly higher in highly invasive cell lines compared with those of matched, non‑invasive cell lines. Lentivirus‑mediated siRNA knockdown of p28GANK markedly decreased p28GANK expression in EC109‑P and EC9706‑P cells and supressed the metastasis of ESCC cells in vitro. In conclusion, p28GANK expression was increased in metastatic ESCC tissues and cells, and p28GANK knockdown decreased the metastatic ability of ESCC cells. These results suggested that p28GANK may be a potential therapeutic marker for ESCC metastasis.

Gankyrin regulates colitis-associated cancer via NF-κB signaling pathway

AIM: To explore the role of gann ankyrin repeats (Gankyrin) in inflammation-induced cancer.

METHODS: Thirty-six C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely, a ulcerative colitis (UC) group which was given 2.5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water, a colitis-associated cancer (CAC) group which was intraperitoneally injected with azoxymethane (AOM) on the first day and given 2% DSS in drinking water, and a control group which was given only drinking water. Colon tissues were taken on the last day and observed by microscopy after hematoxylin & eosin (HE) staining. Gankyrin mRNA expression in colon tissue was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effect of Gankyrin on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription activity was assessed by knocking Gankyrin down with siRNA or overexpressing Gankyrin using dual-luciferase report system and Western blot.

RESULTS: UC and CAC were successfully induced as evidenced by HE staining. Gankyrin mRNA level was significantly higher in tumor tissues than in colitis tissues. In HCT116 cells, overexpression of Gankyrin significantly suppressed the TNF-α and IL-1β-induced NF-κB transcription activity; however, Gankyrin knockdown significantly enhanced the TNF-α and IL-1β-induced NF-κB transcription activity.

CONCLUSION: Up-regulated Gankyrin expression in colon cancer may be involved in regulating cancer via the NF-κB signaling pathway.

MiR-605 represses PSMD10/Gankyrin and inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma cell progression

The aberrant expression of PSMD10 has important functions in various malignancies. This study showed that PSMD10 was highly expressed and inversely correlated with the expression of miR-605 in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) specimens. MiR-605 directly targeted and repressed PSMD10 expression. In addition, over-expression of miR-605 inhibited ICC cell progression both in vitro and in vivo. This effect of miR-605 on ICC cells was similar to that of PSMD10 knock-down by RNAi. Moreover, restoration of PSMD10 could reverse the phenotypic alteration caused by miR-605 in ICC cells. These results suggest a new therapeutic strategy in ICC by restoring miR-605, which is regulated by p53.