1
|
Li R, Yi Q, Wang J, Miao Y, Chen Q, Xu Y, Tao M. Paeonol promotes longevity and fitness in Caenorhabditis elegans through activating the DAF-16/FOXO and SKN-1/Nrf2 transcription factors. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 173:116368. [PMID: 38471269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Paeonol, as one of the most abundant plant-derived polyphenols, has multiple bioactivities including anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the anti-aging effects and related mechanisms of paeonol are rarely reported. In this study, we found that paeonol significantly prolonged the mean lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) by 28.49% at a dose of 200 μM. Moreover, paeonol promoted the health of C. elegans by increasing the body bending and pharyngeal pumping rates and reducing the lipofuscin accumulation level. Meanwhile, paeonol induced the expression of stress-related genes or proteins by activating the transcription factors DAF-16/FOXO, SKN-1/Nrf2, and HSF-1, which in turn enhanced oxidative and thermal stress tolerance. The mechanism behind the anti-aging effect of paeonol occurred by down-regulating the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS) pathway. Our findings shed new light on the application of paeonol for longevity promotion and human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Yi
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Wang
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Miao
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchan Chen
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Bioengineering/Hubei Engineering Research Center for Specialty Flowers Biological Breeding, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingfang Tao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Detection Technology, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shang F, Wang Y, Shi Z, Deng Z, Ma J. Development of a Signature Based on Eight Metastatic-Related Genes for Prognosis of GC Patients. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:1796-1808. [PMID: 36790659 PMCID: PMC10518294 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) has been a common tumor type with high mortality. Distal metastasis is one of the main causes of death in GC patients, which is also related to poor prognosis. The mRNA profiles and clinical information of GC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Univariate Cox and LASSO Cox analyses were used to screen the optimal metastasis-related genes (MRGs) to establish a prognostic Risk Score model for GC patients. The nomogram was used to visualize the Risk Score and predict the 1-, 3-, 5-year survival rate. The immune cell infiltration was analyzed by CIBERSORT and the ratio of immune-stromal component was calculated by the ESTIMATE algorithm. A total of 142 differentially expressed genes were identified between metastatic and non-metastatic GC samples. The optimal 8 genes, comprising GAMT (guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase), ABCB5 (ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 5), ITIH3 (inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 3), GDF3 (growth differentiation factor 3), VSTM2L (V-set and transmembrane domain-containing 2 like), CIDEA (cell death inducing DFFA like effector a), NPTX1 (neuronal pentraxin-1), and UMOD (uromodulin), were further screened to establish a prognostic Risk Score, which proved to be an independent prognostic factor. Patients in high-risk group had a poor prognosis. There were significant differences in the proportion of 11 tumor-infiltrating immune cells between high-risk and low-risk subgroups. In addition, the StromalScore, ImmuneScore, and ESTIMATEScore in high-risk group were higher than those in low-risk group, indicating that the tumor microenvironment of the high-risk group was more complex. A Risk Score model based on eight metastasis-related genes could clearly distinguish the prognosis of GC patients. The poor prognosis of patients with high-Risk Score might be associated with the complex tumor microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanjing Shang
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301 Zhengyuan North Road, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301 Zhengyuan North Road, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Zixu Shi
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301 Zhengyuan North Road, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhidong Deng
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301 Zhengyuan North Road, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, China
| | - Jianwen Ma
- Department of General Surgery, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 301 Zhengyuan North Road, Jinfeng District, Yinchuan, 750001, Ningxia, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang L, Wu L, Zhu X, Mei J, Chen Y. Paeonol represses A549 cell glycolytic reprogramming and proliferation by decreasing m6A modification of Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2023; 66:248-256. [PMID: 37635484 DOI: 10.4103/cjop.cjop-d-22-00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant glycolytic reprogramming is involved in lung cancer progression by promoting the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Paeonol, as a traditional Chinese medicine, plays a critical role in multiple cancer cell proliferation and inflammation. Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (ACADM) is involved in the development of metabolic diseases. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is important for the regulation of messenger RNA stability, splicing, and translation. Here, we investigated whether paeonol regulates the proliferation and glycolytic reprogramming via ACADM with m6A modification in A549 cells (human non-small cell lung cancer cells). Cell counting kit 8, 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation, flow cytometry analysis, western blotting and seahorse XFe24 extracellular flux analyzer assays showed that paeonol had a significant inhibitory effect against A549 cell proliferation and glycolysis. Mechanistically, ACADM was a functional target of paeonol. We also showed that the m6A reader YTH domain containing 1 plays an important role in m6A-modified ACADM expression, which is negatively regulated by paeonol, and is involved in A549 cell proliferation and glycolytic reprogramming. These results indicated the central function of paeonol in regulating A549 cell glycolytic reprogramming and proliferation via m6A modification of ACADM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Zhang
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China; Department of Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Lihua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics, Daqing Oilfield General Hospital, Daqing, China
| | - Xiangrui Zhu
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jian Mei
- Department of Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yingli Chen
- Central Laboratory of Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China; Department of Immunology, College of Medical Laboratory Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chang X, Feng X, Du M, Li S, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu P. Pharmacological effects and mechanisms of paeonol on antitumor and prevention of side effects of cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1194861. [PMID: 37408762 PMCID: PMC10318156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1194861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Conventional clinical treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy. However, these treatments have inherent limitations, such as multidrug resistance and the induction of short- and long-term multiple organ damage, ultimately leading to a significant decrease in cancer survivors' quality of life and life expectancy. Paeonol, a nature active compound derived from the root bark of the medicinal plant Paeonia suffruticosa, exhibits various pharmacological activities. Extensive research has demonstrated that paeonol exhibits substantial anticancer effects in various cancer, both in vitro and in vivo. Its underlying mechanisms involve the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of cell proliferation, invasion and migration, angiogenesis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy, regulating tumor immunity and enhanced radiosensitivity, as well as the modulation of multiple signaling pathways, such as the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling pathways. Additionally, paeonol can prevent adverse effects on the heart, liver, and kidneys induced by anticancer therapy. Despite numerous studies exploring paeonol's therapeutic potential in cancer, no specific reviews have been conducted. Therefore, this review provides a systematic summary and analysis of paeonol's anticancer effects, prevention of side effects, and the underlying mechanisms involved. This review aims to establish a theoretical basis for the adjunctive strategy of paeonol in cancer treatment, ultimately improving the survival rate and enhancing the quality of life for cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xindi Chang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoteng Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiarou Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du J, Song D, Li J, Li Y, Li B, Li L. Paeonol triggers apoptosis in HeLa cervical cancer cells: the role of mitochondria-related caspase pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:2083-2092. [PMID: 33710373 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-021-05811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Paeonol is a biologically active component purified from the root bark of Cortex Moutan that exerts pharmacological effects on the cervical cancer. In this study, we aim to evaluate the anti-cervical cancer capacity of paeonol and to investigate the mechanism driving its anti-cervical cancer effect. Paeonol administration markedly restrained the proliferation and caused apoptosis in HeLa cells. Furthermore, paeonol treatment resulted in a mitochondrial dysfunction in HeLa cells, including the inducing of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the release of cytochrome c. Moreover, the Bcl-2/Bax proportion was obviously downregulated and cleaved caspase-3 expression was evaluated through paeonol treatment. Additionally, the expression of p-PI3K and p-Akt was noticeably reduced in response to paeonol treatment in HeLa cells. Our findings indicated that paeonol exerts an anticancer potential in HeLa cells, at least in a manner, via triggering the mitochondrial pathway of cellular apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/Akt signaling. Thus, paeonol has great potential as a promising therapeutic compound to resist human cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jikun Du
- Central Research Laboratory, Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Bao'an Shenzhen (Group), Shajing People's Hospital of Bao'an Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daibo Song
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jinwen Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yuanhua Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Baohong Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Li Li
- Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Department of Pharmacology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu Y, Chen K, Xi B, Xie J, Bing X. Paeonol increases the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 123:479-488. [PMID: 35314333 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paeonol, a naturally occurring polyphenol isolated from medical plant, has been known to exhibit anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. In order to evaluate the effect of paeonol on Carassius auratus gibelio infected by pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydriphila. 750 fish were randomly divided into 5 groups, which separately treated with 0.85% sterile saline (blank), A. hydriphila (negative control), A. hydriphila with paeonol (4 mg/kg, 64 mg/kg), and A. hydriphila with enrofloxacin (12 mg/kg, positive control). Fish were anaesthetized with MS-222 (100 mg/L), and samples were collected at 6 and 72 h after A. hydriphila challenge. The results showed that compared with the negative group, the survival in paeonol groups marked increased by 14.75% and 18.94%. The plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) was notably increased, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) was significantly decreased in paeonol groups at 6 h (P < 0.05). The antioxidative enzymes catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were significantly increased in paeonol groups at 6 h, while malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) contents were lower (P < 0.05). The inflammatory related genes MyD88 and TLR-5 were significantly downregulated, and the TLR-3 was significantly increased in paeonol groups at 72 h (P < 0.05). In addition, histopathological analyses showed that the lesion in liver, spleen and caudal kidney were considerably attenuated in paeonol groups. In conclusion, paeonol could increase the survival rate, mitigate oxidative damage, inflammation, tissue lesions, and improve the immunity of gibel carp challenged with A. hydrophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Gu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Xuwen Bing
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ru Y, Zhang Y, Xiang YW, Luo Y, Luo Y, Jiang JS, Song JK, Fei XY, Yang D, Zhang Z, Zhang HP, Liu TY, Yin SY, Li B, Kuai L. Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis to identify biomarkers in Sheng-ji Hua-yu formula treated diabetic ulcers. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 285:114845. [PMID: 34800645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Sheng-ji Hua-yu (SJHY) formula is a Chinese herbal prescription for diabetic ulcers (DUs) treatment, which can accelerate wound reconstruction and shorten the healing time. However, its mechanism role maintains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of SJHY application on DUs. MATERIALS AND METHODS To begin with, transcriptome sequencing was adopted to identified differentially expression mRNAs among normal ulcers, DUs, and DUs + SJHY treatment in vivo. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied for the quality control of SJHY formula. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were used to identify the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effect of SJHY formula, and then gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis were conducted for functional analysis. Further, qPCR detection was performed in vivo for validation. RESULTS SJHY administration could regulate the glucose metabolic process, AMPK and HIF-1 pathway to accelerate healing processes of DUs. Besides, CRHR1, SHH, and GAL were identified as the critical targets, and SLC6A3, GRP, FGF23, and CYP27B1 were considered as the upstream genes of SJHY treatment. Combined with animal experiments, the prediction results were validated in DUs mice model. CONCLUSIONS This study used modular pharmacology analysis to identify the biomarkers of SJHY formula and provide the potential therapeutic targets for DUs treatment as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ying Luo
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yue Luo
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Jing-Si Jiang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Jian-Kun Song
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Xiao-Ya Fei
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Hui-Ping Zhang
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co.Ltd., 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Tai-Yi Liu
- Shanghai Applied Protein Technology Co.Ltd., 58 Yuanmei Road, Shanghai, 200233, China.
| | - Shuang-Yi Yin
- Center for Translational Medicine, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, 475001, Henan, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nunna S, Huang YP, Rasa M, Krepelova A, Annunziata F, Adam L, Käppel S, Hsu MH, Neri F. Characterization of Novel α-Mangostin and Paeonol Derivatives With Cancer-Selective Cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2022; 21:257-270. [PMID: 34789561 PMCID: PMC9398122 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
α-Mangostin (aMan) and Paeonol (Pae) have shown anticancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, these two natural compounds have no clinical value because of their low solubility and low membrane permeability. In this study, we screened chemically synthesized derivatives from these two natural compounds as potential novel chemicals that increase cancer cell cytotoxicity over nontransformed human cells. We found that two derivative compounds, named α-Mangostin-1 (aMan1) and Paeonol-1 (Pae1) more efficiently and more specifically induced cytotoxicity in HCT116, HT29, and SW48 colorectal cancer cell lines than the parental compounds. Both aMan1 and Pae1 arrested HCT116 cells in the G1 phase and HT29 and SW48 cells in the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. Both aMan1 and Pae1 induced apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells, through a caspase-dependent mechanism. aMan1 and Pae1 induced selective transcriptional responses in colorectal cancer cells involving genes related to metabolic stress and DNA damage response signaling pathways. Finally, experiments on primary colon organoids showed that both derivatives were able to kill cancer-derived organoids without affecting the viability of organoids derived from healthy tissue, where the parental compounds and the currently used chemotherapeutic drug irinotecan failed. In conclusion, our findings expand the knowledge of natural compound derivatives as anticancer agents and open new avenues of research in the derivation of lead compounds aimed at developing novel chemotherapeutic drugs for colorectal cancer treatment that selectively target cancer, but not healthy cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suneetha Nunna
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ying-Pei Huang
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Nuclear Science & Technology Development Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Mahdi Rasa
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Anna Krepelova
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Adam
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Sandra Käppel
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ming-Hua Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Medical and Applied Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Francesco Neri
- Leibniz-Institute on Ageing - Fritz-Lipmann-Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Corresponding Author: Francesco Neri, Epigenetics group, Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, 07745, Germany. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huo B, Song Y, Tan B, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Chang L. Research on the mechanisms of taraxerol for the treatment of gastric cancer effect based on network pharmacology. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:20587384211063962. [PMID: 34986036 PMCID: PMC8743941 DOI: 10.1177/20587384211063962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern pharmacological studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Taraxacum mongolicum possesses anti-cancer activity. Taraxerol (TRX) is a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from T. mongolicum, which is widely used in clinical treatment, and its anti-cancer effects have been extensively studied. However, the effects and molecular mechanism of TRX in gastric cancer (GC) have not been fully explicated. METHODS We used public databases to derive information on potential targets of TRX and proteins related to GC. Also, STRING and R3.6.2 software were used to analyze the protein-protein interaction (PPI). The Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were done to explain the potential mechanism underlying the regulatory role of TRX in GC. The role of TRX in GC was verified by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay, apoptosis analysis, Transwell assay, and wound healing assay, and the key signaling pathways were verified. RESULTS We identified 135 potential targets for the treatment of GC via network pharmacological analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that steroid hormone receptor activity and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway were the biological processes and pathways with the highest degree of enrichment. Additionally, cellular experiments revealed that TRX inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells as well as induced G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in GC cells. CONCLUSION Here, we used multi-target and multi-pathway network pharmacological analysis to verify the anti-cancer activity of TRX in GC. Also, in vitro experimental data were used to derive the potential molecular mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Huo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Yanru Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Bibo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Fengbin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology Pharmacology, 117878The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chang
- HeBei University of Chinese Medicine, No. 3 Xing yuan Road, Lu quan District, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050200, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lv J, Zhu S, Chen H, Xu Y, Su Q, Yu G, Ma W. Paeonol inhibits human lung cancer cell viability and metastasis in vitro via miR-126-5p/ZEB2 axis. Drug Dev Res 2021; 83:432-446. [PMID: 34636432 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol exerted an effect in lung cancer, but the underlying mechanism remained vague. In this research, we assessed the effects of Paeonol and microRNA (miR)-126-5p on the viability, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung cancer cells. Lung cancer cells and BEAS-2B cells were treated with Paeonol, and viability was detected by 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di- phenytetrazoliumromide (MTT) assay. The migration and invasion of lung cancer cells after treatment with Paeonol at 40 μg/mL or 80 μg/mL were detected by wound healing assay and Transwell assay, respectively. The effects of Paeonol on transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced EMT and relative expressions of EMT-related proteins were determined using Western blot. The target gene of miR-126-5p and the binding sites between them were predicted by TargetScan, and confirmed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. Relative expressions of miR-126-5p, its target gene and EMT-related proteins were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot. Rescue assay was performed to analyze the relation between Paeonol and miR-126-5p. Paeonol down-regulated cell viability and inhibited migration, invasion and TGF-β1-induced EMT while up-regulating miR-126-5p expression in lung cancer cells as the dose increased. However, miR-126-5p inhibitor could reverse the effect of Paeonol. ZEB2 was the target gene of miR-126-5p, and silencing ZEB2 expression reversed the effects of miR-126-5p downregulation. Paeonol also regulated the expression of ZEB2 in lung cancer cells, and this regulation depends on the regulation of miR-126-5p. Paeonol inhibits human lung cancer cell viability and metastasis via the miR-126-5p/ZEB2 axis, and could be adopted as a potential agent for lung cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shibing Zhu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiping Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhe Jiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Special Medical Treatment, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyu Su
- ICU, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofen Yu
- Special Needs Ward, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Emergency, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Song Y, Chang L, Wang X, Tan B, Li J, Zhang J, Zhang F, Zhao L, Liu G, Huo B. Regulatory Mechanism and Experimental Verification of Patchouli Alcohol on Gastric Cancer Cell Based on Network Pharmacology. Front Oncol 2021; 11:711984. [PMID: 34540679 PMCID: PMC8440821 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.711984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pogostemon cablin is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) that is frequently used to treat various gastrointestinal diseases. Patchouli alcohol (PA), a compound extracted from the Pogostemon cablin, has been shown to have anti-tumor efficacy in human colorectal cancer. However, the mechanism of PA’s anticancer effect on gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. Methods We used the public database to obtain the potential targets of PA and genes related to GC. Bioinformatic analyses, such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Gene Ontology (GO), and protein-protein interactions (PPI), were used for analyzing the potential signal pathways and targets. Cell experiments were also conducted to further explain the impact and molecular mechanism of PA on GC, as well as to confirm the findings of network pharmacology. Results Using network pharmacological analysis, 161 possible targets were identified for the treatment of GC. Network analysis and functional enrichment analysis show that PA produced a marked effect in the treatment of GC through multi-targets and multi-pathways, especially the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signal pathways. In addition, PA showed the inhibition of GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion in cell experiments. According to our findings, PA could also cause G0/G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in GC cells. Conclusion Using network pharmacology, we aim to uncover the possible molecular mechanism of PA on GC treatment in this research. Cell experiments were also conducted to confirm the therapeutic effect of PA on GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Song
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Chang
- Department of Basic Theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Basic Medical Science College, HeBei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bibo Tan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianbo Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fengbin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology Pharmacology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Centre, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guangjie Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bingjie Huo
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kang SY, Hwang D, Shin S, Park J, Kim M, Rahman MDH, Rahman MA, Ko SG, Kim B. Potential of Bioactive Food Components against Gastric Cancer: Insights into Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184502. [PMID: 34572730 PMCID: PMC8469857 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer, also known as stomach cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach. Accumulated evidence and epidemiological studies have indicated that bioactive food components from natural products play an important role in gastric cancer prevention and treatment, although its mechanism of action has not yet been elucidated. Particularly, experimental studies have shown that natural bioactive food products display a protective effect against gastric cancer via numerous molecular mechanisms, such as suppression of cell metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and modulation of autophagy. Chemotherapy remains the standard treatment for advanced gastric cancer along with surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, as well as immunotherapy, and its adverse side effects including neutropenia, stomatitis, mucositis, diarrhea, nausea, and emesis are well documented. However, administration of naturally occurring bioactive phytochemical food components could increase the efficacy of gastric chemotherapy and other chemotherapeutic resistance. Additionally, several studies have suggested that bioactive food components with structural stability, potential bioavailability, and powerful bioactivity are important to develop novel treatment strategies for gastric cancer management, which may minimize the adverse effects. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize the potential therapeutic effects of natural bioactive food products on the prevention and treatment of gastric cancer with intensive molecular mechanisms of action, bioavailability, and safety efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seog Young Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Dongwon Hwang
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Soyoung Shin
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Jinju Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Myoungchan Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
| | - MD. Hasanur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj 8100, Bangladesh;
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (D.H.); (S.S.); (J.P.); (M.A.R.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegidong Dongdaemungu, Seoul 05253, Korea;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Exploring targets and signaling pathways of paeonol involved in relieving inflammation based on modern technology. Mol Divers 2021; 26:1731-1742. [PMID: 34463943 PMCID: PMC8405392 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-021-10301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol, derived from natural plants (Moutan Cortex), has a wide range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects as well as favorable effects against cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The anti-inflammatory action is the main pharmacological activity of paeonol and has the greatest clinical relevance. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanism of paeonol has not been reported in sufficient detail. We systematically analyzed the anti-inflammatory mechanism of paeonol using network pharmacological databases and platforms, including TCMSP, Swiss TargetPrediction, OMIM, DrugBank, TTD, Jevnn, STRING11.0, and Metascape. Furthermore, we used high-throughput molecular docking method to prove the results of the above analyses, providing a reference for exploring the mechanism of paeonol and developing targeted drugs.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sheng SQ, Yu LY, Zhou XW, Pan HY, Hu FY, Liu JL. Paeonol prevents migration and invasion, and promotes apoptosis of cervical cancer cells by inhibiting 5‑lipoxygenase. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:401. [PMID: 33786614 PMCID: PMC8025460 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is a common public health issue with high morbidity worldwide. Paeonol (Pae) has been recognized as a traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of various cancer types. However, whether Pae could exert a protective effect on cervical cancer remains to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of Pae in cervical cancer cells and identify the potential mechanism. Cell Counting Kit‑8 and colony‑formation assays were conducted to test the proliferation of HeLa cells. Additionally, wound healing and transwell assays were used to detect the migratory and invasive abilities of cells. The plasmid that overexpressed 5‑lipoxygenase (5‑LO) or control vector was constructed and transfected into the cells. Subsequently, flow cytometry was used to monitor the apoptotic rate of cells. The expression levels of apoptosis‑associated proteins and 5‑LO were detected using western blot analysis. Reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis detected the expression of 5‑LO. Pae inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of HeLa cells, promoted cell apoptosis and downregulated the expression of 5‑LO. Overexpression of 5‑LO, however, attenuated these effects. Thus, Pae could inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion, as well as promote apoptosis of HeLa cells by regulating the expression of 5‑LO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Qin Sheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Lei-Yuan Yu
- Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Wei Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yi Pan
- Third Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Ying Hu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Li Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310005, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anticancer activities of TCM and their active components against tumor metastasis. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111044. [PMID: 33378952 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has the characteristics of multiple targets, slight side effects and good therapeutic effects. Good anti-tumor effects are shown by Traditional Chinese Medicine prescription, Chinese patent medicine, single Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional Chinese medicine monomer compound. Clinically, TCM prolonged the survival time of patients and improved the life quality of patients, due to less side effects. Cancer metastasis is a complex process involving numerous steps, multiple genes and their products. During the process of tumor metastasis, firstly, cancer cell increases its proliferative capacity by reducing autophagy and apoptosis, and then the cancer cell capacity is stimulated by increasing the ability of tumors to absorb nutrients from the outside through angiogenesis. Both of the two steps can increase tumor migration and invasion. Finally, the purpose of tumor metastasis is achieved. By inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis of tumor cells, angiogenesis and EMT outside the tumor can inhibit the invasion and migration of cancer, and consequently achieve the purpose of inhibiting tumor metastasis. This review explores the research achievements of Traditional Chinese Medicine on breast cancer, lung cancer, hepatic carcinoma, colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and other cancer metastasis in the past five years, summarizes the development direction of TCM on cancer metastasis research in the past five years and makes a prospect for the future.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen JX, Cheng CS, Chen J, Lv LL, Chen ZJ, Chen C, Zheng L. Cynanchum paniculatum and Its Major Active Constituents for Inflammatory-Related Diseases: A Review of Traditional Use, Multiple Pathway Modulations, and Clinical Applications. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:7259686. [PMID: 32774428 PMCID: PMC7396087 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7259686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cynanchum paniculatum Radix, known as Xuchangqing in Chinese, is commonly prescribed in Chinese Medicine (CM) for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. The anti-inflammatory property of Cynanchum paniculatum can be traced from its wind-damp removing, collaterals' obstruction relieving, and toxins counteracting effects as folk medicine in CM. This paper systematically reviewed the research advancement of the pharmacological effects of Cynanchum paniculatum among a variety of human diseases, including diseases of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, urogenital, hematopoietic, endocrine and metabolomic, neurological, skeletal, and rheumatological systems and malignant diseases. This review aims to link the long history of clinical applications of Cynanchum paniculatum in CM with recent biomedical investigations. The major bioactive chemical compositions of Cynanchum paniculatum and their associated action mechanism unveiled by biomedical investigations as well as the present clinical applications and future perspectives are discussed. The major focuses of this review are on the diverse mechanisms of Cynanchum paniculatum and the role of its active components in inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xian Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
- Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ling-Ling Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zi-Jie Chen
- Shanghai Yangpu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Shanghai Geriatrics Institute of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, China
- Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Paeonol inhibits proliferation and induces cell apoptosis of human T24 and 5637 bladder cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Oncol 2020; 23:601-611. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02455-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
18
|
Liu P, Cai S, Li N. Circular RNA-hsa-circ-0000670 promotes gastric cancer progression through the microRNA-384/SIX4 axis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 394:112141. [PMID: 32535033 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a special type of non-coding RNA molecules, have been addressed to be implicated in gastric cancer progression. The GSE93541 and GSE83521 microarrays found hsa-circRNA-000670 (hsa-circ-0000670) as an up-regulated circRNAin gastric cancer. We mainly investigated the function and molecular mechanisms of hsa-circ-0000670 involved in gastric cancer. The expression of hsa-circ-0000670 was determined by RT-qPCR to be highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues relative to corresponding adjacent normal tissues, as well as in gastric cancer cell lines relative to normal gastric mucosal epithelial cell line. By conducting EdU, scratch test and Transwell assays, hsa-circ-000670 was found to be a tumor promoter by potentiating the proliferative, invasive and migrating capabilities of gastric cancer cells. Consistently, a tumor-promotive role of hsa-circ-000670 was validated in vivo. Dual-luciferase reporter gene and RIP assays identified the binding of hsa-circ-0000670 to microRNA-384 (miR-384) and the binding of miR-384 to sine oculis-related homeobox 4 (SIX4). The oncogenic potential of hsa-circ-0000670 in gastric cancer cells were inhibited by overexpressed miR-384. Mechanistically, SIX4 was targeted by miR-384 and was upregulated in gastric cancer. High SIX4 expression was suggested to correlate with the poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Additionally, silencing of SIX4 delayed tumor growth and progression, which were reversed by overexpression of hsa-circ-0000670. Taken together, hsa-circ-0000670 acts as a tumor promotor in gastric cancer progression and might be a potential target for gastric cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, PR China
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu YS, Han X, Yu PJ, Jiao MM, Liu XH, Shi JB. Novel paeonol derivatives: Design, synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103735. [PMID: 32171986 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Paeonol has been proved to have potential anti-inflammatory activity, but its clinical application is not extensive due to the poor anti-inflammatory activity (14.74% inhibitory activity at 20 μM). In order to discover novel lead compound with high anti-inflammatory activity, series of paeonol derivatives were designed and synthesized, their anti-inflammatory activities were screened in vitro and in vivo. Structure-activity relationships (SARs) have been fully concluded, and finally (E)-N-(4-(2-acetyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimet-hoxyphenyl)acrylamide (compound 11a) was found to be the best active compound with low toxicity, which showed 96.32% inhibitory activity at 20 μM and IC50 value of 6.96 μM against LPS-induced over expression of nitric oxide (NO) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Preliminary mechanism studies indicated that it could inhibit the expression of TLR4, resulting in inhibiting of NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Further studies have shown that compound 11a has obvious therapeutic effect against the adjuvant-induced rat arthritis model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sheng Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xu Han
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Pei Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Ming Ming Jiao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China
| | - Xin Hua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
| | - Jing Bo Shi
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cheng CS, Chen JX, Tang J, Geng YW, Zheng L, Lv LL, Chen LY, Chen Z. Paeonol Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion Through the Inhibition of TGF-β1/Smad Signaling and Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Transition. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:641-651. [PMID: 32099461 PMCID: PMC6996112 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s224416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Paeonol, a natural product derived from the root of Cynanchum paniculatum (Bunge) K. Schum and the root of Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. (Ranunculaceae) has attracted extensive attention for its anti-cancer proliferation effect in recent years. The present study examined the role of paeonol in suppressing migration and invasion in pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting TGF-β1/Smad signaling. Methods Cell viability was evaluated by MTT and colonial formation assay. Migration and invasion capabilities were examined by cell scratch-wound healing assay and the Boyden chamber invasion assay. Western Blot and qRT-PCR were used to measure the protein and RNA levels of vimentin, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and TGF-β1/Smad signaling. Results At non-cytotoxic dose, 100 μΜ and 150 μΜ of paeonol showed significant anti-migration and anti-invasion effects on Panc-1 and Capan-1 cells (p<0.01). Paeonol inhibited epithelial-mesenchymal-transition by upregulating E-cadherin, and down regulating N-cadherin and vimentin expressions. Paeonol inhibited TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway by downregulating TGF-β1, p-Smad2/Smad2 and p-Smad3/Smad3 expressions. Further, TGF-β1 attenuated the anti-migration and anti-invasion capacities of paeonol in Panc-1 and Capan-1 cells. Conclusion These findings revealed that paeonol could suppress proliferation and inhibit migration and invasion in Panc-1 and Capan-1 cells by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad pathway and might be a promising novel anti-pancreatic cancer drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Shan Cheng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Xian Chen
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.,Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Tang
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wen Geng
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.,Workstation of Xia Xiang, National Master of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Ling Lv
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Lian-Yu Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Integrative Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu Q, Xia H, Xu Y, Cheng Y, Cheng Z. Investigation on the Preparation, Characteristics, and Controlled Release Model of Paeonol-Loaded Liposome in Carbomer Hydrogel. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:159-173. [PMID: 31951179 DOI: 10.2174/1567201817666200115163506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paeonol is a phenolic compounce that is volatile. In order to decrease its volatility and achieve controlled release, paeonol-loaded liposome in carbomer hydrogel was prepared by coating with soybean phospholipid via ethanol injection method and then added into the carbomer hydrogel. METHODS The quality of paeonol-loaded liposome in carbomer hydrogel was evaluated by the degree of roundness, particle size distribution, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (filtration method and chitosan neutralization method), viscosity, infrared spectrum, etc. Furthermore, the diffusion from paeonolloaded liposome in hydrogel was studied in vitro. RESULTS The results showed that the average particle size of paeonol-loaded liposome was about 401 nm, the potential was -17.8 mV, and the entrapment efficiency was above 45%. The viscosity of paeonol- loaded liposome in hydrogel was 23.972×10-3 Pa*s, and the diffusion rate from paeonol-loaded liposome in hydrogel in vitro was obviously slower than that from the other paeonol preparations. CONCLUSION The conclusions could be drawn that paeonol-loaded liposome in hydrogel was a kind of novel preparation, and its diffusion in vitro had obvious controlled-release characteristics, which further proved that it might improve the bioavailability of paeonol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Hongmei Xia
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| | - Yinxiang Xu
- Zhaoke (Hefei) Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Yongfeng Cheng
- School of Life Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhiqing Cheng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230038, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lemon Peel Polyphenol Extract Reduces Interleukin-6-Induced Cell Migration, Invasiveness, and Matrix Metalloproteinase-9/2 Expression in Human Gastric Adenocarcinoma MKN-28 and AGS Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120833. [PMID: 31817563 PMCID: PMC6995574 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among plant polyphenols, lemon peels extract (LPE) from the residues of the industrial processing of lemon (Citrus limon) shows anti-proliferative properties in cancer cells and anticholinesterase activity. In this study, we analyze the anti-cancer properties of LPE on migration and invasiveness in MKN-28 and AGS human gastric cancer cell lines either in the absence or presence of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6. We find that the pretreatment with non-cytotoxic concentrations (0.5–1 μg/ml of gallic acid equivalent) of LPE inhibits interleukin-6 (IL-6)-induced cell migration and invasiveness in MKN-28 and AGS cells, as analyzed by wound and matrigel assays. Pretreatment with LPE is able to prevent either IL-6-induced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-9/2 activity, as assessed by gel zymography, or mRNA and protein MMP-9/2 expression, as evaluated by qPCR and Western blotting analysis, respectively. These LPE effects are associated with an IL-6-dependent STAT3 signaling pathway in MKN-28 and AGS cells. Furthermore, LPE shows acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity when assayed by the Ellman method. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that LPE reduces the invasiveness of gastric MKN-28 and AGS cancer cells through the reduction of IL-6-induced MMP-9/2 up-regulation. Therefore, these data suggest that LPE exerts a protective role against the metastatic process in gastric cancer.
Collapse
|
23
|
Paeonol: pharmacological effects and mechanisms of action. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 72:413-421. [PMID: 31030097 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Paeonia suffruticosa possesses various medicinal benefits and has been used extensively in traditional oriental medicine for thousands of years. Paeonol is the main component isolated from the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa. The pharmacological effects of Paeonia suffruticosa are mostly attributed to paeonol. Paeonol injection has been successfully applied in China for nearly 50 years for inflammation/pain-related indications. Currently, the dosage forms of paeonol approved by China Food and Drug Administration include tablet, injection, and external preparations such as ointment and adhesive plaster. So far, the clinical applications of paeonol are mainly focusing on the anti-inflammatory activity. Studies of other pharmacological activities of paeonol are developing rapidly, and which may play an important role in the future. Besides, substantial mechanisms of pharmacological action of paeonol have been clarified in recent years. In this review, we summarize the pharmacological effects anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-tumor, anti-cardiovascular diseases and associated mechanisms of action of paeonol up to date.
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang XF, Zhang XQ, Chang ZX, Wu CC, Guo H. microRNA‑145 modulates migration and invasion of bladder cancer cells by targeting N‑cadherin. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:8450-8456. [PMID: 29693148 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA)‑145 has been demonstrated to serve a role in several types of tumors, however, the potential molecular mechanism of action of miRNA‑145 in bladder cancer metastasis remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the potential modulation of miRNA‑145 in bladder carcinoma and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. The expression of miRNA‑145 in bladder adenocarcinoma tissues and bladder cancer cells was measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miRNA‑145 mimics and inhibitor were transfected into bladder cancer (BC) cells to determine the role of miRNA‑145 on cell motility and invasion measured by wound healing and transwell assays. Luciferase assay was performed to confirm whether N‑cadherin was the direct target of miRNA‑145. Subsequently, expression of N‑cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase‑9 (MMP9) in BC cells were detected by western blot analysis. miRNA‑145 was significantly downregulated cells and tissues from patients with BC, compared with healthy controls. miRNA‑145 markedly inhibited the ability of BC cells to migrate and invade. Furthermore, N‑cadherin was identified as a target of miRNA‑145 in BC cells. MMP9, acting downstream of N‑cadherin, was downregulated in BC cells by miRNA‑145. In the present study, miRNA‑145 suppressed the migration and invasion of BC cells by regulating N‑cadherin. The results of the present study indicated that miRNA‑145 may function as a tumor suppressor and may have a potential to be a diagnostic and predictive biomarker, and a therapeutic target for treatment of BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qi Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Xing Chang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Cui Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| | - Hang Guo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of BeiHua University, Jilin, Jilin 132011, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zong S, Pu Y, Li S, Xu B, Zhang Y, Zhang T, Wang B. Beneficial anti-inflammatory effect of paeonol self-microemulsion-loaded colon-specific capsules on experimental ulcerative colitis rats. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 46:324-335. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1423497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Zong
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqiong Pu
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suyun Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Benliang Xu
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Experimental Center for Teaching and Learning, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|