1
|
Marwick JA, Elliott RJR, Longden J, Makda A, Hirani N, Dhaliwal K, Dawson JC, Carragher NO. Application of a High-Content Screening Assay Utilizing Primary Human Lung Fibroblasts to Identify Antifibrotic Drugs for Rapid Repurposing in COVID-19 Patients. SLAS Discov 2021; 26:1091-1106. [PMID: 34078171 PMCID: PMC8458684 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211019405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lung imaging and autopsy reports among COVID-19 patients show elevated lung scarring (fibrosis). Early data from COVID-19 patients as well as previous studies from severe acute respiratory syndrome, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and other respiratory disorders show that the extent of lung fibrosis is associated with a higher mortality, prolonged ventilator dependence, and poorer long-term health prognosis. Current treatments to halt or reverse lung fibrosis are limited; thus, the rapid development of effective antifibrotic therapies is a major global medical need that will continue far beyond the current COVID-19 pandemic. Reproducible fibrosis screening assays with high signal-to-noise ratios and disease-relevant readouts such as extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition (the hallmark of fibrosis) are integral to any antifibrotic therapeutic development. Therefore, we have established an automated high-throughput and high-content primary screening assay measuring transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ)-induced ECM deposition from primary human lung fibroblasts in a 384-well format. This assay combines longitudinal live cell imaging with multiparametric high-content analysis of ECM deposition. Using this assay, we have screened a library of 2743 small molecules representing approved drugs and late-stage clinical candidates. Confirmed hits were subsequently profiled through a suite of secondary lung fibroblast phenotypic screening assays quantifying cell differentiation, proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. In silico target prediction and pathway network analysis were applied to the confirmed hits. We anticipate this suite of assays and data analysis tools will aid the identification of new treatments to mitigate against lung fibrosis associated with COVID-19 and other fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard J R Elliott
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James Longden
- Center for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ashraff Makda
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nik Hirani
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kevin Dhaliwal
- Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John C Dawson
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neil O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Barth ND, Subiros-Funosas R, Mendive-Tapia L, Duffin R, Shields MA, Cartwright JA, Henriques ST, Sot J, Goñi FM, Lavilla R, Marwick JA, Vermeren S, Rossi AG, Egeblad M, Dransfield I, Vendrell M. A fluorogenic cyclic peptide for imaging and quantification of drug-induced apoptosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4027. [PMID: 32788676 PMCID: PMC7423924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death or apoptosis is a central biological process that is dysregulated in many diseases, including inflammatory conditions and cancer. The detection and quantification of apoptotic cells in vivo is hampered by the need for fixatives or washing steps for non-fluorogenic reagents, and by the low levels of free calcium in diseased tissues that restrict the use of annexins. In this manuscript, we report the rational design of a highly stable fluorogenic peptide (termed Apo-15) that selectively stains apoptotic cells in vitro and in vivo in a calcium-independent manner and under wash-free conditions. Furthermore, using a combination of chemical and biophysical methods, we identify phosphatidylserine as a molecular target of Apo-15. We demonstrate that Apo-15 can be used for the quantification and imaging of drug-induced apoptosis in preclinical mouse models, thus creating opportunities for assessing the in vivo efficacy of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer therapeutics. Programmed cell death or apoptosis is an essential biological process that is impaired in some diseases and can be used to assess the effectiveness of drugs. Here the authors design Apo-15 as a fluorogenic peptide for the detection and real-time imaging of apoptotic cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Lorena Mendive-Tapia
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mario A Shields
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | | | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Jesus Sot
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Campus de Leioa, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Felix M Goñi
- Instituto Biofisika (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad del País Vasco, Campus de Leioa, 48940, Leioa, Spain
| | - Rodolfo Lavilla
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute of Biomedicine U. Barcelona (IBUB), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John A Marwick
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sonja Vermeren
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mikala Egeblad
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, 11724, USA
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Camacho-Moll ME, Macdonald J, Looijenga LHJ, Rimmer MP, Donat R, Marwick JA, Shukla CJ, Carragher N, Jørgensen A, Mitchell RT. The oncogene Gankyrin is expressed in testicular cancer and contributes to cisplatin sensitivity in embryonal carcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:1124. [PMID: 31744479 PMCID: PMC6862764 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Testicular germ cell cancer (TGCC) develops from pre-malignant germ neoplasia in situ (GCNIS) cells. GCNIS originates from fetal gonocytes (POU5F1+/MAGE-A4−), which fail to differentiate to pre-spermatogonia (POU5F1−/MAGE-A4+) and undergo malignant transformation. Gankyrin is an oncogene which has been shown to prevent POU5F1 degradation and specifically interact with MAGE-A4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We aimed to investigate the role of Gankyrin in progression from gonocyte to pre-invasive GCNIS and subsequent invasive TGCC. Methods We determined Gankyrin expression in human fetal testicular tissue (gestational weeks 9–20; n = 38), human adult testicular tissue with active spermatogenesis (n = 9), human testicular tissue with germ cell maturation delay (n = 4), testicular tissue from patients with pre-invasive GCNIS (n = 6), and invasive TGCC including seminoma (n = 6) and teratoma (n = 7). Functional analysis was performed in-vitro by siRNA knock-down of Gankyrin in the NTera2 cells (derived from embryonal carcinoma). Results Germ cell expression of Gankyrin was restricted to a sub-population of prespermatogonia in human fetal testes. Nuclear Gankyrin was also expressed in GCNIS cells of childhood and adult pre-invasive TGCC patients, and in GCNIS from seminoma and non-seminoma patients. Cytoplasmic expression was observed in seminoma tumour cells and NTera2 cells. Gankyrin knock-down in NTera2 cells resulted in an increase in apoptosis mediated via the TP53 pathway, whilst POU5F1 expression was unaffected. Furthermore, Gankyrin knock-down in NTera2 cells increased cisplatin sensitivity with an increase in cell death (13%, p < 0.05) following Gankyrin knock-down, when compared to cisplatin treatment alone, likely via BAX and FAS. Our results demonstrate that Gankyrin expression changes in germ cells during normal transition from gonocyte to prespermatogonia. In addition, changes in Gankyrin localisation are associated with progression of pre-invasive GCNIS to invasive TGCC. Furthermore, we found that Gankyrin is involved in the regulation of NTera2 cell survival and that a reduction in Gankyrin expression can modulate cisplatin sensitivity. Conclusions These results suggest that manipulation of Gankyrin expression may reduce the cisplatin dose required for the treatment of TGCC, with benefits in reducing dose-dependent side effects of chemotherapy. Further studies are required in order to assess the effects of modulating Gankyrin on GCNIS/TGCC using in vivo models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Camacho-Moll
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Delegación Nuevo León, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Calle 2 de abril 501, esq. San Luis Potosí, Col. Independencia, CP, 64720, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.,Centro de Diagnóstico Molecular y Medicina Personalizada, División Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, Av. Ignacio Morones Prieto 4500 Pte, N. L, 66238, San Pedro Garza García, Mexico
| | - Joni Macdonald
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - L H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University, Medical Center, Cancer Center, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Wytemaweg 80, 3015, Rotterdam, CN, Netherlands.,Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Heidelberglaan 25, 3584, CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael P Rimmer
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Roland Donat
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - John A Marwick
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - C J Shukla
- Department of Urology, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Neil Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anne Jørgensen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9 2100 KBH Ø, Copenhagen, UK
| | - Rod T Mitchell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ramachandran P, Dobie R, Wilson-Kanamori JR, Dora EF, Henderson BEP, Luu NT, Portman JR, Matchett KP, Brice M, Marwick JA, Taylor RS, Efremova M, Vento-Tormo R, Carragher NO, Kendall TJ, Fallowfield JA, Harrison EM, Mole DJ, Wigmore SJ, Newsome PN, Weston CJ, Iredale JP, Tacke F, Pollard JW, Ponting CP, Marioni JC, Teichmann SA, Henderson NC. Resolving the fibrotic niche of human liver cirrhosis at single-cell level. Nature 2019; 575:512-518. [PMID: 31597160 PMCID: PMC6876711 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 786] [Impact Index Per Article: 157.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Liver cirrhosis is a major cause of death worldwide and is characterized by extensive fibrosis. There are currently no effective antifibrotic therapies available. To obtain a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in disease pathogenesis and enable the discovery of therapeutic targets, here we profile the transcriptomes of more than 100,000 single human cells, yielding molecular definitions for non-parenchymal cell types that are found in healthy and cirrhotic human liver. We identify a scar-associated TREM2+CD9+ subpopulation of macrophages, which expands in liver fibrosis, differentiates from circulating monocytes and is pro-fibrogenic. We also define ACKR1+ and PLVAP+ endothelial cells that expand in cirrhosis, are topographically restricted to the fibrotic niche and enhance the transmigration of leucocytes. Multi-lineage modelling of ligand and receptor interactions between the scar-associated macrophages, endothelial cells and PDGFRα+ collagen-producing mesenchymal cells reveals intra-scar activity of several pro-fibrogenic pathways including TNFRSF12A, PDGFR and NOTCH signalling. Our work dissects unanticipated aspects of the cellular and molecular basis of human organ fibrosis at a single-cell level, and provides a conceptual framework for the discovery of rational therapeutic targets in liver cirrhosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Ramachandran
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - R Dobie
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J R Wilson-Kanamori
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E F Dora
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B E P Henderson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - N T Luu
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J R Portman
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K P Matchett
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Brice
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A Marwick
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - R S Taylor
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Efremova
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - R Vento-Tormo
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - N O Carragher
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - T J Kendall
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Pathology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J A Fallowfield
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E M Harrison
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Mole
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - S J Wigmore
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
- Clinical Surgery, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P N Newsome
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - C J Weston
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - J P Iredale
- Office of the Vice Chancellor, Beacon House and National Institute for Health Research, Biomedical Research Centre, Bristol, UK
| | - F Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - J W Pollard
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - C P Ponting
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J C Marioni
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, The Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - N C Henderson
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barth ND, Marwick JA, Heeb MJ, Gale AJ, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. Augmentation of Human Monocyte Responses to Lipopolysaccharide by the Protein S and Mer/Tyro3 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Axis. J Immunol 2018; 201:2602-2611. [PMID: 30249810 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of the inflammatory response requires coordinated regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediator production, together with clearance of recruited inflammatory cells. Many different receptors have been implicated in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including Mer, a receptor tyrosine kinase that can mediate recognition and subsequent internalization of apoptotic cells. In this manuscript, we examine the expression and function of the Tyro3/Axl/Mer (TAM) family of receptors by human monocytes. We demonstrate that the Mer ligand, protein S, binds to the surface of viable monocytes via phosphatidylserine-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Importantly, we have identified a novel role for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the augmentation of monocyte cytokine release in response to LPS. We propose that low-level phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane of viable monocytes allows protein S binding that leads to TAM-dependent augmentation of proinflammatory cytokine production. Our findings identify a potentially important role for TAM-mediated signaling during the initiation phase of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Mary Jo Heeb
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ian Dransfield
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom; and
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Marwick JA, Mills R, Kay O, Michail K, Stephen J, Rossi AG, Dransfield I, Hirani N. Neutrophils induce macrophage anti-inflammatory reprogramming by suppressing NF-κB activation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:665. [PMID: 29867198 PMCID: PMC5986789 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells modulate the function of macrophages to control and resolve inflammation. Here, we show that neutrophils induce a rapid and sustained suppression of NF-κB signalling in the macrophage through a unique regulatory relationship which is independent of apoptosis. The reduction of macrophage NF-κB activation occurs through a blockade in transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and IKKβ activation. As a consequence, NF-κB (p65) phosphorylation is reduced, its translocation to the nucleus is inhibited and NF-κB-mediated inflammatory cytokine transcription is suppressed. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis reveals that this suppression of NF-κB activation is not restricted to post-translational modifications of the canonical NF-κB pathway, but is also imprinted at the transcriptional level. Thus neutrophils exert a sustained anti-inflammatory phenotypic reprogramming of the macrophage, which is reflected by the sustained reduction in the release of pro- but not anti- inflammatory cytokines from the macrophage. Together, our findings identify a novel apoptosis-independent mechanism by which neutrophils regulate the mediator profile and reprogramming of monocytes/macrophages, representing an important nodal point for inflammatory control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Ross Mills
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Oliver Kay
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kyriakos Michail
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jillian Stephen
- Advanced Therapeutics, Cellular Therapies, Jack Copeland Centre, Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, EH14 4BE, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ian Dransfield
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Nikhil Hirani
- The MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barth ND, Marwick JA, Vendrell M, Rossi AG, Dransfield I. The "Phagocytic Synapse" and Clearance of Apoptotic Cells. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1708. [PMID: 29255465 PMCID: PMC5723006 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis and subsequent phagocytic clearance of apoptotic cells is important for embryonic development, maintenance of tissues that require regular cellular renewal and innate immunity. The timely removal of apoptotic cells prevents progression to secondary necrosis and release of cellular contents, preventing cellular stress and inflammation. In addition, altered phagocyte behavior following apoptotic cell contact and phagocytosis engages an anti-inflammatory phenotype, which impacts upon development and progression of inflammatory and immune responses. Defective apoptotic cell clearance underlies the development of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. There is considerable functional redundancy in the receptors that mediate apoptotic cell clearance, highlighting the importance of this process in diverse physiological processes. A single phagocyte may utilize multiple receptor pathways for the efficient capture of apoptotic cells by phagocytes (tethering) and the subsequent initiation of signaling events necessary for internalization. In this review, we will consider the surface alterations and molecular opsonization events associated with apoptosis that may represent a tunable signal that confers distinct intracellular signaling events and hence specific phagocyte responses in a context-dependent manner. Efficient molecular communication between phagocytes and apoptotic targets may require cooperative receptor utilization and the establishment of efferocytic synapse, which acts to stabilize adhesive interactions and facilitate the organization of signaling platforms that are necessary for controlling phagocyte responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole D Barth
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Dransfield
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ngkelo A, Hoffmann RF, Durham AL, Marwick JA, Brandenburg SM, de Bruin HG, Jonker MR, Rossios C, Tsitsiou E, Caramori G, Contoli M, Casolari P, Monaco F, Andò F, Speciale G, Kilty I, Chung KF, Papi A, Lindsay MA, Ten Hacken NHT, van den Berge M, Timens W, Barnes PJ, van Oosterhout AJ, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA, Heijink IH. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β modulation of glucocorticoid responsiveness in COPD. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1112-23. [PMID: 26320152 PMCID: PMC4652154 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00077.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), oxidative stress regulates the inflammatory response of bronchial epithelium and monocytes/macrophages through kinase modulation and has been linked to glucocorticoid unresponsiveness. Glycogen synthase-3β (GSK3β) inactivation plays a key role in mediating signaling processes upon reactive oxygen species (ROS) exposure. We hypothesized that GSK3β is involved in oxidative stress-induced glucocorticoid insensitivity in COPD. We studied levels of phospho-GSK3β-Ser9, a marker of GSK3β inactivation, in lung sections and cultured monocytes and bronchial epithelial cells of COPD patients, control smokers, and nonsmokers. We observed increased levels of phospho-GSK3β-Ser9 in monocytes, alveolar macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells from COPD patients and control smokers compared with nonsmokers. Pharmacological inactivation of GSK3β did not affect CXCL8 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) expression but resulted in glucocorticoid insensitivity in vitro in both inflammatory and structural cells. Further mechanistic studies in monocyte and bronchial epithelial cell lines showed that GSK3β inactivation is a common effector of oxidative stress-induced activation of the MEK/ERK-1/2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways leading to glucocorticoid unresponsiveness. In primary monocytes, the mechanism involved modulation of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) activity in response to GSK3β inactivation. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time that ROS-induced glucocorticoid unresponsiveness in COPD is mediated through GSK3β, acting as a ROS-sensitive hub.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anta Ngkelo
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roland F Hoffmann
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Durham
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simone M Brandenburg
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harold G de Bruin
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marnix R Jonker
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Rossios
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Tsitsiou
- Respiratory Research Group, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, and National Institute for Health Research Translational Research Facility in Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital of South Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Casolari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Thoracic Surgery Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Filippo Andò
- Pneumology Unit, Cardiovascular and Thoracic Department, University of Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Speciale
- Department of Human Pathology "Gaetano Barresi," University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Iain Kilty
- Pfizer, Inflammation and Remodeling Research Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kian F Chung
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Papi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Medicina Interna e Cardiorespiratoria, Centro per lo Studio delle Malattie Infiammatorie Croniche delle Vie Aeree e Patologie Fumo Correlate dell'Apparato Respiratorio (formerly termed Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO), Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mark A Lindsay
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Nick H T Ten Hacken
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten van den Berge
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Timens
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Barnes
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antoon J van Oosterhout
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom;
| | - Paul A Kirkham
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Irene H Heijink
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pulmonology, Groningen, The Netherlands; and University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma Research Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lucas CD, Dorward DA, Tait MA, Fox S, Marwick JA, Allen KC, Robb CT, Hirani N, Haslett C, Duffin R, Rossi AG. Downregulation of Mcl-1 has anti-inflammatory pro-resolution effects and enhances bacterial clearance from the lung. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:857-68. [PMID: 24280938 PMCID: PMC3940382 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytes not only coordinate acute inflammation and host defense at mucosal sites, but also contribute to tissue damage. Respiratory infection causes a globally significant disease burden and frequently progresses to acute respiratory distress syndrome, a devastating inflammatory condition characterized by neutrophil recruitment and accumulation of protein-rich edema fluid causing impaired lung function. We hypothesized that targeting the intracellular protein myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1) by a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (AT7519) or a flavone (wogonin) would accelerate neutrophil apoptosis and resolution of established inflammation, but without detriment to bacterial clearance. Mcl-1 loss induced human neutrophil apoptosis, but did not induce macrophage apoptosis nor impair phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils. Neutrophil-dominant inflammation was modelled in mice by either endotoxin or bacteria (Escherichia coli). Downregulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 had anti-inflammatory, pro-resolution effects, shortening the resolution interval (Ri) from 19 to 7 h and improved organ dysfunction with enhanced alveolar-capillary barrier integrity. Conversely, attenuating drug-induced Mcl-1 downregulation inhibited neutrophil apoptosis and delayed resolution of endotoxin-mediated lung inflammation. Importantly, manipulating lung inflammatory cell Mcl-1 also accelerated resolution of bacterial infection (Ri; 50 to 16 h) concurrent with enhanced bacterial clearance. Therefore, manipulating inflammatory cell Mcl-1 accelerates inflammation resolution without detriment to host defense against bacteria, and represents a target for treating infection-associated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Lucas
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK,()
| | - D A Dorward
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M A Tait
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - S Fox
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK,Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - J A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - K C Allen
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - C T Robb
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - N Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - C Haslett
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - R Duffin
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - A G Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brittan M, Barr LC, Anderson N, Morris AC, Duffin R, Marwick JA, Rossi F, Johnson S, Dhaliwal K, Hirani N, Rossi AG, Simpson AJ. Functional characterisation of human pulmonary monocyte-like cells in lipopolysaccharide-mediated acute lung inflammation. J Inflamm (Lond) 2014; 11:9. [PMID: 24684897 PMCID: PMC4032498 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-11-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported the presence of novel subpopulations of pulmonary monocyte-like cells (PMLC) in the human lung; resident PMLC (rPMLC, HLA-DR(+)CD14(++)CD16(+)cells) and inducible PMLC (iPMLC, HLA-DR(+)CD14(++)CD16(-) cells). iPMLC are significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid following inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We have carried out the first functional evaluation of PMLC subpopulations in the inflamed lung, following the isolation of these cells, and other lineages, from BAL fluid using novel and complex protocols. METHODS iPMLC, rPMLC, alveolar macrophages (AM), neutrophils, and regulatory T cells were quantified in BAL fluid of healthy subjects at 9 hours post-LPS inhalation (n = 15). Cell surface antigen expression by iPMLC, rPMLC and AM and the ability of each lineage to proliferate and to undergo phagocytosis were investigated using flow cytometry. Basal cytokine production by iPMLC compared to AM following their isolation from BAL fluid and the responsiveness of both cell types following in vitro treatment with the synthetic corticosteroid dexamethasone were assessed. RESULTS rPMLC have a significantly increased expression of mature macrophage markers and of the proliferation antigen Ki67, compared to iPMLC. Our cytokine data revealed a pro-inflammatory, corticosteroid-resistant phenotype of iPMLC in this model. CONCLUSIONS These data emphasise the presence of functionally distinct subpopulations of the monocyte/macrophage lineage in the human lung in experimental acute lung inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mairi Brittan
- BHF/University Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ; BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Scottish Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Laura C Barr
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Niall Anderson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, The University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew Conway Morris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Fiona Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Shonna Johnson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Kev Dhaliwal
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nikhil Hirani
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G Rossi
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A John Simpson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK ; Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marwick JA, Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Jones KO, Sheldrake TA, Fox S, Ward C, Murray J, Brittan M, Hirani N, Duffin R, Dransfield I, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Oxygen levels determine the ability of glucocorticoids to influence neutrophil survival in inflammatory environments. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:1285-92. [PMID: 23964116 PMCID: PMC3855024 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0912462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids lack the capacity to further augment neutrophil survival, in severe hypoxia. GCs are highly effective in treating a wide range of inflammatory diseases but are limited in their ability to control neutrophilic lung inflammation in conditions such as COPD. Neutrophil apoptosis, a central feature of inflammation resolution, is delayed in response to microenvironmental cues, such as hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines, present at inflamed sites. GCs delay neutrophil apoptosis in vitro, and this may therefore limit the ability of GCs to control neutrophilic inflammation. This study assesses the effect GCs have on hypoxia- and inflammatory cytokine-induced neutrophil survival. Human neutrophils were treated with GCs in the presence or absence of GM-CSF or inflammatory macrophage-CM at a range of oxygen concentrations (21–1% oxygen). Neutrophil apoptosis and survival were assessed by flow cytometry and morphological analysis and neutrophil function, by stimulus-induced shape change and respiratory burst. Dexamethasone promoted neutrophil survival at 21%, 10%, and 5% oxygen but not at 1% oxygen. Interestingly, GM-CSF and inflammatory CM increased neutrophil survival significantly, even at 1% oxygen, with cells remaining functionally active at 96 h. Dexamethasone was able to reduce the prosurvival effect of GM-CSF and inflammatory CM in a hypoxic environment. In conclusion, we found that GCs do not augment neutrophil survival in the presence of severe hypoxia or proinflammatory mediators. This suggests that GCs would not promote neutrophil survival at sites of inflammation under these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- 1.The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dorward DA, Lucas CD, Alessandri AL, Marwick JA, Rossi F, Dransfield I, Haslett C, Dhaliwal K, Rossi AG. Technical advance: autofluorescence-based sorting: rapid and nonperturbing isolation of ultrapure neutrophils to determine cytokine production. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:193-202. [PMID: 23667167 PMCID: PMC3685014 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0113040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The technical limitations of isolating neutrophils without contaminating leukocytes, while concurrently minimizing neutrophil activation, is a barrier to determining specific neutrophil functions. We aimed to assess the use of FACS for generating highly pure quiescent neutrophil populations in an antibody-free environment. Peripheral blood human granulocytes and murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils were isolated by discontinuous Percoll gradient and flow-sorted using FSC/SSC profiles and differences in autofluorescence. Postsort purity was assessed by morphological analysis and flow cytometry. Neutrophil activation was measured in unstimulated-unsorted and sorted cells and in response to fMLF, LTB4, and PAF by measuring shape change, CD62L, and CD11b expression; intracellular calcium flux; and chemotaxis. Cytokine production by human neutrophils was also determined. Postsort human neutrophil purity was 99.95% (sem=0.03; n=11; morphological analysis), and 99.68% were CD16(+ve) (sem=0.06; n=11), with similar results achieved for murine neutrophils. Flow sorting did not alter neutrophil activation or chemotaxis, relative to presorted cells, and no differences in response to agonists were observed. Stimulated neutrophils produced IL-1β, although to a lesser degree than CXCL8/IL-8. The exploitation of the difference in autofluorescence between neutrophils and eosinophils by FACS is a quick and effective method for generating highly purified populations for subsequent in vitro study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Dorward
- Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lucas CD, Allen KC, Dorward DA, Hoodless LJ, Melrose LA, Marwick JA, Tucker CS, Haslett C, Duffin R, Rossi AG. Flavones induce neutrophil apoptosis by down-regulation of Mcl-1 via a proteasomal-dependent pathway. FASEB J 2012. [PMID: 23195034 PMCID: PMC3574292 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-218990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil apoptosis and subsequent nonphlogistic clearance by surrounding phagocytes are key to the successful resolution of neutrophilic inflammation, with dysregulated apoptosis reported in multiple human inflammatory diseases. Enhancing neutrophil apoptosis has proresolution and anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical models of inflammation. Here we investigate the ability of the flavones apigenin, luteolin, and wogonin to induce neutrophil apoptosis in vitro and resolve neutrophilic inflammation in vivo. Human neutrophil apoptosis was assessed morphologically and by flow cytometry following incubation with apigenin, luteolin, and wogonin. All three flavones induced time- and concentration-dependent neutrophil apoptosis (apigenin, EC50=12.2 μM; luteolin, EC50=14.6 μM; and wogonin, EC50=28.9 μM). Induction of apoptosis was caspase dependent, as it was blocked by the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh and was associated with both caspase-3 and caspase-9 activation. Flavone-induced apoptosis was preceded by down-regulation of the prosurvival protein Mcl-1, with proteasomal inhibition preventing flavone-induced Mcl-1 down-regulation and apoptosis. The flavones abrogated the survival effects of mediators that prolong neutrophil life span, including lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, dexamethasone, and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, by driving apoptosis. Furthermore, wogonin enhanced resolution of established neutrophilic inflammation in a zebrafish model of sterile tissue injury. Wogonin-induced resolution was dependent on apoptosis in vivo as it was blocked by caspase inhibition. Our data show that the flavones induce neutrophil apoptosis and have potential as neutrophil apoptosis-inducing anti-inflammatory, proresolution agents.—Lucas, C. D., Allen, K. C., Dorward, D. A., Hoodless, L. J., Melrose, L. A., Marwick, J. A., Tucker, C. S., Haslett, C., Duffin, R., Rossi, A. G. Flavones induce neutrophil apoptosis by down-regulation of Mcl-1 via a proteasomal-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Lucas
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Leitch AE, Lucas CD, Marwick JA, Duffin R, Haslett C, Rossi AG. Cyclin-dependent kinases 7 and 9 specifically regulate neutrophil transcription and their inhibition drives apoptosis to promote resolution of inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2012; 19:1950-61. [PMID: 22743999 PMCID: PMC3504709 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2012.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Terminally differentiated neutrophils are short-lived but the key effector cells of the innate immune response, and have a prominent role in the pathogenesis and propagation of many inflammatory diseases. Delayed apoptosis, which is responsible for their extended longevity, is critically dependent on a balance of intracellular survival versus pro-apoptotic proteins. Here, we elucidate the mechanism by which the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor drugs such as R-roscovitine and DRB (5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole) mediate neutrophil apoptosis. We demonstrate (by a combination of microarray, confocal microscopy, apoptosis assays and western blotting) that the phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II by CDKs 7 and 9 is inhibited by R-roscovitine and that specific effects on neutrophil transcriptional capacity are responsible for neutrophil apoptosis. Finally, we show that specific CDK7 and 9 inhibition with DRB drives resolution of neutrophil-dominant inflammation. Thus, we highlight a novel mechanism that controls both primary human neutrophil transcription and apoptosis that could be targeted by selective CDK inhibitor drugs to resolve established inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A E Leitch
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chung KF, Marwick JA. Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in airways and lungs with reference to asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1203:85-91. [PMID: 20716288 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological component of airway diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which cause significant morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress leads to the activation of transcription factors and signaling pathways, partly through the activation of the innate immune response through toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Such activation leads to the release of cytokines and chemokines. In addition, adaptive immune responses are initiated through activation of dendritic cells and antigen presentation to T-helper cells, with direct activation of NKT cells. Corticosteroid insensitivity is a feature of severe asthma and COPD, and oxidative stress is an important factor in its development by inhibition of HDAC-2 activity and expression through serine hyperphosphorylation. Activation of kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or phospho-inositol 3-kinase delta may also be involved through phosphorylation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Antioxidants may prove to be beneficial in inhibiting inflammatory responses and restoring corticosteroid function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K F Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, MRC Asthma UK Centre for Allergic Mechanisms in Asthma and Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Marwick JA, Chung KF. Glucocorticoid insensitivity as a future target of therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2010; 5:297-309. [PMID: 20856829 PMCID: PMC2939685 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s7390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by an abnormal and chronic inflammatory response in the lung that underlies the chronic airflow obstruction of the small airways, the inexorable decline of lung function, and the severity of the disease. The control of this inflammation remains a key strategy for treating the disease; however, there are no current anti-inflammatory treatments that are effective. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) effectively control inflammation in many diseases such as asthma, they are less effective in COPD. The molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of this relative GC-insensitive inflammation in the lung of patients with COPD remain unclear. However, recent studies have indicated novel mechanisms and possible therapeutic strategies. One of the major mechanisms proposed is an oxidant-mediated alteration in the signaling pathways in the inflammatory cells in the lung, which may result in the impairment of repressor proteins used by the GC receptor to inhibit the transcription of proinflammatory genes. Although these studies have described mechanisms and targets by which GC function can be restored in cells from patients with COPD, more work is needed to completely elucidate these and other pathways that may be involved in order to allow for more confident therapeutic targeting. Given the relative GC-insensitive nature of the inflammation in COPD, a combination of therapies in addition to a restoration of GC function, including effective alternative anti-inflammatory targets, antioxidants, and proresolving therapeutic strategies, is likely to provide better targeting and improvement in the management of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Medical Research Council Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Marwick JA, Adcock IM, Chung KF. Overcoming reduced glucocorticoid sensitivity in airway disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Drugs 2010; 70:929-48. [PMID: 20481652 DOI: 10.2165/10898520-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a considerable and growing unmet medical need in respiratory disease concerning effective anti-inflammatory therapies for conditions such as severe asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cystic fibrosis. These diseases share a predominant characteristic of an enhanced and uncontrolled inflammatory response in the lungs, which contributes to disease progression, hospitalization and mortality. These diseases are poorly controlled by current anti-inflammatory therapies including glucocorticoids, which are otherwise effective in many other inflammatory conditions or in milder disease such as asthma. The exact cause of this apparent impairment of glucocorticoid function remains largely unclear; however, recent studies have now implicated a number of possible mechanisms. Central among these is an elevation of the oxidant burden in the lungs and the resulting reduction in the activity of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-2. This contributes to both the enhancement of proinflammatory mediator expression and the impaired ability of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-alpha to repress proinflammatory gene expression. The oxidant-mediated reduction in HDAC-2 activity is, in part, a result of an elevation in the phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) delta/Akt signalling pathway. Blockade of the PI3Kdelta pathway restores glucocortiocoid function in both in vitro and in vivo models, and in primary cells from disease. In addition, inhibition of the PI3Kdelta and PI3Kgamma isoforms is anti-inflammatory in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Consequently, selective inhibition of this pathway may provide a therapeutic strategy both as a novel anti-inflammatory and in combination therapy with glucocorticoids to restore their function. However, a number of other oxidant-related and -unrelated mechanisms, including altered kinase signalling and expression of the dominant negative GRbeta, may also play a role in the development of glucocorticoid insensitivity. Further elucidation of these mechanisms and pathways will enable novel therapeutic targeting for alternative anti-inflammatory drugs or combination therapies providing restoration for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Marwick JA, Stevenson CS, Chung KF, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA. Cigarette Smoke Exposure Alters mSin3a and Mi-2alpha/beta Expression; implications in the control of pro-inflammatory gene transcription and glucocorticoid function. J Inflamm (Lond) 2010; 7:33. [PMID: 20637110 PMCID: PMC2912298 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The key co-repressor complex components HDAC-2, Mi-2α/β and mSin3a are all critical to the regulation of gene transcription. HDAC-2 function is impaired by oxidative stress in a PI3Kδ dependant manner which may be involved in the chronic glucocorticoid insensitive inflammation in the lungs of COPD patients. However, the impact of cigarette smoke exposure on the expression of mSin3a and Mi2α/β and their role in glucocorticoid responsiveness is unknown. Methods Wild type, PI3Kγ knock-out (PI3Kγ-/-) and PI3K kinase dead knock-in (PI3KδD910/A910) transgenic mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 3 days and the expression levels of the co-repressor complex components HDAC-2, mSin3a, Mi-2α and Mi-2β and HDAC-2 activity in the lungs were assessed. Results Cigarette smoke exposure impaired glucocorticoid function and reduced HDAC-2 activity which was protected in the PI3KδD910/A910 mice. Both mSin3a and Mi-2α protein expression was reduced in smoke-exposed mice. Budesonide alone protected mSin3a protein expression with no additional effect seen with abrogation of PI3Kγ/δ activity, however Mi-2α, but not Mi-2β, expression was protected in both PI3KδD910/A910 and PI3Kγ-/- budesonide-treated smoke-exposed mice. The restoration of glucocorticoid function coincided with the protection of both HDAC activity and mSin3a and Mi-2α protein expression. Conclusions Cigarette smoke exposure induced glucocorticoid insensitivity and alters co-repressor activity and expression which is prevented by blockade of PI3K signaling with glucocorticoid treatment. Inhibition of PI3Kδ signalling in combination with glucocorticoid treatment may therefore provide a therapeutic strategy for restoring oxidant-induced glucocortiocid unresponsiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Section of Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marwick JA, Caramori G, Casolari P, Mazzoni F, Kirkham PA, Adcock IM, Chung KF, Papi A. A role for phosphoinositol 3-kinase delta in the impairment of glucocorticoid responsiveness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:1146-53. [PMID: 20381852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid function is markedly impaired in the lungs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This reduction in glucocorticoid sensitivity might be due to an oxidant-mediated increase in phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) delta signaling. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the role of PI3Kdelta in the reduced glucocorticoid responsiveness in patients with COPD. METHODS Peripheral lung tissue was obtained from 24 patients with COPD, 20 age-matched smokers with normal lung function, and 13 nonsmokers. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from 9 patients with COPD and 7 age-matched smokers with normal lung function and from healthy volunteers. RESULTS The expressions of PI3Kdelta and Akt phosphorylation were increased in macrophages from patients with COPD compared with those from control groups of age-matched smokers and nonsmokers. In vitro oxidative stress induced phosphorylation of Akt in monocytes and macrophages, which was abolished by means of selective inhibition of PI3Kdelta but not PI3Kgamma. Dexamethasone was less effective at repressing LPS-induced GM-CSF and CXC motif chemokine 8 release in blood monocytes from patients with COPD compared with age-matched smokers. This reduced sensitivity was reversed by inhibition of PI3Kdelta but not PI3Kgamma. CONCLUSION PI3Kdelta expression and signaling is increased in the lungs of patients with COPD. Selective inhibition of PI3Kdelta might restore glucocorticoid function in patients with COPD and might therefore present a potential therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Centro di Ricerca su Asma e BPCO, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Contoli M, Baraldo S, Marku B, Casolari P, Marwick JA, Turato G, Romagnoli M, Caramori G, Saetta M, Fabbri LM, Papi A. Fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 5-year follow-up. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:830-7. [PMID: 20227753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both smokers and patients with asthma can experience fixed airflow obstruction, which is associated with distinctive patterns of airway pathology. The influence of fixed airflow obstruction on the prognosis of these patients is unknown. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate lung function decline and exacerbations in a 5-year prospective study of subjects with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We also sought to explore correlations between functional, pathological, and clinical features. METHODS Patients with fixed airflow obstruction due to asthma (n = 16) or COPD (n = 21) and a control group of asthmatic patients with fully reversible airflow obstruction (n = 15) were followed for 5 years. RESULTS The rates of decline in FEV(1) were similar in patients with fixed airflow obstruction caused by asthma (-49.7 +/- 10.6 mL/y) or COPD (-51.4 +/- 9.8 mL/y) and were higher than in asthmatic patients with reversible airflow obstruction (-18.1 +/- 10.1 mL/y, P < .01). Exacerbation rates were also higher in patients with fixed airflow obstruction caused by asthma (1.41 +/- 0.26 per patient-year) or COPD (1.98 +/- 0.3 per patient-year) compared with those seen in asthmatic patients with reversible airflow obstruction (0.53 +/- 0.11 per patient-year, P < .01). Baseline exhaled nitric oxide levels and sputum eosinophil counts correlated with the FEV(1) decline in asthmatic patients with fixed airflow obstruction. By contrast, baseline sputum neutrophil counts, emphysema scores, comorbidities, and exacerbation frequency correlated directly and pulmonary diffusion capacity correlated inversely with the FEV(1) decline in patients with COPD. CONCLUSION In both patients with asthma and those with COPD, fixed airflow obstruction is associated with increased lung function decline and frequency of exacerbations. Nevertheless, the decline in lung function entails the specific pathological and clinical features of the underlying diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Contoli
- Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marwick JA, Edirisinghe I, Arunachalam G, Stevenson CS, Macnee W, Kirkham PA, Rahman I. Cigarette smoke regulates VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in rat lungs. J Inflamm (Lond) 2010; 7:11. [PMID: 20205917 PMCID: PMC2831890 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-7-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2)-mediated survival signaling is critical to endothelial cell survival, maintenance of the vasculature and alveolar structure and regeneration of lung tissue. Reduced VEGF and VEGFR2 expression in emphysematous lungs has been linked to increased endothelial cell death and vascular regression. Previously, we have shown that CS down-regulated the VEGFR2 and its downstream signaling in mouse lungs. However, the VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in response to oxidants/cigarette smoke (CS) is not known. We hypothesized that CS exposure leads to disruption of VEGFR2-mediated endothelial survival signaling in rat lungs. Methods Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed CS for 3 days, 8 weeks and 6 months to investigate the effect of CS on VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling by measuring the Akt/PI3-kinase/eNOS downstream signaling in rat lungs. Results and Discussion We show that CS disrupts VEGFR2/PI3-kinase association leading to decreased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. This may further alter the phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein Bad and increase the Bad/Bcl-xl association. However, this was not associated with a significant lung cell death as evidenced by active caspase-3 levels. These data suggest that although CS altered the VEGFR2-mediated survival signaling in the rat lungs, but it was not sufficient to cause lung cell death. Conclusion The rat lungs exposed to CS in acute, sub-chronic and chronic levels may be representative of smokers where survival signaling is altered but was not associated with lung cell death whereas emphysema is known to be associated with lung cell apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Respiratory diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD], severe asthma, cystic fibrosis [CF] and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis [IPF] are inadequately controlled by current therapies. The underlying molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of these diseases remain unclear, making identification and validation of potential new therapeutic targets difficult. However, recent studies have identified the central signalling mediator PI3K as playing an integral role in the immune system including initiation and maintenance of inflammatory responses. Specifically, the relatively leukocyte-specific PI3Kgamma and PI3Kdelta isoforms are central to leukocyte function and can be targeted pharmacologically. Early to man studies using selective PI3K isoform inhibitors are required to determine whether they have a future in treating respiratory disease, particularly in controlling both innate and adaptive inflammatory responses as well as restoring glucocorticoid function and reducing tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Section of Airways Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marwick JA, Caramori G, Stevenson CS, Casolari P, Jazrawi E, Barnes PJ, Ito K, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA, Papi A. Inhibition of PI3Kdelta restores glucocorticoid function in smoking-induced airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179:542-8. [PMID: 19164702 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200810-1570oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE There is an increasing prevalence of reduced responsiveness to glucocorticoid therapy in severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The molecular mechanism of this remains unknown. Recent studies have shown that histone deacetylase activity, which is critical to glucocorticoid function, is altered by oxidant stress and may be involved in the development of glucocorticoid insensitivity. OBJECTIVES To determine the role of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) in the development of cigarette smoke-induced glucocorticoid insensitivity. METHODS Wild-type, PI3Kgamma knock-out and PI3Kdelta kinase dead knock-in transgenic mice were used in a model of cigarette smoke-induced glucocorticoid insensitivity. Peripheral lung tissue was obtained from six healthy nonsmokers, nine smokers with normal lung function, and eight patients with COPD. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS In vitro oxidative stress activates PI3K and induced a relative glucocorticoid resistance, which is restored by PI3K inhibition. In vivo, cigarette smoke exposure in mice increased tyrosine nitration of histone deacetylase 2 in the lung, correlating with reduced histone deacetylase 2 activity and reduced glucocorticoid function. Histone deacetylase 2 activity and the antiinflammatory effects of glucocorticoids were restored in PI3Kdelta kinase dead knock-in but not PI3Kgamma knock-out smoke-exposed mice compared with wild type mice, correlating with reduced histone deacetylase 2 tyrosine nitration. Glucocorticoid receptor expression was significantly reduced in smoke-exposed mice, in smokers with normal lung function, and in patients with COPD. CONCLUSIONS These data show that therapeutic inhibition of PI3Kdelta may restore glucocorticoid function in oxidative stress-induced glucocorticoid insensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Airways Disease Section, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Dovehouse Street, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Marwick JA, Wallis G, Meja K, Kuster B, Bouwmeester T, Chakravarty P, Fletcher D, Whittaker PA, Barnes PJ, Ito K, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA. Oxidative stress modulates theophylline effects on steroid responsiveness. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:797-802. [PMID: 18951874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a central factor in many chronic inflammatory diseases such as severe asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Oxidative stress reduces the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid action and may therefore contribute to the relative corticosteroid insensitivity seen in these diseases. Low concentrations of theophylline can restore the anti-inflammatory action of corticosteroids in oxidant exposed cells, however the mechanism remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that a low concentration of theophylline restores corticosteroid repression of pro-inflammatory mediator release and histone acetylation in oxidant exposed cells. Global gene expression analysis shows that theophylline regulates distinct pathways in naïve and oxidant exposed cells and reverses oxidant mediated modulated of pathways. Furthermore, quantitative chemoproteomics revealed that theophylline has few high affinity targets in naive cells but an elevated affinity in oxidant stressed cells. In conclusion, oxidative stress alters theophylline binding profile and gene expression which may result in restoration of corticosteroid function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Airways Disease Section, Imperial College London, Guy-Scadding Building, Dovehouse Steet, London SW3 6LY, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Meja KK, Rajendrasozhan S, Adenuga D, Biswas SK, Sundar IK, Spooner G, Marwick JA, Chakravarty P, Fletcher D, Whittaker P, Megson IL, Kirkham PA, Rahman I. Curcumin restores corticosteroid function in monocytes exposed to oxidants by maintaining HDAC2. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2008; 39:312-23. [PMID: 18421014 PMCID: PMC2542449 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0012oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress as a result of cigarette smoking is an important etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a chronic steroid-insensitive inflammatory disease of the airways. Histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC2), a critical component of the corticosteroid anti-inflammatory action, is impaired in lungs of patients with COPD and correlates with disease severity. We demonstrate here that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a dietary polyphenol, at nanomolar concentrations specifically restores cigarette smoke extract (CSE)- or oxidative stress-impaired HDAC2 activity and corticosteroid efficacy in vitro with an EC(50) of approximately 30 nM and 200 nM, respectively. CSE caused a reduction in HDAC2 protein expression that was restored by curcumin. This decrease in HDAC2 protein expression was reversed by curcumin even in the presence of cycloheximide, a protein synthesis inhibitor. The proteasomal inhibitor, MG132, also blocked CSE-induced HDAC2 degradation, increasing the levels of ubiquitinated HDAC2. Biochemical and gene chip analysis indicated that curcumin at concentrations up to 1 muM propagates its effect via antioxidant-independent mechanisms associated with the phosphorylation-ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Thus curcumin acts at a post-translational level by maintaining both HDAC2 activity and expression, thereby reversing steroid insensitivity induced by either CSE or oxidative stress in monocytes. Curcumin may therefore have potential to reverse steroid resistance, which is common in patients with COPD and asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koremu K Meja
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease, Horsham, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stevenson CS, Docx C, Webster R, Battram C, Hynx D, Giddings J, Cooper PR, Chakravarty P, Rahman I, Marwick JA, Kirkham PA, Charman C, Richardson DL, Nirmala NR, Whittaker P, Butler K. Comprehensive gene expression profiling of rat lung reveals distinct acute and chronic responses to cigarette smoke inhalation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L1183-93. [PMID: 17720875 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00105.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a smoking-related disease that lacks effective therapies due partly to the poor understanding of disease pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify molecular pathways that could be responsible for the damaging consequences of smoking. To do this, we employed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis to analyze differences in global gene expression, which we then related to the pathological changes induced by cigarette smoke (CS). Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to whole body CS for 1 day and for various periods up to 8 mo. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis of microarray data identified that metabolic processes were most significantly increased early in the response to CS. Gene sets involved in stress response and inflammation were also upregulated. CS exposure increased neutrophil chemokines, cytokines, and proteases (MMP-12) linked to the pathogenesis of COPD. After a transient acute response, the CS-exposed rats developed a distinct molecular signature after 2 wk, which was followed by the chronic phase of the response. During this phase, gene sets related to immunity and defense progressively increased and predominated at the later time points in smoke-exposed rats. Chronic CS inhalation recapitulated many of the phenotypic changes observed in COPD patients including oxidative damage to macrophages, a slowly resolving inflammation, epithelial damage, mucus hypersecretion, airway fibrosis, and emphysema. As such, it appears that metabolic pathways are central to dealing with the stress of CS exposure; however, over time, inflammation and stress response gene sets become the most significantly affected in the chronic response to CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Stevenson
- Respiratory Disease Area, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Marwick JA, Ito K, Adcock IM, Kirkham PA. Oxidative stress and steroid resistance in asthma and COPD: pharmacological manipulation of HDAC-2 as a therapeutic strategy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2007; 11:745-55. [PMID: 17504013 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.11.6.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Insensitivity to corticosteroid treatment in inflammatory conditions, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, present considerable management problems and cost burdens to health services. Oxidative stress is a major component of chronic inflammation and can have a significant suppressive effect on corticosteroid efficacy. Recent advances in the understanding of both the mechanisms of corticosteroid action and corticosteroid insensitivity have provided hope for a therapeutic strategy of restoring corticosteroid sensitivity. Histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC-2) plays a pivotal role in corticosteroid action and is reduced in many cases of steroid insensitivity. Moreover, it has shown that oxidative stress can be responsible for this reduction in HDAC-2 activity. Two structurally different compounds; methyl-xanthine theophylline and polyphenol curcumin restore HDAC activity, thereby restoring corticosteroid function. Low, subbronchodilator doses of theophylline can also act as corticosteroid-sparing drugs in asthmatics. Although these compounds appear to restore corticosteroid function and may initially provide therapeutic potential, they lack specificity and the mechanism of their action is unknown. Once their mechanisms of action are established, it is likely that derivatives of these compounds may be used as a therapeutic strategy to restore corticosteroid insensitivity in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Novartis Institute For Biomedical Research, Respiratory Disease Area, Wimblehurst Road, Horsham, West Sussex, RH12 5AB, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Marwick JA, Stevenson CS, Giddings J, MacNee W, Butler K, Rahman I, Kirkham PA. Cigarette smoke disrupts VEGF165-VEGFR-2 receptor signaling complex in rat lungs and patients with COPD: morphological impact of VEGFR-2 inhibition. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 290:L897-908. [PMID: 16361360 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00116.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF is fundamental in the development and maintenance of the vasculature. VEGF(165) signaling through VEGF receptor (VEGFR)-2/kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) is a highly regulated process involving the formation of a tertiary complex with glypican (GYP)-1 and neuropilin (NRP)-1. Both VEGF and VEGFR-2 expression are reduced in emphysematous lungs; however, the mechanism of regulation of VEGF(165) signaling through the VEGFR-2 complex in response to cigarette smoke exposure in vivo, and in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is still unknown. We hypothesized that cigarette smoke exposure disrupts the VEGF(165)-VEGFR-2 complex, a potential mechanism in the pathogenesis of emphysema. We show that cigarette smoke exposure reduces NRP-1 and GYP-1 as well as VEGF and VEGFR-2 levels in rat lungs and that VEGF, VEGFR-2, GYP-1, and NRP-1 expression in the lungs of both smokers and patients with COPD are also reduced compared with nonsmokers. Moreover, our data suggest that specific inhibition of VEGFR-2 alone with NVP-AAD777 would appear not to result in emphysema in the adult rat lung. As both VEGF(165) and VEGFR-2 expression are reduced in emphysematous lungs, decreased GYP-1 and NRP-1 expression may yet further disrupt VEGF(165)-VEGFR-2 signaling. Whether or not this by itself is critical for inducing endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased vascularization of the lung seen in emphysema patients is still unclear at present. However, targeted therapies to restore VEGF(165)-VEGFR-2 complex may promote endothelial cell survival and help to ameliorate emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moodie FM, Marwick JA, Anderson CS, Szulakowski P, Biswas SK, Bauter MR, Kilty I, Rahman I. Oxidative stress and cigarette smoke alter chromatin remodeling but differentially regulate NF‐κB activation and proinflammatory cytokine release in alveolar epithelial cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:1897-9. [PMID: 15456740 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1506fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in lung inflammation due to its effect on proinflammatory gene transcription. Changes in gene transcription depend on chromatin remodeling and the relative activities of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Alterations in the nuclear histone acetylation:deacetylation balance may result in uncontrolled transcription of specific proinflammatory genes. We studied the effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on histone acetylation:deacetylation in human alveolar epithelial cells (A549). H2O2 and CSC significantly increased acetylation of histone H4 proteins and were associated with decreased HDAC activity and HDAC2 levels in A549 cells. Also, the decreased HDAC2 activity was due to protein modification by aldehydes and nitric oxide products. Pretreatment of A549 cells with N-acetyl-l-cysteine attenuated the oxidant-mediated reduction in HDAC activity. Treatment of A549 cells with CSC did not cause nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation or expression and release of either interleukin (IL)-8 or IL-6. However, H2O2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-1beta significantly increased NF-kappaB activation and expression of IL-8 compared with control cells. Interestingly, CSC dose dependently inhibited TNF-alpha- and IL-1beta-mediated NF-kappaB activation and IL-8 expression. Thus, H2O2 and CSC enhance acetylation of histone proteins and decrease histone deacetylase activity but differentially regulate proinflammatory cytokine release in alveolar epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Moodie
- ELEGI and Colt Research Laboratories, MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marwick JA, Kirkham PA, Stevenson CS, Danahay H, Giddings J, Butler K, Donaldson K, Macnee W, Rahman I. Cigarette smoke alters chromatin remodeling and induces proinflammatory genes in rat lungs. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:633-42. [PMID: 15333327 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2004-0006oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke-triggered inflammation is considered to play a central role in the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by a mechanism that may involve enhanced proinflammatory gene transcription. Histone acetylation and deacetylation is a key regulator of the specificity and duration of gene transcription. Disruption in the nuclear histone acetylation:deacetylation balance (chromatin remodeling) may result in excessive transcription of specific proinflammatory genes in the lungs. In this study we show that cigarette smoke exposure results in an influx of inflammatory cells and chromatin modifications in rat lungs. This was associated with an increase in the active phosphorylated form of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase concomitant with increased histone 3 phospho-acetylation, histone 4 acetylation, and increased DNA binding of the redox-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB, independent of inhibitory protein-kappaB degradation, and activator protein 1. We also observed decreased histone deacetylase 2 activity, which is due to protein modification by aldehydes and nitric oxide products present in cigarette smoke. Furthermore, we show that corticosteroid treatment has no effect on smoke-induced proinflammatory mediator release. These findings suggest a possible molecular mechanism by which cigarette smoke drives proinflammatory gene transcription and an inflammatory response in the lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marwick JA, Kirkham P, Gilmour PS, Donaldson K, MacNEE W, Rahman I. Cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and TGF-beta1 increase p21waf1/cip1 expression in alveolar epithelial cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2002; 973:278-83. [PMID: 12485877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained oxidative stress caused by cigarette smoking induces a chronic inflammatory response, resulting in the destruction of the alveolar cell wall characteristic of emphysema. The loss of tissue may involve the progressive depletion of epithelial cells through inhibition of proliferation leading to cell death. The cell cycle regulator p21(waf1/cip1) acts as a G(1)/S and G(2)/M phase checkpoint regulator. We hypothesize that cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta(1)) may inhibit cellular proliferation by p21(waf1/cip1) in type II alveolar epithelial cells (A549). A significant increase was observed in p21(waf1/cip1) mRNA expression in A549 cells by cigarette smoke condensate, H(2)O(2), and TGF-beta(1). In conclusion, cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress and TGF-beta(1) modulate expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p21(waf1/cip1). This may be important in the growth arrest and cell survival of alveolar type II cells in the G(1) phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John A Marwick
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, ELEGI and Colt Laboratory, University of Edinburgh, Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|