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Han H, Luo RH, Long XY, Wang LQ, Zhu Q, Tang XY, Zhu R, Ma YC, Zheng YT, Zou CG. Transcriptional regulation of SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 by SP1. eLife 2024; 13:e85985. [PMID: 38375778 PMCID: PMC10878691 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a major cell entry receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The induction of ACE2 expression may serve as a strategy by SARS-CoV-2 to facilitate its propagation. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ACE2 expression after viral infection remain largely unknown. Using 45 different luciferase reporters, the transcription factors SP1 and HNF4α were found to positively and negatively regulate ACE2 expression, respectively, at the transcriptional level in human lung epithelial cells (HPAEpiCs). SARS-CoV-2 infection increased the transcriptional activity of SP1 while inhibiting that of HNF4α. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, activated by SARS-CoV-2 infection, served as a crucial regulatory node, inducing ACE2 expression by enhancing SP1 phosphorylation-a marker of its activity-and reducing the nuclear localization of HNF4α. However, colchicine treatment inhibited the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby suppressing ACE2 expression. In Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) infected with SARS-CoV-2, inhibition of SP1 by either mithramycin A or colchicine resulted in reduced viral replication and tissue injury. In summary, our study uncovers a novel function of SP1 in the regulation of ACE2 expression and identifies SP1 as a potential target to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Han
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Hua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yan Long
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Li-Qiong Wang
- Department of Pathology, Yan'an Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Xin-Yue Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Cheng-Gang Zou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Qu B, Sun L, Xiao P, Shen H, Ren Y, Zhang J. CircCDK17 promotes the proliferation and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells by sponging miR-22-3p to regulate CD147 expression. Carcinogenesis 2024; 45:83-94. [PMID: 37952105 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a common malignancy in women of reproductive age. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging players in OC progression. We investigated the function and mechanism of circular RNA hsa_circ_0027803 (circCDK17) in OC pathogenesis. Real‑time PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blot were utilized for gene and protein expression analysis, respectively. Cell counting kit‑8 (CCK-8), EdU and Transwell assays investigated OC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. The associations between circCDK17, miR-22-3p and CD147 were examined by dual-luciferase reporter and RNA-protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assays. The in vivo model of OC nude mice was constructed to explore the role of circCDK17. CircCDK17 was increased in OC tissue and cells, and patients with higher expression of circCDK17 had a shorter survival. CircCDK17 downregulation inhibited OC cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and reduced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related markers. In vivo experiments showed that circCDK17 silencing inhibited OC tumor growth and metastasis. CircCDK17 depletion reduced CD147 level via sponging miR-22-3p. MiR-22-3p knockdown overturned effect of circCDK17 depletion on OC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Meanwhile, overexpressed CD147 restored functions of circCDK17 downregulation on OC development. CircCDK17 is an important molecule that regulates OC pathogenic process through miR-22-3p/CD147.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Qu
- Department of Clinical Examination, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Lisha Sun
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Ping Xiao
- Department of Clinical Examination, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Haoming Shen
- Department of Clinical Examination, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuxi Ren
- Department of Clinical Examination, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Examination, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 41000, Hunan Province, P.R. China
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Zhu J, Lu Z, Ke M, Cai X. Sp1 is overexpressed and associated with progression and poor prognosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2022; 54:1505-1512. [PMID: 35467245 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03212-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a transcription factor that exerts key functions in the carcinogenesis and progression of various types of cancer. However, its expression and prognostic value in bladder urothelial carcinoma (BUC) have yet to be completely elucidated. METHODS The present study performed reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to examine Sp1 mRNA expression in 12 pairs of urothelial carcinoma and adjacent normal bladder tissues. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in 113 paraffin-embedded urothelial carcinoma tissues to detect the expression of Sp1. Kaplan-Meier plots and Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the correlation between Sp1 expression and patient prognosis. RESULTS The mRNA expression of Sp1 was elevated in the urothelial carcinoma by RT-qPCR compared with their paired normal bladder tissues. Among 113 cases of patients with urothelial carcinoma, there were 39 low histological grade and 74 high histological grade, 61 unifocal tumor and 52 multifocal tumor, 78 cases in Ta, T1, and T2 stages, and 35 cases in T3 and T4 stages. The enhanced expression of Sp1 mRNA was observed in tumors with a high histological grade, and invasive and metastatic samples. Immunohistochemistry revealed that Sp1 high expression was significantly correlated with the histological grade, tumor stage, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis (P < 0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that elevated Sp1 expression in cancer tissue was correlated with a significantly poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) compared with samples with low Sp1 expression (P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses by Cox's proportional hazard model also revealed that the expression of Sp1 was an independent prognostic factor in urothelial carcinoma. CONCLUSION Sp1 expression is significantly elevated in urothelial carcinoma and may be used to identify a subset of patients with aggressive behaviors and poor clinical outcomes. Sp1 is a potential novel independent prognostic biomarker for patients with urothelial carcinoma following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Zhu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 150 Ximen Street, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwen Lu
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 150 Ximen Street, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Mang Ke
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 150 Ximen Street, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianguo Cai
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, No. 150 Ximen Street, Taizhou, 317000, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Zheng J, Lou J, Li Y, Qian P, He W, Hao Y, Xue T, Li Y, Song YH. Satellite cell-specific deletion of Cipc alleviates myopathy in mdx mice. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110939. [PMID: 35705041 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle regeneration relies on satellite cells that can proliferate, differentiate, and form new myofibers upon injury. Emerging evidence suggests that misregulation of satellite cell fate and function influences the severity of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). The transcription factor Pax7 determines the myogenic identity and maintenance of the pool of satellite cells. The circadian clock regulates satellite cell proliferation and self-renewal. Here, we show that the CLOCK-interacting protein Circadian (CIPC) a negative-feedback regulator of the circadian clock, is up-regulated during myoblast differentiation. Specific deletion of Cipc in satellite cells alleviates myopathy, improves muscle function, and reduces fibrosis in mdx mice. Cipc deficiency leads to activation of the ERK1/2 and JNK1/2 signaling pathways, which activates the transcription factor SP1 to trigger the transcription of Pax7 and MyoD. Therefore, CIPC is a negative regulator of satellite cell function, and loss of Cipc in satellite cells promotes muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiqing Zheng
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Jing Lou
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Panting Qian
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Wei He
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yingxue Hao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xue
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Yangxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery and Institute of Cardiovascular Science, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P.R. China.
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China; National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China.
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Schweer D, McCorkle JR, Rohr J, Tsodikov OV, Ueland F, Kolesar J. Mithramycin and Analogs for Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010070. [PMID: 33445667 PMCID: PMC7828137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a highly deadly malignancy in which recurrence is considered incurable. Resistance to platinum-based chemotherapy bodes a particularly abysmal prognosis, underscoring the need for novel therapeutic agents and strategies. The use of mithramycin, an antineoplastic antibiotic, has been previously limited by its narrow therapeutic window. Recent advances in semisynthetic methods have led to mithramycin analogs with improved pharmacological profiles. Mithramycin inhibits the activity of the transcription factor Sp1, which is closely linked with ovarian tumorigenesis and platinum-resistance. This article summarizes recent clinical developments related to mithramycin and postulates a role for the use of mithramycin, or its analog, in the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schweer
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology Lexington, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.S.); (F.U.)
| | - J. Robert McCorkle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.R.M.); (J.R.); (O.V.T.)
| | - Jurgen Rohr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.R.M.); (J.R.); (O.V.T.)
| | - Oleg V. Tsodikov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (J.R.M.); (J.R.); (O.V.T.)
| | - Frederick Ueland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology Lexington, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.S.); (F.U.)
| | - Jill Kolesar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology Lexington, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (D.S.); (F.U.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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O'Brien ME, Londino J, McGinnis M, Weathington N, Adair J, Suber T, Kagan V, Chen K, Zou C, Chen B, Bon J, Mallampalli RK. Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Regulates Skeletal Myogenesis by Inhibiting SP1 Interaction with cis-Acting Regulatory Elements within the Fbxl2 Gene Promoter. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:e00040-20. [PMID: 32205409 PMCID: PMC7261720 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00040-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
FBXL2 is an important ubiquitin E3 ligase component that modulates inflammatory signaling and cell cycle progression, but its molecular regulation is largely unknown. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), a critical cytokine linked to the inflammatory response during skeletal muscle regeneration, suppressed Fbxl2 mRNA expression in C2C12 myoblasts and triggered significant alterations in cell cycle, metabolic, and protein translation processes. Gene silencing of Fbxl2 in skeletal myoblasts resulted in increased proliferative responses characterized by activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and nuclear factor kappa B and decreased myogenic differentiation, as reflected by reduced expression of myogenin and impaired myotube formation. TNF-α did not destabilize the Fbxl2 transcript (half-life [t1/2], ∼10 h) but inhibited SP1 transactivation of its core promoter, localized to bp -160 to +42 within the proximal 5' flanking region of the Fbxl2 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and gel shift studies indicated that SP1 interacted with the Fbxl2 promoter during cellular differentiation, an effect that was less pronounced during proliferation or after TNF-α exposure. TNF-α, via activation of JNK, mediated phosphorylation of SP1 that impaired its binding to the Fbxl2 promoter, resulting in reduced transcriptional activity. The results suggest that SP1 transcriptional activation of Fbxl2 is required for skeletal muscle differentiation, a process that is interrupted by a key proinflammatory myopathic cytokine.IMPORTANCE Skeletal muscle regeneration and repair involve the recruitment and proliferation of resident satellite cells that exit the cell cycle during the process of myogenic differentiation to form myofibers. We demonstrate that the ubiquitin E3 ligase subunit FBXL2 is essential for skeletal myogenesis through its important effects on cell cycle progression and cell proliferative signaling. Further, we characterize a new mechanism whereby sustained stimulation by a major proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, regulates skeletal myogenesis by inhibiting the interaction of SP1 with the Fbxl2 core promoter in proliferating myoblasts. Our findings contribute to the understanding of skeletal muscle regeneration through the identification of Fbxl2 as both a critical regulator of myogenic proliferative processes and a susceptible gene target during inflammatory stimulation by TNF-α in skeletal muscle. Modulation of Fbxl2 activity may have relevance to disorders of muscle wasting associated with sustained proinflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James Londino
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcus McGinnis
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jessica Adair
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Tomeka Suber
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Valerian Kagan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chunbin Zou
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bill Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jessica Bon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Vellingiri B, Iyer M, Devi Subramaniam M, Jayaramayya K, Siama Z, Giridharan B, Narayanasamy A, Abdal Dayem A, Cho SG. Understanding the Role of the Transcription Factor Sp1 in Ovarian Cancer: from Theory to Practice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1153. [PMID: 32050495 PMCID: PMC7038193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the deadliest cancers among women contributing to high risk of mortality, mainly owing to delayed detection. There is no specific biomarker for its detection in early stages. However, recent findings show that over-expression of specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is involved in many OC cases. The ubiquitous transcription of Sp1 apparently mediates the maintenance of normal and cancerous biological processes such as cell growth, differentiation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, cellular reprogramming and tumorigenesis. Sp1 exerts its effects on cellular genes containing putative GC-rich Sp1-binding site in their promoters. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying Sp1 transcription factor (TF) regulation and functions in OC tumorigenesis could help identify novel prognostic markers, to target cancer stem cells (CSCs) by following cellular reprogramming and enable the development of novel therapies for future generations. In this review, we address the structure, function, and biology of Sp1 in normal and cancer cells, underpinning the involvement of Sp1 in OC tumorigenesis. In addition, we have highlighted the influence of Sp1 TF in cellular reprogramming of iPSCs and how it plays a role in controlling CSCs. This review highlights the drugs targeting Sp1 and their action on cancer cells. In conclusion, we predict that research in this direction will be highly beneficial for OC treatment, and chemotherapeutic drugs targeting Sp1 will emerge as a promising therapy for OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India; (M.I.); (K.J.)
| | - Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai 600006, India;
| | - Kaavya Jayaramayya
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641043, India; (M.I.); (K.J.)
| | - Zothan Siama
- Department of Zoology, School of Life-science, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, Mizoram, India;
| | - Bupesh Giridharan
- R&D Wing, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital (SBMCH), BIHER, Chromepet, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Arul Narayanasamy
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India;
| | - Ahmed Abdal Dayem
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Ssang-Goo Cho
- Molecular & Cellular Reprogramming Center, Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
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8
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Guo YJ, Pan WW, Liu SB, Shen ZF, Xu Y, Hu LL. ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1997-2007. [PMID: 32104259 PMCID: PMC7027163 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 135.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress responses. The MAPK pathway includes three main kinases, MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase and MAPK, which activate and phosphorylate downstream proteins. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases that regulate cellular signalling under both normal and pathological conditions. ERK expression is critical for development and their hyperactivation plays a major role in cancer development and progression. The Ras/Raf/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway is the most important signalling cascade among all MAPK signal transduction pathways, and plays a crucial role in the survival and development of tumour cells. The present review discusses recent studies on Ras and ERK pathway members. With respect to processes downstream of ERK activation, the role of ERK in tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis is highlighted, and the role of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in tumour extracellular matrix degradation and tumour angiogenesis is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Bing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Fei Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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9
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Calvaruso M, Pucci G, Musso R, Bravatà V, Cammarata FP, Russo G, Forte GI, Minafra L. Nutraceutical Compounds as Sensitizers for Cancer Treatment in Radiation Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215267. [PMID: 31652849 PMCID: PMC6861933 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The improvement of diagnostic techniques and the efficacy of new therapies in clinical practice have allowed cancer patients to reach a higher chance to be cured together with a better quality of life. However, tumors still represent the second leading cause of death worldwide. On the contrary, chemotherapy and radiotherapy (RT) still lack treatment plans which take into account the biological features of tumors and depend on this for their response to treatment. Tumor cells' response to RT is strictly-connected to their radiosensitivity, namely, their ability to resist and to overcome cell damage induced by ionizing radiation (IR). For this reason, radiobiological research is focusing on the ability of chemical compounds to radiosensitize cancer cells so to make them more responsive to IR. In recent years, the interests of researchers have been focused on natural compounds that show antitumoral effects with limited collateral issues. Moreover, nutraceuticals are easy to recover and are thus less expensive. On these bases, several scientific projects have aimed to test also their ability to induce tumor radiosensitization both in vitro and in vivo. The goal of this review is to describe what is known about the role of nutraceuticals in radiotherapy, their use and their potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Calvaruso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Gaia Pucci
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Rosa Musso
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Valentina Bravatà
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Francesco P Cammarata
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Giorgio Russo
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Giusi I Forte
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
| | - Luigi Minafra
- Istituto di Bioimmagini e Fisiologia Molecolare-Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IBFM-CNR), 90015 Cefalù (PA), Italy.
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10
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Mahalaxmi I, Santhy K. Role and hallmarks of Sp1 in promoting ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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11
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The prognostic and clinicopathologic characteristics of CD147 and esophagus cancer: A meta-analysis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180271. [PMID: 28700599 PMCID: PMC5507401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prognostic significance of CD147 expression in esophageal cancer patients remains controversial. Using a meta-analysis, we investigated the prognostic and clinicopathologic characteristics of CD147 in esophageal cancer. METHODS A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed (1966-2016), EMBASE (1980-2016), Cochrane Library (1996-2016), Web of Science (1945-2016), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1982-2016), and Wanfang databases (1988-2016) was performed to identify studies of all esophageal cancer subtypes. Correlations between CD147 expression and survival outcomes and clinicopathological features were analyzed using meta-analysis methods. RESULTS Seventeen studies were included. High CD147 expression reduced the 3-year survival rate (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = (1.53, 6.93), p = 0.02) and 5-year survival rate(OR = 4.35, 95% CI = (2.13, 8.90), p < 0.0001). High CD147 expression reduced overall survival in esophageal cancer (HR = 1.60, 95% CI = (1.19, 2.15), p = 0.02). Additionally, higher CD147 expression was detected in esophageal cancer tissues than noncancerous tissues (OR = 9.45, 95% CI = (5.39, 16.59), p < 0.00001), normal tissues (OR = 12.73, 95% CI = (3.49, 46.46), p = 0.0001), para-carcinoma tissues (OR = 12.80, 95% CI = (6.57, 24.92), p < 0.00001), and hyperplastic tissues (OR = 3.27, 95% CI = (1.47, 7.29), p = 0.004). CD147 expression was associated with TNM stage (OR = 3.66, 95% CI = (2.20, 6.09), p < 0.00001), tumor depth (OR = 7.97, 95% CI = (4.13, 15.38), p < 0.00001), and lymph node status (OR = 5.14, 95% CI = (2.03,13.01), p = 0.0005), but not with tumor differentiation, age, or sex. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis suggests that CD147 is an efficient prognostic factor in esophageal cancer. High CD147 expression in patients with esophageal cancer was associated with worse survival outcomes and common clinicopathological indicators of poor prognosis.
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12
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Wang J, Kang M, Wen Q, Qin YT, Wei ZX, Xiao JJ, Wang RS. Berberine sensitizes nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells to radiation through inhibition of Sp1 and EMT. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2425-2432. [PMID: 28350122 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a tumor of epithelial origin with radiotherapy as its standard treatment. However, radioresistance remains a critical issue in the treatment of NPC. This study aimed to investigate the effect of berberine on the proliferation, cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, radioresistance of NPC cells and whether specificity protein 1 (Sp1) is a functional target of berberine. Our results showed that treatment with berberine reduced the proliferation and viability of CNE-2 cells in a dose- and time‑dependent manner. Berberine induced cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. In CNE-2 cells exposed to gamma‑ray irradiation, berberine reduced cell viability at various concentrations (25, 50, 75 and 100 µmol/l). Berberine significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of Sp1 in the CNE-2 cells. Mithramycin A, a selective Sp1 inhibitor, enhanced the radiosensitivity and the rate of apoptosis in the CNE-2 cells. Berberine inhibited transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-induced tumor invasion and suppressed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, as evidenced by increased E-cadherin and decreased vimentin proteins. Sp1 may be required for the TGF-β1-induced invasion and EMT by berberine. In conclusion, berberine demonstrated the ability to suppress proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and enhance radiosensitivity of the CNE-2 NPC cells. Sp1 may be a target of berberine which is decreased during the radiosensitization of berberine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Min Kang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Tao Qin
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Zhu-Xin Wei
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jian Xiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Ren-Sheng Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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13
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Zou W, Ma X, Yang H, Hua W, Chen B, Cai G. Hepatitis B X-interacting protein promotes cisplatin resistance and regulates CD147 via Sp1 in ovarian cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:497-504. [PMID: 28056551 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216685007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the highest mortality rate of all female reproductive malignancies. Drug resistance is a major cause of treatment failure in malignant tumors. Hepatitis B X-interacting protein acts as an oncoprotein, regulates cell proliferation, and migration in breast cancer. We aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of hepatitis B X-interacting protein on resistance to cisplatin in human ovarian cancer cell lines. The mRNA and protein levels of hepatitis B X-interacting protein were detected using RT-PCR and Western blotting in cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive tissues, cisplatin-resistant cell lines A2780/CP and SKOV3/CP, and cisplatin-sensitive cell lines A2780 and SKOV3. Cell viability and apoptosis were measured to evaluate cellular sensitivity to cisplatin in A2780/CP cells. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to determine the relationship between hepatitis B X-interacting protein and CD147. The in vivo function of hepatitis B X-interacting protein on tumor burden was assessed in cisplatin-resistant xenograft models. The results showed that hepatitis B X-interacting protein was highly expressed in ovarian cancer of cisplatin-resistant tissues and cells. Notably, knockdown of hepatitis B X-interacting protein significantly reduced cell viability in A2780/CP compared with cisplatin treatment alone. Hepatitis B X-interacting protein and cisplatin cooperated to induce apoptosis and increase the expression of c-caspase 3 as well as the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. We confirmed that hepatitis B X-interacting protein up-regulated CD147 at the protein expression and transcriptional levels. Moreover, we found that hepatitis B X-interacting protein was able to activate the CD147 promoter through Sp1. In vivo, depletion of hepatitis B X-interacting protein decreased the tumor volume and weight induced by cisplatin. Taken together, these results indicate that hepatitis B X-interacting protein promotes cisplatin resistance and regulated CD147 via Sp1 in ovarian cancer cell lines. Impact statement We found that hepatitis B X-interacting protein (HBXIP) was able to activate the CD147 promoter through Sp1. In vivo, depletion of HBXIP decreased the tumor volume and weight induced by CP. Taken together, these results indicate that HBXIP promotes cisplatin resistance and regulated CD147 via Sp1 in ovarian cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Biliang Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
| | - Guoqing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P.R. China
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14
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Peng F, Li H, Ning Z, Yang Z, Li H, Wang Y, Chen F, Wu Y. CD147 and Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163678. [PMID: 27684938 PMCID: PMC5042541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer is one of the most common non-cutaneous malignancies in men. We aimed to systemically evaluate the relationship between the expression of CD147 in tissues and the clinicopathological features of prostate cancer. Methods and Findings PubMed (1966–2016), EMBASE (1980–2016), the Cochrane Library (1996–2016), Web of Science (1945–2016), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1982–2016), and the WanFang databases (1988–2016) were searched. Literature quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Meta-analysis was performed by using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 13.0. A total of 12591 prostate cancer patients from 14 studies were included. The results of the meta-analysis showed that there were significant differences in the positive expression rate in the following comparisons: prostatic cancer tissues vs. normal prostate tissues (odds ratio [OR] = 26.93, 95% confidence interval [CI] 7.95–91.20, P < 0.00001), prostatic cancer tissues vs. benign prostatic hyperplasia tissues (OR = 20.54, 95% CI 8.20–51.44, P < 0.00001), high Gleason score vs. low Gleason score (OR = 2.39, 95% CI 1.33–4.27, P = 0.03), TNM III to IV vs. TNM I to II (OR = 9.95, 95% CI 4.96–19.96, P < 0.00001), low or moderate differentiation vs. high differentiation (OR = 8.12, 95% CI 3.69–17.85, P < 0.00001), lymph node metastasis vs. non-lymph node metastasis (OR = 4.31, 95% CI 1.11–16.71, P = 0.03), and distant metastasis vs. non-distant metastasis (OR = 8.90, 95% CI 3.24–24.42, P < 0.00001). Conclusion The CD147 positive expression rate was closely related to the clinical characteristics of prostate cancer, but more research is needed to confirm the findings owing to the results of the subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Peng
- People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Chang Sha, Hu Nan Province, China
| | - Hui Li
- Reproductive Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoze Ning
- People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Chang Sha, Hu Nan Province, China
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Urology of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongru Li
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Reproductive Department, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chen
- People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Chang Sha, Hu Nan Province, China
| | - Yi Wu
- People's Hospital of Hunan Province, Chang Sha, Hu Nan Province, China
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15
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Zhang R, Feng X, Zhan M, Huang C, Chen K, Tang X, Kang T, Xiong Y, Lei M. Transcription Factor Sp1 Promotes the Expression of Porcine ROCK1 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17010112. [PMID: 26784181 PMCID: PMC4730353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) gene plays a crucial role in maintaining genomic stability, tumorigenesis and myogenesis. However, little is known about the regulatory elements governing the transcription of porcine ROCK1 gene. In the current study, the transcription start site (TSS) was identified by 5'-RACE, and was found to differ from the predicted one. The region in ROCK1 promoter which is critical for promoter activity was investigated via progressive deletions. Site-directed mutagenesis indicated that the region from -604 to -554 bp contains responsive elements for Sp1. Subsequent experiments showed that ROCK1 promoter activity is enhanced by Sp1 in a dose-dependent manner, whereas treatment with specific siRNA repressed ROCK1 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), DNA pull down and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed Sp1 can bind to this region. qRT-PCR and Western blotting research followed by overexpression or inhibition of Sp1 indicate that Sp1 can affect endogenous ROCK1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of Sp1 can promote the expression of myogenic differentiation 1(MyoD), myogenin (MyoG), myosin heavy chain (MyHC). Taken together, we conclude that Sp1 positively regulates ROCK1 transcription by directly binding to the ROCK1 promoter region (from -604 to -532 bp) and may affect the process of myogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruirui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoting Feng
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- College of Life Science and Technology, Wuhan Bioengineering Institute, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Mengsi Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Cong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Kun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Tingting Kang
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yuanzhu Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Minggang Lei
- Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of Agricultural Ministry & Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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