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Hakami MA, Hazazi A, Khan FR, Abdulaziz O, Alshaghdali K, Abalkhail A, Nassar SA, Omar BIA, Almarshadi F, Gupta G, Binshaya AS. PVT1 lncRNA in lung cancer: A key player in tumorigenesis and therapeutic opportunities. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:155019. [PMID: 38091883 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.155019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The lncRNA PVT1 has emerged as a pivotal component in the intricate landscape of cancer pathogenesis, particularly in lung cancer. PVT1, situated in the 8q24 chromosomal region, has garnered attention for its aberrant expression patterns in lung cancer, correlating with tumor progression, metastasis, and poor prognosis. Numerous studies have unveiled the diverse mechanisms PVT1 contributes to lung cancer pathogenesis. It modulates critical pathways, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis evasion, angiogenesis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. PVT1's interactions with other molecules, including microRNAs and proteins, amplify its oncogenic influence. Recent advancements in genomic and epigenetic analyses have also illuminated the intricate regulatory networks that govern PVT1 expression. Understanding PVT1's complex involvement in lung cancer holds substantial clinical implications. Targeting PVT1 presents a promising avenue for developing novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions. This abstract encapsulates the expanding knowledge regarding the oncogenic role of PVT1 in lung cancer, underscoring the significance of further research to unravel its complete mechanistic landscape and exploit its potential for improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hazazi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Security Forces Hospital Program, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farhan R Khan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Abdulaziz
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Alshaghdali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, P.O Box 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adil Abalkhail
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somia A Nassar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Department of Parasitology & Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Bashir Ibrahim A Omar
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Almarshadi
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Abdulkarim S Binshaya
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.
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Chen X, Li J, Xiang A, Guan H, Su P, Zhang L, Zhang D, Yu Q. BMP and activin receptor membrane bound inhibitor: BAMBI has multiple roles in gene expression and diseases (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:28. [PMID: 38125356 PMCID: PMC10728939 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, known as a pseudo-receptor for TGFβ, as, while its extracellular domain is similar to that of type I TGFβ receptors, its intracellular structure is shorter and lacks a serine/threonine phosphokinase signaling motif. BAMBI can regulate numerous biological phenomena, including glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, abnormal expression of BAMBI at the mRNA and protein levels contributes to various human pathologies, including obesity and cancer. In the present review, the structure of BAMBI is briefly introduced and its associated signaling pathways and physiological functions are described. Understanding of BAMBI structure and function may contribute to knowledge regarding the occurrence of diseases, including obesity and diabetes, among others. The present review provides a theoretical foundation for the development of BAMBI as a potential biomarker or therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochang Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Jue Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Aoqi Xiang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Hua Guan
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Peihong Su
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Lusha Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Dian Zhang
- Department of Basic Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular Diseases, Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710021, P.R. China
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An PG, Wu WJ, Tang YF, Zhang J. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the heterogeneity and microenvironment in one adenoid cystic carcinoma sample. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:155. [PMID: 37162576 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-023-01082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is one of the most common malignancy of the major salivary glands with a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis. Determining tumor heterogeneity and factors in the microenvironment may provide novel therapeutic targets for ACC. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing of one ACC sample and normal salivary gland tissues from a patient to analyze tumor heterogeneity, immunosuppressive landscape, and intercellular communication networks. The heterogeneity of epithelial cells in ACC tissues was significantly higher compared with that in normal tissues, whereas immune cells were almost absent. We found four malignant cell clusters in ACC and explored their characteristics and function. In tumor tissues, CD8 + cytotoxic T cells and CD4 + T helper cells were significantly decreased, whereas IgA + plasma cells were absent. There were two clusters of macrophages, one representing IL1B macrophages and the other consisted of a cluster of macrophages associated with the epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). Both were significantly different from the normal tissue composition. In addition, the communication between epithelial cells and other cells in the tumor tissue was enhanced. MIF-CD74 and APP-CD74 were significantly upregulated. We comprehensively described the heterogeneity of ACC and the tumor microenvironment (TME) from a single cell perspective including cell characteristics, immune cell infiltration, and cell communication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provided further insights into ACC and may lead to new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu-Gen An
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Fang Tang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Department of Stomatology, Xinqiao Hospital (the Second Affiliated Hospital), Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22 Zhongguancun South Avenue, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Yang J, Zhang J, Na S, Wang Z, Li H, Su Y, Ji L, Tang X, Yang J, Xu L. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing to reveal an immunogenic cell death-related 5-gene panel as a prognostic model for osteosarcoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994034. [PMID: 36225939 PMCID: PMC9549151 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundDespite the comparatively low prevalence of osteosarcoma (OS) compared to other cancer types, metastatic OS has a poor overall survival rate of fewer than 30%. Accumulating data has shown the crucial functions of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in various cancers; nevertheless, the relationship between ICD and OS was not previously well understood. This research aims to determine the function of ICD in OS and construct an ICD-based prognostic panel.MethodsSingle cell RNA sequencing data from GSE162454 dataset distinguished malignant cells from normal cells in OS. The discrepancy in ICD scores and corresponding gene expression was intensively explored between malignant cells and normal cells. Using the RNA sequencing data of the TARGET-OS, GSE16091, GSE21257, and GSE39058 datasets, the molecular subtype of OS was determined by clustering seventeen ICD-related genes obtained from the literature. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different molecular subtypes were identified to develop a novel ICD-associated prognostic panel.ResultsThe malignant cells had a remarkable decrease in the ICD scores and corresponding gene expression compared with normal cells. A total of 212 OS patients were successfully stratified into two subtypes: C1 and C2. C1-like OS patients were characterized by better prognostic outcomes, overexpression of ICD genes, activation of the ICD pathway, high inflitration abundance of immunocytes, and low expression levels of immune checkpoint genes (ICGs); however, the reverse is true in C2-like OS patients. Utilizing the limma programme in R, the DEGs between two subtypes were determined, and a 5-gene risk panel consisting of BAMBI, TMCC2, NOX4, DKK1, and CBS was developed through LASSO-Cox regression analysis. The internal- and external-verification cohorts were employed to verify the efficacy and precision of the risk panel. The AUC values of ROC curves indicated excellent prognostic prediction values of our risk panel.ConclusionsOverall, ICD represented a protective factor against OS, and our 5-gene risk panel serving as a biomarker could effectively evaluate the prognostic risk in patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Song Na
- Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, China
| | - Zhizhou Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hanshuo Li
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxin Su
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Northern Theater Command General Hospital, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, DongZhiMen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Xu, ; Xin Tang, ; Jun Yang,
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Xu, ; Xin Tang, ; Jun Yang,
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Lu Xu, ; Xin Tang, ; Jun Yang,
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Hoang NTD, Hassan G, Suehiro T, Mine Y, Matsuki T, Fujii M. BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor regulate connective tissue growth factor controlling mesothelioma cell proliferation. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:984. [PMID: 36109807 PMCID: PMC9479400 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive mesothelial cell cancer type linked mainly to asbestos inhalation. MM characterizes by rapid progression and resistance to standard therapeutic modalities such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Our previous studies have suggested that tumor cell-derived connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) regulates the proliferation of MM cells as well as the tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Methods In this study, we knock downed the bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) and CTGF in MM cells and investigated the relationship between both and their impact on the cell cycle and cell proliferation. Results The knockdown of CTGF or BAMBI reduced MM cell proliferation. In contrast to CTGF knockdown which decreased BAMBI, knockdown of BAMBI increased CTGF levels. Knockdown of either BAMBI or CTGF reduced expression of the cell cycle regulators; cyclin D3, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2, and CDK4. Further, in silico analysis revealed that higher BAMBI expression was associated with shorter overall survival rates among MM patients. Conclusions Our findings suggest that BAMBI is regulated by CTGF promoting mesothelioma growth by driving cell cycle progression. Therefore, the crosstalk between BAMBI and CTGF may be an effective therapeutic target for MM treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10080-x.
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Guan X, Lu N, Zhang J. Construction of a prognostic model related to copper dependence in breast cancer by single-cell sequencing analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:949852. [PMID: 36082002 PMCID: PMC9445252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.949852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the clinical significance of copper-dependent-related genes (CDRG) in female breast cancer (BC). Methods: CDRG were obtained by single-cell analysis of the GSE168410 dataset in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. According to a 1:1 ratio, the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort was separated into a training and a test cohort randomly. Based on the training cohort, the prognostic model was built using COX and Lasso regression. The test cohort was used to validate the model. The GSE20685 dataset and GSE20711 dataset were used as two external validation cohorts to further validate the prognostic model. According to the median risk score, patients were classified as high-risk or low-risk. Survival analysis, immune microenvironment analysis, drug sensitivity analysis, and nomogram analysis were used to evaluate the clinical importance of this prognostic model. Results: 384 CDRG were obtained by single-cell analysis. According to the prognostic model, patients were classified as high-risk or low-risk in both cohorts. The high-risk group had a significantly worse prognosis. The area under the curve (AUC) of the model was around 0.7 in the four cohorts. The immunological microenvironment was examined for a possible link between risk score and immune cell infiltration. Veliparib, Selumetinib, Entinostat, and Palbociclib were found to be more sensitive medications for the high-risk group after drug sensitivity analysis. Conclusion: Our CDRG-based prognostic model can aid in the prediction of prognosis and treatment of BC patients.
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Pawlak JB, Blobe GC. TGF-β superfamily co-receptors in cancer. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:137-163. [PMID: 33797167 PMCID: PMC8484463 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily signaling via their cognate receptors is frequently modified by TGF-β superfamily co-receptors. Signaling through SMAD-mediated pathways may be enhanced or depressed depending on the specific co-receptor and cell context. This dynamic effect on signaling is further modified by the release of many of the co-receptors from the membrane to generate soluble forms that are often antagonistic to the membrane-bound receptors. The co-receptors discussed here include TβRIII (betaglycan), endoglin, BAMBI, CD109, SCUBE proteins, neuropilins, Cripto-1, MuSK, and RGMs. Dysregulation of these co-receptors can lead to altered TGF-β superfamily signaling that contributes to the pathophysiology of many cancers through regulation of growth, metastatic potential, and the tumor microenvironment. Here we describe the role of several TGF-β superfamily co-receptors on TGF-β superfamily signaling and the impact on cellular and physiological functions with a particular focus on cancer, including a discussion on recent pharmacological advances and potential clinical applications targeting these co-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerard C. Blobe
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center,Corresponding author: Gerard Blobe, B354 LSRC, Box 91004 DUMC, Durham, NC 27708, , 919-668-1352
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Shehata MM, Sallam AAM, Naguib MG, El-Mesallamy HO. Overexpression of BAMBI and SMAD7 impacts prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia patients: A potential TERT non-canonical role. Cancer Biomark 2021; 31:47-58. [PMID: 33780363 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-200927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7) are important transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling antagonists, however their roles in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains unclear. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) may be involved in regulating BAMBI and SMAD7 expressions; a role beyond telomeres that is not clinically validated yet. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined the expression levels and prognostic values of BAMBI, SMAD7 and TERT and their association with AML patients' outcomes. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 74 de-novo AML patients and 16 controls. Real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to analyze BAMBI, SMAD7 and TERT expressions. RESULTS BAMBI and SMAD7 expression in AML were significantly upregulated versus controls (p< 0.05). BAMBI, SMAD7 and TERT levels were significantly correlated together (p< 0.001). Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that patients with high BAMBI, SMAD7 and TERT expression levels had markedly shorter event free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) time (p< 0.01). Furthermore, multivariate analysis revealed that only high BAMBI expression was an independent risk factor for OS (p= 0.001). CONCLUSIONS BAMBI is a novel biomarker in predicting prognosis in AML patients. Moreover, a potential interplay is found between BAMBI, SMAD7 and TERT in AML pathogenies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Magdy Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University (ASU), Abassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Al-Aliaa Mohamed Sallam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University (ASU), Abassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Biochemistry Department, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Industries, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mary Gamal Naguib
- Hematology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University (ASU), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hala Osman El-Mesallamy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University (ASU), Abassia, Cairo, Egypt.,Biochemistry Department, Dean of Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University (SU), Sinai, Egypt
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Bone morphogenetic protein 2 induces the activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling and human trophoblast invasion through up-regulating BAMBI. Cell Signal 2020; 67:109489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang Z, Zhang Q, Sun Y, Shao F. Long Non-Coding RNA PVT1 Regulates BAMBI To Promote Tumor Progression In Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer By Sponging miR-17-5p. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:131-142. [PMID: 32021261 PMCID: PMC6954835 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s217335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a common malignancy over the world. Previous report indicated that the plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) has been documented to function as an oncogene in various types of human cancers. However, the biological mechanism of PVT1 was still rarely reported in NSCLC. Methods The levels of PVT1, miR-17-5p, and bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) in NSCLC tissues (n=64) and cells (H1299 and A549) were detected by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The protein level of BAMBI was measured by Western blot assay. Cell viability and apoptotic rate were evaluated by MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The migrated and invaded abilities were assessed by Transwell assay and Wound healing assay. The interactions between miR-17-5p and PVT1 or BAMBI were predicted by starBase v2.0 and TargetScan, respectively, and then dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were performed to verify these interactions. The mice model experiments were constructed to further validate the roles of PVT1 in vivo. Results The levels of PVT1 and BAMBI were both apparently increased, and miR-17-5p was declined in NSCLC tissues and cells. The depletion of PVT1 or BAMBI blocked cell viability, migrated and invaded abilities but impelled apoptotic rate in A549 and H1299 cells. PVT1 was validated as a sponge to miR-17-5p and BAMBI was a direct target of miR-17-5p. PVT1 promoted cell viability, migrated and invaded abilities but repressed apoptotic rate by targeting BAMBI. MiR-17-5p regulated cell behaviors mediated by PVT1. PVT1 silencing decreased BAMBI expression by sponging miR-17-5p. In addition, PVT1 knockdown blocked the xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Conclusion These results manifested that PVT1 modulated BAMBI to promote tumor progression in NSCLC by sponging miR-17-5p. Thus, the novel regulatory pathway may provide a new therapeutic target for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yungang Sun
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Yi J, Fan Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Mu T, Xie H, Gao H, Liu M, Li S, Tang H. MiR-HCC2 Up-regulates BAMBI and ELMO1 Expression to Facilitate the Proliferation and EMT of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. J Cancer 2019; 10:3407-3419. [PMID: 31293644 PMCID: PMC6603416 DOI: 10.7150/jca.30858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of gene expression regulators that participate in the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although the underlying mechanism by which they function in HCC has not been fully elucidated. Here, small RNA deep sequencing was used to identify aberrantly expressed miRNAs in HCC tissues, and a novel miRNA named miR-HCC2 was identified. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that miR-HCC2 displayed higher expression in HCC tissues than in adjacent non-tumor tissues. We documented that miR-HCC2 facilitated the growth, migration and invasion of HCC cells by accelerating cell cycle progression, incressing the expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated marker vimentin but decreasing the expression of E-cadherin. MiR-HCC2 directly targeted the 3′ UTR of BAMBI and ELMO1 and up-regulated their expression. Both BAMBI and ELMO1 had the same patterns of expression with miR-HCC2 in HCC tissues. Additionally, blocking BAMBI or ELMO1 counteracted the phenotypic alterations elicited by miR-HCC2. Collectively, our investigation identified miR-HCC2 as a new positive modulator of HCC aggressiveness that may serve as a potential biomarker for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Yi
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yajie Fan
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ting Mu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Hong Xie
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Huijie Gao
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Min Liu
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shengping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Hepatobiliary Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 651 Dong-Feng Road East, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Hua Tang
- Tianjin Life Science Research Center and Department of Pathogen Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
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Liu F, Wang K, Zhang L, Yang YL. Bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor suppress bone cancer progression in MG63 and SAOS cells via regulation of the TGF-β-induced EMT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5113-5121. [PMID: 30250579 PMCID: PMC6144885 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer is one of the most common tumor types that occurs in bones and their affiliated tissues. The prognosis remains poor due to the limited number of effective therapeutic targets. Downregulation of bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) has been observed in human cancer cells and BAMBI reconstitution can inhibit growth and metastasis of human cancer cells. In the present study, a potential mechanism mediated by BAMBI in osteosarcoma cells was investigated. The data demonstrated that BAMBI reconstitution suppressed the cell growth, migration and invasion of the osteosarcoma cell lines SAOS2 and MG63. Alterations to the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression were observed in BAMBI-treated osteosarcoma SAOS2 and MG63 cells. The apoptosis rate of SAOS2 and MG63 cells induced by cisplatin were increased in BAMBI-treated osteosarcoma SAOS2 and MG63 cells via downregulation of the anti-apoptosis genes P16, P21 and B-cell lymphoma 2. The potential mechanism investigated indicated that BAMBI administration downregulated the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, whilst knockdown of BAMBI upregulated the TGF-β signaling pathway in SAOS2 and MG63 cells. Reconstitution of BAMBI in SAOS2 and MG63 cells resulted in a notable reduction of TGF-β-induced EMT, cell growth, migration and invasion in vitro. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that BAMBI reconstitution inhibited growth and invasiveness of osteosarcoma, as well as promoted the apoptotic sensibility, which indicated that the TGF-β-induced EMT signaling pathway may be regarded as a potential target for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsong Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Lin Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
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13
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Hernandez H, Millar JC, Curry SM, Clark AF, McDowell CM. BMP and Activin Membrane Bound Inhibitor Regulates the Extracellular Matrix in the Trabecular Meshwork. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:2154-2166. [PMID: 29801150 PMCID: PMC5915111 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-23282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The trabecular meshwork (TM) has an important role in the regulation of aqueous humor outflow and IOP. Regulation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by TGFβ2 has been studied extensively. Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) has been shown to inhibit or modulate TGFβ2 signaling. We investigate the role of TGFβ2 and BAMBI in the regulation of TM ECM and ocular hypertension. Methods Mouse TM (MTM) cells were isolated from B6;129S1-Bambitm1Jian/J flox mice, characterized for TGFβ2 and dexamethasone (DEX)-induced expression of fibronectin, collagen-1, collagen-4, laminin, α-smooth muscle actin, cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) formation, and DEX-induced myocilin (MYOC) expression. MTM cells were transduced with Ad5.GFP to identify transduction efficiency. MTM cells and mouse eyes were transduced with Ad5.Null, Ad5.Cre, Ad5.TGFβ2, or Ad5.TGFβ2 + Ad5.Cre to evaluate the effect on ECM production, IOP, and outflow facility. Results MTM cells express TM markers and respond to DEX and TGFβ2. Ad5.GFP at 100 MOI had the highest transduction efficiency. Bambi knockdown by Ad5.Cre and Ad5.TGFβ2 increased fibronectin, collagen-1, and collagen-4 in TM cells in culture and tissue. Ad5.Cre, Ad5.TGFβ2, and Ad5.TGFβ2 + Ad5.Cre each significantly induced ocular hypertension and lowered aqueous humor outflow facility in transduced eyes. Conclusions We show for the first time to our knowledge that knockdown of Bambi alters ECM expression in cultured cells and mouse TM, reduces outflow facility, and causes ocular hypertension. These data provide a novel insight into the development of glaucomatous TM damage and identify BAMBI as an important regulator of TM ECM and ocular hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Hernandez
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - J. Cameron Millar
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Stacy M. Curry
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Abbot F. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
| | - Colleen M. McDowell
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, United States
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14
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Morrison JA, McLennan R, Wolfe LA, Gogol MM, Meier S, McKinney MC, Teddy JM, Holmes L, Semerad CL, Box AC, Li H, Hall KE, Perera AG, Kulesa PM. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of avian neural crest migration reveals signatures of invasion and molecular transitions. eLife 2017; 6:28415. [PMID: 29199959 PMCID: PMC5728719 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells migrate throughout the embryo, but how cells move in a directed and collective manner has remained unclear. Here, we perform the first single-cell transcriptome analysis of cranial neural crest cell migration at three progressive stages in chick and identify and establish hierarchical relationships between cell position and time-specific transcriptional signatures. We determine a novel transcriptional signature of the most invasive neural crest Trailblazer cells that is consistent during migration and enriched for approximately 900 genes. Knockdown of several Trailblazer genes shows significant but modest changes to total distance migrated. However, in vivo expression analysis by RNAscope and immunohistochemistry reveals some salt and pepper patterns that include strong individual Trailblazer gene expression in cells within other subregions of the migratory stream. These data provide new insights into the molecular diversity and dynamics within a neural crest cell migratory stream that underlie complex directed and collective cell behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Morrison
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Rebecca McLennan
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Lauren A Wolfe
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Samuel Meier
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Mary C McKinney
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Jessica M Teddy
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Laura Holmes
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | | | - Andrew C Box
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Kathryn E Hall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Anoja G Perera
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States
| | - Paul M Kulesa
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, United States.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, United States
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15
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Bai L, Chu G, Wang W, Xiang A, Yang G. BAMBI promotes porcine granulosa cell steroidogenesis involving TGF-β signaling. Theriogenology 2017; 100:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Gao K, Yin J, Dong J. Deregulated WWOX is involved in a negative feedback loop with microRNA-214-3p in osteosarcoma. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:1850-1856. [PMID: 27840941 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) is frequently inactivated in human osteosarcoma, and the restoration of its expression can suppress tumorigenicity in WWOX-negative OS cells. However, its regulatory mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. In the present study, we demonstrate that WWOX is downregulated and that it regulates proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated protein expression in osteosarcoma. As shown by our results, WWOX overexpression by transfection with WWOX overexpression plasmids suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma MG63 cells (as shown by MTT and migration and invasion assays). The silencing of microRNA (miR)‑214‑3p by transfection with anti-miR‑14‑3p upregulated WWOX protein expression and also inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Additionally, we found that WWOX negatively regulated miR‑214‑3p and miR‑10b expression. Our findings define a negative feedback pathway in control of WWOX and miR‑214‑3p expression, thus providing novel molecular targets for the treatment of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaituo Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Jijuan Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
| | - Jian Dong
- Department of Orthopedics, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, P.R. China
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TGF-β/BAMBI pathway dysfunction contributes to peripheral Th17/Treg imbalance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31911. [PMID: 27549738 PMCID: PMC4994021 DOI: 10.1038/srep31911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BMP and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) is postulated to inhibit or modulate transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling. Furthermore, strong upregulation of BAMBI expression following in vitro infection of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) lung tissue has been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated whether TGF-β/BAMBI pathway is associated with COPD. Blood samples were obtained from 27 healthy controls (HC), 24 healthy smokers (HS) and 29 COPD patients. Elevated Th17/Treg ratios, and increased levels of BAMBI protein and mRNA (in plasma and CD4(+) T cells respectively), were observed in COPD compared with HC and HS. BAMBI expression was first observed on human CD4(+) T cells, with a typical membrane-bound pattern. The enhanced plasma BAMBI levels in COPD positively correlated with the increased plasma TGF-β1 levels and Th17/Treg ratio. Together, an impaired TGF-β/BAMBI pathway may promote the inflammation leading to Th17/Treg imbalance, which is a new mechanism in smokers who develop COPD.
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18
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A truncated splice variant of human lysyl oxidase-like 2 promotes migration and invasion in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:85-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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BAMBI Promotes C2C12 Myogenic Differentiation by Enhancing Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17734-45. [PMID: 26247931 PMCID: PMC4581218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) is regarded as an essential regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation that represses transforming growth factor-β and enhances Wnt/β-catenin signaling in various cell types. However, its role in skeletal muscle remains largely unknown. In the current study, we found that the expression level of BAMBI peaked in the early differentiation phase of the C2C12 rodent myoblast cell line. Knockdown of BAMBI via siRNA inhibited C2C12 differentiation, indicated by repressed MyoD, MyoG, and MyHC expression as well as reductions in the differentiation and fusion indices. BAMBI knockdown reduced the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, as characterized by the decreased nuclear translocation of β-catenin and the lowered transcription of Axin2, which is a well-documented target gene of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, treatment with LiCl, an activator of Wnt/β-catenin signaling, rescued the reduction in C2C12 differentiation caused by BAMBI siRNA. Taken together, our data suggest that BAMBI is required for normal C2C12 differentiation, and that its role in myogenesis is mediated by the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Xie L, Mouillet JF, Chu T, Parks WT, Sadovsky E, Knöfler M, Sadovsky Y. C19MC microRNAs regulate the migration of human trophoblasts. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4975-85. [PMID: 25211593 PMCID: PMC4239420 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early in pregnancy, trophoblast invasion into the decidua and inner myometrium is essential for establishment of proper implantation, maternal-fetal exchange, and immunological tolerance of the feto-placental allograft. Unlike villous trophoblasts (VTs), extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) are unique in their capacity to invade the maternal decidua and myometrium. The largest human microRNA (miRNA) gene cluster, the chromosome 19 miRNA cluster (C19MC), is expressed almost exclusively in the placenta and, rarely, in certain tumors and undifferentiated cells. In the work reported here, we found that the expression of C19MC miRNAs is higher in VTs than in EVTs. Using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-mediated overexpression of C19MC miRNAs in an EVT-derived cell line, which does not naturally express these miRNAs, we found that C19MC miRNAs selectively attenuate cell migration without affecting cell proliferation or apoptosis. A microarray analysis revealed that C19MC miRNAs regulate target transcripts related to cellular movement. Our data also implicated a specific C19MC member, miR-519d, indirectly regulating the EVT invasive phenotype by targeting CXCL6, NR4A2 and FOXL2 transcripts through a 3'UTR miRNA-responsive element. Together, our data suggest a role for C19MC miRNAs in modulating the migration of EVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xie
- Magee-Womens Research Institute (L.X., J.-F.M., T.C., W.T.P., E.S., Y.S.), Department of OBGYN and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213; Medical Systems Biology Research Center (L.X.), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084 China; Department of Obstetrics and Fetal-Maternal Medicine (M.K.), Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090 Austria; and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics (Y.S.), University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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