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Feng Y, An Q, Zhao Z, Wu M, Yang C, Liang W, Xu X, Jiang T, Zhang G. Beta-elemene: A phytochemical with promise as a drug candidate for tumor therapy and adjuvant tumor therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116266. [PMID: 38350368 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Elemene (IUPAC name: (1 S,2 S,4 R)-1-ethenyl-1-methyl-2,4-bis(prop-1-en-2-yl) cyclohexane), is a natural compound found in turmeric root. Studies have demonstrated its diverse biological functions, including its anti-tumor properties, which have been extensively investigated. However, these have not yet been reviewed. The aim of this review was to provide a comprehensive summary of β-elemene research, with respect to disease treatment. METHODS β-Elemene-related articles were found in PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases to systematically summarize its structure, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and pharmacological activity. We also searched the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology database for therapeutic targets of β-elemene. We further combined these targets with the relevant literature for KEGG and GO analyses. RESULTS Studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying β-elemene activity indicate that it regulates multiple pathways, including STAT3, MAPKs, Cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B, Notch, PI3K/AKT, reactive oxygen species, METTL3, PTEN, p53, FAK, MMP, TGF-β/Smad signaling. Through these molecular pathways, β-elemene has been implicated in tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion and improving the immune microenvironment. Additionally, β-elemene increases chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity and reverses resistance by inhibiting DNA damage repair and regulating pathways including CTR1, pak1, ERK1/2, ABC transporter protein, Prx-1 and ERCC-1. Nonetheless, owing to its lipophilicity and low bioavailability, additional structural modifications could improve the efficacy of this drug. CONCLUSION β-Elemene exhibits low toxicity with good safety, inhibiting various tumor types via diverse mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. When combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, it enhances efficacy, reduces toxicity, and improves tumor killing. Thus, β-elemene has vast potential for research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewen Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Qingwen An
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Zhengqi Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Chuqi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - WeiYu Liang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Xuefei Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China.
| | - Guangji Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053, China; Key Laboratory of Blood-stasis-toxin Syndrome of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang 310053, China; Traditional Chinese Medicine "Preventing Disease" Wisdom Health Project Research Center of Zhejiang, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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Alanazi J, Bender O, Dogan R, Malik JA, Atalay A, Ali TFS, Beshr EAM, Shawky AM, Aly OM, Alqahtani YNH, Anwar S. Combination of an Oxindole Derivative with (-)-β-Elemene Alters Cell Death Pathways in FLT3/ITD + Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells. Molecules 2023; 28:5253. [PMID: 37446914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the cancers that grow most aggressively. The challenges in AML management are huge, despite many treatment options. Mutations in FLT3 tyrosine kinase receptors make the currently available therapies less responsive. Therefore, there is a need to find new lead molecules that can specifically target mutated FLT3 to block growth factor signaling and inhibit AML cell proliferation. Our previous studies on FLT3-mutated AML cells demonstrated that β-elemene and compound 5a showed strong inhibition of proliferation by blocking the mutated FLT3 receptor and altering the key apoptotic genes responsible for apoptosis. Furthermore, we hypothesized that both β-elemene and compound 5a could be therapeutically effective. Therefore, combining these drugs against mutated FLT3 cells could be promising. In this context, dose-matrix combination-based cellular inhibition analyses, cell morphology studies and profiling of 43 different apoptotic protein targets via combinatorial treatment were performed. Our studies provide strong evidence for the hypothesis that β-elemene and compound 5a combination considerably increased the therapeutic potential of both compounds by enhancing the activation of several key targets implicated in AML cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jowaher Alanazi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Onur Bender
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Dogan
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Jonaid Ahmad Malik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar 140001, India
| | - Arzu Atalay
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara 06135, Turkey
| | - Taha F S Ali
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Eman A M Beshr
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar M Aly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | | | - Sirajudheen Anwar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Ma LT, Bai Y, Cao P, Ren KX, Chen J, Zhang T, Fan BY, Qiao Y, Yan HY, Wang JJ, Li YQ, Zheng J. The analgesic effects of β-elemene in rats with neuropathic pain by inhibition of spinal astrocytic ERK activation. Mol Pain 2022; 18:17448069221121562. [PMID: 35976914 PMCID: PMC9393702 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221121562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain takes a heavy toll on individual well-being, while current therapy is far from desirable. Herein, we assessed the analgesic effect of β-elemene, a chief component in the traditional Chinese medicine Curcuma wenyujin, and explored the underlying mechanisms at the level of spinal dorsal horn (SDH) under neuropathic pain. A spared nerve injury (SNI)-induced neuropathic pain model was established in rats. Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) of β-elemene was administered for 21 consecutive days. Mechanical allodynia was explored by von Frey filaments. The activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family (including ERK, p38, and JNK) in spinal neurons, astrocytes, and microglia was evaluated using immunostaining 29 days after SNI surgery. The expression of GFAP, Iba-1, p-ERK, p-JNK, and p-p38 within the SDH was measured using immunoblotting. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines (including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were measured with ELISA. The levels of oxidative stress indicators (including MDA, SOD, and GSH-PX) were detected using biochemical tests. Consecutive i.p. administration of β-elemene relieved SNI-induced mechanical allodynia (with an EC50 of 16.40 mg/kg). SNI significantly increased the expression of p-ERK in spinal astrocytes but not microglia on day 29. β-elemene reversed spinal astrocytic ERK activation and subsequent upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines in SNI rats, with no effect on the expression of p38 and JNK in spinal glia. β-elemene also exerted antioxidative effects by increasing the levels of SOD and GSH-PX and decreasing the level of MDA. Our results suggest that SNI induces robust astrocytic ERK activation within the SDH in the late phase of neuropathic pain. β-elemene exerts remarkable analgesic effects on neuropathic pain, possibly by inhibiting spinal astrocytic ERK activation and subsequent neuroinflammatory processes. Our findings suggest that β-elemene might be a promising analgesic for the treatment of chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tian Ma
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai-Xi Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Preclinical School of Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Preclinical School of Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo-Yuan Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Laser Medical Center, Hainan Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Hong-Yu Yan
- 36674The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jing-Jie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Preclinical School of Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medicine, Dali University, Dali, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Ghavam M. In vitro biological potential of the essential oil of some aromatic species used in Iranian traditional medicine. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:855-874. [PMID: 35322321 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00934-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study is to evaluate the chemical compounds, the anti-bacterial/fungal activity, and the cytotoxicity of the essential oil of three species of lamiaceae in Iran. After the extraction of the essential oil implementing the hydrodistillation method, the analysis and identification of the compounds were carried out with a chromatograph coupled with a mass spectrometer. For the evaluation of the anti-bacterial/fungal activity of the essential oils, the measurement of the diameter of inhibition halo, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) were utilized; and for the evaluation of the cytotoxic activity of the essential oils, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was used. The results show that the dominant compounds in the Perovskia abrotanoides Kar essential oil were camphor (21.68%), 1,8-cineole (14.26%), and α-pinene (7.23%); moreover, the dominant compounds in the Salvia reuteriana Boiss. Essential oil were benzyl benzoate (27.10%), linalool (13.27%), and sclareol (7.75%); in addition, the dominant compounds in the Ziziphora clinopodioides subsp. rigida (Boiss.) Rech.f. were cyclofenchene (25.29%), pulegone (14.14%), and menthol (7.70%). The largest halo diameter of inhibition halo (~ 22 mm) was against Streptococcus pyogenes and the strongest inhibiting and killing activity was against Candida albicans (MIC and MFC = 125 μg/mL) shown by the S. reuteriana essential oil which, respectively, matched the control antibiotics rifampin and nystatin. The analysis of the MTT test results showed that the Z. clinopodioides subsp. rigida essential oil (with IC50 value of ~ 144.2500) had the strongest cytotoxic activity against human ovarian cancer cells (OVCAR-3). On the whole, the results show that the essential oil of the Lamiaceae family plants is a source for various compounds with potential biological activities which can serve as a possible alternative to produce herbal medicine which are effective on some microorganisms and cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansureh Ghavam
- Department of Range and Watershed Management, Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Du C, Zhang Y, Tao B, Xian H. β-elemene affects angiogenesis of infantile hemangioma by regulating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha. J Nat Med 2021; 75:655-663. [PMID: 33861415 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-021-01516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign vascular tumor resulting from the hyper-proliferation of vascular endothelial cells. In treatment of various tumors including IH, β-elemene, a compound extracted from Rhizoma zedoariae, has been reported to have anti-tumor effect. However, the underlying mechanisms of β-elemene in hemangioma have remained uninvestigated. In this presented study, functional analysis showed that low concentrations of β-elemene promoted the proliferation, migration and tube formation of human hemangioma endothelial cells (HemECs), while high concentrations of β-elemene produced inhibitory effects. Further, we also found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression was down-regulated at both mRNA and protein levels, while hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1-α) was up-regulated in infantile hemangiomas tissues and HemECs at both mRNA and protein levels. This result suggested that ACE2 and HIF-1-α play roles in IH. ACE2 expression was down-regulated with the treatment of β-elemene at different dosage point. Interestingly, the expression of Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGFA) increased with treatment of low concentrations of β-elemene in HemECs, in contrary, the expression of VEGFA expression decreased with treatment of high concentrations of β-elemene. Moreover, if the concentration of β-elemene reached 40 μg/ml or higher, the expression of HIF-1-α decreased. Taken together, our data indicated that the different effects of β-elemene on the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of hemangioma at different concentrations: The ACE2 signaling pathway dominates with treatment of low concentrations of β-elemene, stimulating the expression of downstream VEGFA to promote the angiogenesis of hemangioma; under the condition of high concentrations of β-elemene, the HIF-1-α signaling pathway inhibits the expression of VEGFA and further inhibits the angiogenesis of hemangioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Chenyu Du
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Baorui Tao
- Laboratory of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Jiangsu, 226001, China
| | - Hua Xian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Antitumor effect of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil and its main component terpinen-4-ol in combination with target therapy in melanoma models. Cell Death Dis 2021; 7:127. [PMID: 34059622 PMCID: PMC8165351 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00510-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils (EOs) have been recently emerging for their promising biological activities in preventing tumorigenesis or progression of different tumor histotypes, including melanoma. In this study, we investigated the antitumor activity of a panel of EOs in different tumor models. The ability of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil) and its main component, terpinen-4-ol, to sensitize the target therapy currently used for melanoma treatment was also assessed. Our results demonstrated that EOs differently affect the viability of human cancer cells and led us to select six EOs effective in melanoma and lung cancer cells, without toxic effects in human fibroblasts. When combined with dabrafenib and/or trametinib, Melaleuca alternifolia synergistically reduced the viability of melanoma cells by activating apoptosis. Through machine learning classification modeling, α-terpineol, tepinolene, and terpinen-4-ol, three components of Melaleuca alternifolia, were identified as the most likely relevant components responsible for the EO's antitumor effect. Among them, terpinen-4-ol was recognized as the Melaleuca alternifolia component responsible for its antitumor and proapoptotic activity. Overall, our study holds promise for further analysis of EOs as new anticancer agents and supports the rationale for their use to improve target therapy response in melanoma.
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Thurow S, Abenante L, Anghinoni JM, Lenardão EJ. SELENIUM AS A VERSATILE REAGENT IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS: MORE THAN ALLYLIC OXIDATION. Curr Org Synth 2021; 19:331-365. [PMID: 34036912 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210525152001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For many years since its discovery, Selenium has played the role of a bad boy who became a hero in organic transformations. Selenium dioxide, for instance, is one of the most remembered reagents in allylic oxidations, having been applied in the synthesis of several naturally occurring products. The main goal of this review is to show the recent advances in the use of classical and new selenium reagents in organic synthesis. As demonstrated through around 60 references discussed in this study, selenium can go even forward as a versatile reagent. We bring a collection of selenium reagents and their transformations that are still hidden from most synthetic organic chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Thurow
- Institute of Chemistry, State University of Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato, 270, 13083-862, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Abenante
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL, CCQFA. Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P. O. Box 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - João Marcos Anghinoni
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL, CCQFA. Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P. O. Box 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Eder João Lenardão
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa - LASOL, CCQFA. Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, P. O. Box 354, 96010-900, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Chen Y, Zhu Z, Chen J, Zheng Y, Limsila B, Lu M, Gao T, Yang Q, Fu C, Liao W. Terpenoids from Curcumae Rhizoma: Their anticancer effects and clinical uses on combination and versus drug therapies. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111350. [PMID: 33721752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a fatal disease with high mortality and low survival rate worldwide. At present, there is still no known cure for most cancers. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) represents a noteworthy reservoir for anticancer agents in drug discovery and development. Curcumae Rhizoma (called Ezhu in Chinese) is widely prescribed in TCM for anticancer therapy owing to its broad-spectrum antineoplastic activities. Especially, the terpenoids isolated from the essential oil of Curcumae Rhizoma form an integral part of cancer research and are well established as a potential anticancer agent. For example, β-elemene has been developed into a new drug for the treatment of solid tumors in China, and is currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States. The review aims to systematically summarize the recent advances on the anticancer effects and related molecular mechanisms of Curcumae Rhizoma, and its terpenoids (β-elemene, Furanodiene, Furanodienone, Germacrone, Curcumol, Curdione). In addition, we evaluated and compared the anticancer efficacy and clinical use of the terpenoids with combination therapies and traditional therapies. Therefore, this review provides sufficient evidence for the anticancer therapeutic potential of Curcumae Rhizoma and its terpenoids, and will contribute to the development of potential anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Zongping Zhu
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiao Chen
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yongfeng Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Boonjai Limsila
- Institute of Thai-Chinese Medicine Department of Thai Traditional and Alternative Medicines, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok 11000, Thailand
| | - Meigui Lu
- Huachiew TCM Hospital, Bangkok 10100, Thailand
| | - Tianhui Gao
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qingsong Yang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Chaomei Fu
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Wan Liao
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Characteristic Chinese Drug Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, PR China.
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Anti-Tumor Drug Discovery Based on Natural Product β-Elemene: Anti-Tumor Mechanisms and Structural Modification. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061499. [PMID: 33801899 PMCID: PMC7998186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are important sources for drug discovery, especially anti-tumor drugs. β-Elemene, the prominent active ingredient extract from the rhizome of Curcuma wenyujin, is a representative natural product with broad anti-tumor activities. The main molecular mechanism of β-elemene is to inhibit tumor growth and proliferation, induce apoptosis, inhibit tumor cell invasion and metastasis, enhance the sensitivity of chemoradiotherapy, regulate the immune system, and reverse multidrug resistance (MDR). Elemene oral emulsion and elemene injection were approved by the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of various cancers and bone metastasis in 1994. However, the lipophilicity and low bioavailability limit its application. To discover better β-elemene-derived anti-tumor drugs with satisfying drug-like properties, researchers have modified its structure under the premise of not damaging the basic scaffold structure. In this review, we comprehensively discuss and summarize the potential anti-tumor mechanisms and the progress of structural modifications of β-elemene.
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Hanuš LO, Hod Y. Terpenes/Terpenoids in Cannabis: Are They Important? Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2020; 3:25-60. [PMID: 34676339 PMCID: PMC8489319 DOI: 10.1159/000509733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plant has not only cannabinoids as crucial compounds but also the other compounds that play important role as synergistic and/or entourage compound. Cannabis/hemp plant materials and essential oils were analyzed with the help of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry detector for the content of terpenes and terpenoids. The main terpenes/terpenoids and their abundance in the samples were evaluated. Results of this study will be helpful in the next evaluation of these compound in mixture with cannabinoids and their importance in medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Ondřej Hanuš
- Lumir Lab, Asana Bio Group Ltd., The Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University Biotechnology Park, Ein Kerem, Jerusalem, Israel
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He X, Zhuo XT, Gao Y, Bai R, Ye XY, Xie T. β-Elemene derivatives produced from SeO 2-mediated oxidation reaction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200038. [PMID: 32537215 PMCID: PMC7277271 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first access of β-elemene derivatives through the SeO2-mediated oxidation reaction. Several new compounds were isolated through such a one-step reaction, and their structures were elucidated using various 2D-NMR techniques. This method provides easy access to multiple oxidative β-elemene derivatives in one single step and represents the first modifications on cyclohexyl ring of β-elemene. It is expected to open up the opportunity for future derivatization on cyclohexyl ring of β-elemene. The new compounds obtained above showed better anti-proliferation activities than β-elemene itself on several cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 17 shows the best activity in antiproliferation assays of A549 and U-87MG cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrui He
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- School of Pharmacy, Liaocheng University, Shandong 252000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Tao Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510000, People's Republic of China
| | - Renren Bai
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes (HIPI), School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicines from Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, People's Republic of China
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12
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Berretta M, Rinaldi L, Taibi R, Tralongo P, Fulvi A, Montesarchio V, Madeddu G, Magistri P, Bimonte S, Trovò M, Gnagnarella P, Cuomo A, Cascella M, Lleshi A, Nasti G, Facchini S, Fiorica F, Di Francia R, Nunnari G, Pellicanò GF, Guglielmino A, Danova M, Rossetti S, Amore A, Crispo A, Facchini G. Physician Attitudes and Perceptions of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): A Multicentre Italian Study. Front Oncol 2020; 10:594. [PMID: 32411599 PMCID: PMC7202223 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) interventions are widely used by patients with chronic disorders, including cancer, and may interact with cancer treatment. Physicians are often unaware of this, probably due to poor patient-physician communication on CAM. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physicians' knowledge, attitudes and practice patterns regarding CAM in a survey conducted in Italy. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 438 physicians (11 Italian hospitals) who predominantly treat patients with chronic disease, to collect personal and professional data and information on attitudes toward CAM and its possible role in Conventional Medicine (CM). Results: Of the 438 participants, most were specialists in oncology (18%), internal medicine (17%), surgery (15%), and radiotherapy (11%). Most worked at university (44%) or research hospitals (31%). Forty-two percent of participants believed that CAM could have an integrative role within CM. Oncologists were the physicians who were best informed on CAM (58%). Physicians working at research institutes or university hospitals had a greater knowledge of CAM than those employed at general hospitals (p < 0.0001), and those who were also involved in research activity had a greater knowledge of CAM than those who were not (p < 0.003). Length of work experience was significantly related to CAM knowledge. Moreover, 55% of participants suggest CAM interventions to their patients and 44% discuss CAM with them. The best-known interventions were acupuncture, Aloe vera and high-dose vitamin C. Conclusion: CAM use by patients with chronic disease and/or cancer has become a topical issue for the scientific community and for physicians. Knowing the reasons that prompt these patients to use CAM and guiding them in their decisions would improve treatment and outcomes and also benefit healthcare systems. Our findings contribute to a greater understanding of CAM knowledge, attitudes, and practice among Italian physicians. Further research is needed to identify the more effective CAM treatments and to work toward an integrated healthcare model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Luca Rinaldi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Taibi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Paolo Tralongo
- Division of Medical Oncology, "Umberto I" Hospital, Siracusa, Italy
| | - Alberto Fulvi
- Division of Medical Oncology, "Gemelli" Hospital, Roman, Italy
| | | | - Giordano Madeddu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Magistri
- Department of Surgery, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bimonte
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trovò
- Division of Radiotherapy, "Santa Maria della Misericordia" Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics IEO European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Arturo Cuomo
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cascella
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Arben Lleshi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS - CRO, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Guglielmo Nasti
- Division of Medical Oncology B, Istituto Nazionale Tumori "Fondazione G. Pascale" IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sergio Facchini
- Department of Urology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppe Nunnari
- Division of Infectious Disease, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Guglielmino
- Division of Anaesthesia, Policlinico Universitario, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marco Danova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Oncology, Vigevano Civic Hospital, ASST of Pavia, Vigevano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Alfonso Amore
- Division of Surgery Melanoma and Skin Cancer, 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Crispo
- Unit of Epidemiology, 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology 'Istituto Nazionale Tumori' 'Fondazione G. Pascale' IRCCS, Naples, Italy
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13
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Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071567. [PMID: 32235333 PMCID: PMC7181184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal use of Cannabis sativa L. has an extensive history and it was essential in the discovery of phytocannabinoids, including the Cannabis major psychoactive compound—Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)—as well as the G-protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors (CBR), named cannabinoid receptor type-1 (CB1R) and cannabinoid receptor type-2 (CB2R), both part of the now known endocannabinoid system (ECS). Cannabinoids is a vast term that defines several compounds that have been characterized in three categories: (i) endogenous, (ii) synthetic, and (iii) phytocannabinoids, and are able to modulate the CBR and ECS. Particularly, phytocannabinoids are natural terpenoids or phenolic compounds derived from Cannabis sativa. However, these terpenoids and phenolic compounds can also be derived from other plants (non-cannabinoids) and still induce cannabinoid-like properties. Cannabimimetic ligands, beyond the Cannabis plant, can act as CBR agonists or antagonists, or ECS enzyme inhibitors, besides being able of playing a role in immune-mediated inflammatory and infectious diseases, neuroinflammatory, neurological, and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in cancer, and autoimmunity by itself. In this review, we summarize and critically highlight past, present, and future progress on the understanding of the role of cannabinoid-like molecules, mainly terpenes, as prospective therapeutics for different pathological conditions.
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14
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The Antitumor Efficacy of β-Elemene by Changing Tumor Inflammatory Environment and Tumor Microenvironment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6892961. [PMID: 32149121 PMCID: PMC7054771 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6892961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells in the inflammatory microenvironment promote the transformation of normal cells to cancer cells in the early stage of cancer, promote the growth and development of cancer cells, and induce tumor immune escape. The monomeric active ingredient β-elemene is extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Curcuma wenyujin and has been proven to have good anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities in clinical applications for more than 20 years in China. Recent studies have found that this traditional Chinese medicine plays a vital role in macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization, as well as in regulating immune disorders, and it even regulates the transcription factors NF-κB and STAT3 to alter inflammation, tumorigenesis, and development. In addition, β-elemene regulates not only different inflammatory factors (such as TNF-α, IFN, TGF-β, and IL-6/10) but also oxidative stress in vivo and in vitro. The excellent anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects of β-elemene and its ability to alter the inflammatory microenvironment of tumors have been gradually elaborated. Although the study of monomeric active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines is insufficient in terms of quality and quantity, the pharmacological effects of more active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicines will be revealed after β-elemene.
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15
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Zhou X, Cao C, Li N, Yuan S. SYL3C aptamer-anchored microemulsion co-loading β-elemene and PTX enhances the treatment of colorectal cancer. Drug Deliv 2020; 26:886-897. [PMID: 31524012 PMCID: PMC6758640 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2019.1660733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to construct a SYL3C aptamer-anchored microemulsion based on β-elemene and PTX (SYL3C/EP-MEs) for enhancement on colorectal cancer therapy. Such microemulsion is consist of encapsulated drugs (β-elemene and PTX), tumor targeting ligand (3’-end thiolated SYL3C aptamer), thiol conjugated site (maleimide-modified PEGylated 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, mal-DOPE-PEG), pH-sensitive component (DOPE) and other necessary excipients. SYL3C/EP-MEs showed a spherical particle with an average particle size around 30 nm and a high encapsulation efficiency (>80%) for both drugs. β-elemene and PTX could be released controllably from SYL3C/EP-MEs as pH values changed. SYL3C/EP-MEs displayed a selective affinity to HT-29 cells, leading to an obvious increase in cellular uptake, cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity. In the HT-29 tumor xenograft-bearing nude mice model studies, SYL3C/EP-MEs showed an overwhelming tumor growth inhibition, the longest survival time and the lowest systemic toxicity among all the treatments. The potential mechanism of enhanced anti-cancer ability was probably associated with the induction of M1 macrophage polarization, the downregulation of mutant p53 protein and the reduction of bcl-2 protein expression. Collectively, the microemulsion codelivery of β-elemene and PTX using functionalization with SYL3C aptamer provides a novel approach for combinational colorectal cancer-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanpei Cao
- Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University , Jiujiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital , Nanjing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shaofei Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital , Nanjing , People's Republic of China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University , Wenzhou , People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhang Y, Liu M, Wang J, Huang J, Guo M, Zuo L, Xu B, Cao S, Lin X. Targeting Protein Kinase Inhibitors with Traditional Chinese Medicine. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1505-1516. [DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190802125959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinases play critical roles in the control of cell growth, proliferation, migration, and
angiogenesis, through their catalytic activity. Over the past years, numerous protein kinase inhibitors
have been identified and are being successfully used clinically. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM)
represents a large class of bioactive substances, and some of them display anticancer activity via inhibiting
protein kinases signal pathway. Some of the TCM have been used to treat tumors clinically in
China for many years. The p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinase,
serine/threonine-specific protein kinases (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), and extracellular signal-regulated kinases
(ERK) pathways are considered important signals in cancer cell development. In the present article,
the recent progress of TCM that exhibited significant inhibitory activity towards a range of protein
kinases is discussed. The clinical efficacy of TCM with inhibitory effects on protein kinases in
treating a tumor is also presented. The article also discussed the prospects and problems in the development
of anticancer agents with TCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Jianlin Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Mingyue Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Ling Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Biantiao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, China
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Balavandi Z, Neshasteh-Riz A, Koosha F, Eynali S, Hoormand M, Shahidi M. The Use of ß-Elemene to Enhance Radio Sensitization of A375 Human Melanoma Cells. CELL JOURNAL 2019; 21:419-425. [PMID: 31376323 PMCID: PMC6722453 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2020.6326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Melanoma is the most malignant and severe type of skin cancer. It is a tumor with a high risk of metastasis
and resistant to conventional treatment methods (surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy). β-elemene is the most
active constituent of Curcuma wenyujin which is a non-cytotoxic antitumor drug, proved to be effective in different types
of cancers. The study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of β-elemene in combination with radiotherapy on
A375 human melanoma.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, human melanoma cells were grown in the monolayer culture
model. The procedure of the treatment was performed by the addition of different concentrations of β-elemene to the
cells. Then, the cells were exposed to 2 and 4 Gy X-ray in different incubation times (24, 48, and 72 hours). The MTT
assay was used for the determination of the cell viability. To study the rate of apoptosis response to treatments, the
Annexin V/PI assay was carried out.
Results The results of the MTT assay showed β-elemene reduced the cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent
manners in cells exposed to radiation. Flow cytometry analysis indicated that β-elemene was effective in the induction
of apoptosis. Furthermore, the combination treatment with radiation remarkably decreased the cells proliferation ability
and also enhanced apoptosis. For example, cell viability in a group exposed to 40 µg/ml of β-elemene was 80%, but
combination treatment with 6 MV X beam at a dose of 2 Gy reduced the viability to 61%.
Conclusion Our results showed that β-elemene reduced the proliferation of human melanoma cancer cell through apoptosis.
Also, the results demonstrated that the radio sensitivity of A375 cell line was significantly enhanced by β-elemene. The findings
of this study indicated the efficiency of β-elemene in treating melanoma cells and the necessity for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Balavandi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiation Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Neshasteh-Riz
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Radiation Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Electronic Address:
| | - Fereshteh Koosha
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Eynali
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Hoormand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Shahidi
- Department of Hematology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Cao M, Long M, Chen Q, Lu Y, Luo Q, Zhao Y, Lu A, Ge C, Zhu L, Chen Z. Development of β-elemene and Cisplatin Co-Loaded Liposomes for Effective Lung Cancer Therapy and Evaluation in Patient-Derived Tumor Xenografts. Pharm Res 2019; 36:121. [PMID: 31214786 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-019-2656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE β-elemene and cisplatin combined chemotherapy currently is one of the most important settings available for lung cancer therapy in China. However, the clinical outcome is limited by their pharmacokinetic drawbacks. On the other hand, most of nanomedicines have failed in clinical development due to the huge differences between heterogeneous clinical tumor tissues and homogenous cell-derived xenografts. In this work, we fabricated a β-elemene and cisplatin co-loaded liposomal system to effectively treat lung cancer. METHOD In vitro cytotoxicity of co-loaded liposomes was studied by MTT, trypan and Hoechst/PI staining, and western blot in A549, A549/DDP, and LCC cells. In vivo antitumor efficacy was evaluated in cell-derived and clinically relevant patient-derived xenografts. RESULTS Co-loaded liposomes were more cytotoxic to cancer cells, especially than the combination of single-loaded liposomes, benefiting from their simultaneous drug internalization and release. As a result, they exhibited desirable therapeutic outcome in both cell-derived and patient-derived xenografts. CONCLUSION β-elemene and cisplatin co-loaded liposomes are a clinically promising candidate for effective lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiang Cao
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengmeng Long
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yapeng Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Luo
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ailing Lu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Cunwang Ge
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhu
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Institute of Special Environmental Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China. .,Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Wang X, Liu Z, Sui X, Wu Q, Wang J, Xu C. Elemene injection as adjunctive treatment to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 59:152787. [PMID: 31005810 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elemene injection is an anticancer Chinese patent medicine that is widely used for the treatment of advanced lung cancer. Its active ingredients are β-, γ- and δ-elemene, which are extracted from Curcumaaromatica Salisb. (Curcumawenyujin Y.H. Chen & C. Ling). PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of Elemene injection as adjunctive treatment to platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) in patients with stage III/IV non-small cell lung cancer. STUDY DESIGN A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA (Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis) guidelines. Analyses were performed using Review Manager 5.3, Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 3.0 and Trial Sequential Analysis software. All RCTs comparing Elemene injection combined with PBC vs. PBC alone were selected and assessed for inclusion. The disease control rate (DCR) was defined as the primary endpoint, and the objective Response rate (ORR), survival rate, quality of life (QOL), cellular immune function and toxicities were the secondary outcomes. RESULTS 15 RCTs recruiting 1,410 patients with stage III/IV NSCLC were included. The methodological quality of most included trials was low to moderate. Compared with PBC alone, Elemene injection plus PBC can improve DCR (RR = 1.23, 95% CI 1.16 to 1.31, p < 0.00001), ORR (RR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.44 to 1.82, p < 0.00001), 1- and 2-year survival rates (RR = 1.33, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.59, p = 0.002; RR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.21 to 2.46, p = 0.002, respectively), QOL (RR = 1.91, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.32, p < 0.00001), CD4+T cell counts (WMD = 10.43, 95% CI 8.25 to 12.62, p < 0.00001), and the CD4+/CD8+ratio (WMD = 0.78, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.14, p < 0.0001) and can reduce severe toxicities by 58% (RR = 0.42, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.52, p < 0.00001). CONCLUSION Elemene injection is a safe and effective adjunctive treatment to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with stage III/IV NSCLC. Elemene injection can improve clinical efficacy, enhance cellular immune function and alleviate the toxicity of chemotherapy. High-quality RCTs with significant survival outcomes and longer follow-ups are warranted to confirm the results further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China
| | - Zhengtang Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinbing Sui
- Department of Medical Oncology, Holistic Integrative Oncology Institutes and Holistic Integrative Cancer Center of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China; Department of Cancer Pharmacology, Holistic Integrative Pharmacy Institutes, College of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Qibiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China.
| | - Jue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China
| | - Cong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China; Faculty of Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, PR China
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20
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Molecular targets of β-elemene, a herbal extract used in traditional Chinese medicine, and its potential role in cancer therapy: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108812. [PMID: 30965237 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Elemene is a sesquiterpene compound extracted from the herb Curcuma Rhizoma and is used in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to treat several types of cancer, with no reported severe adverse effects. Recent studies, using in vitro and in vivo studies combined with molecular methods, have shown that β-elemene can inhibit cell proliferation, arrest the cell cycle, and induce cell apoptosis. Recent studies have identified the molecular targets of β-elemene that may have a role in cancer therapy. This review aims to discuss the anticancer potential of β-elemene through its actions on several molecular targets including kinase enzymes, transcription factors, growth factors and their receptors, and proteins. β-Elemene also regulates the expression of several key molecules that are involved in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin. Also, β-elemene has been shown to have regulatory effects on the immune response and increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemoradiotherapy and has shown effects on multidrug resistance (MDR) in malignancy. Recent studies have shown that β-elemene can induce autophagy, which prevents cancer cells from undergoing apoptosis. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms for the treatment effects on cancer of the herbal extract, β-elemene, which has been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine, are now being studied and identified.
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Nair A, Amalraj A, Jacob J, Kunnumakkara AB, Gopi S. Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010013. [PMID: 30609771 PMCID: PMC6358877 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades curcuminoids have been extensively studied for their biological activities such as antiulcer, antifibrotic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antifertility, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antivenom, antioxidant, antihypotensive, antihypocholesteremic, and anticancer activities. With the perception of limited toxicity and cost, these compounds forms an integral part of cancer research and is well established as a potential anticancer agent. However, only few studies have focused on the other bioactive molecules of turmeric, known as non-curcuminoids, which are also equally potent as curcuminoids. This review aims to explore the comprehensive potency including the identification, physicochemical properties, and anticancer mechanism inclusive of molecular docking studies of non-curcuminoids such as turmerones, elemene, furanodiene (FN), bisacurone, germacrone, calebin A (CA), curdione, and cyclocurcumin. An insight into the clinical studies of these curcumin-free compounds are also discussed which provides ample evidence that favors the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Like curcuminoids, limited solubility and bioavailability are the most fragile domain, which circumscribe further applications of these compounds. Thus, this review credits the encapsulation of non-curcuminoid components in diverse drug delivery systems such as co-crystals, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, polar-non-polar sandwich (PNS) technology, which help abolish their shortcomings and flaunt their ostentatious benefits as anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Nair
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Augustine Amalraj
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Joby Jacob
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781 039, India.
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
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Han Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Dong Y, Fu H, Zhang B, Gao Y. Elemene treatment for NSCLC with multiple CNS metastases: a case report and literature review. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:6377-6382. [PMID: 30323615 PMCID: PMC6174310 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s160970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS metastases are common in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and is associated with poor prognosis. In NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations, and ALK fusion oncogene, chemotherapy is ineffective; however, targeted and pulse therapies may be used as alternative treatment options. Elemene can cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the brain tissue. In this paper, treatment consisting of elemene injections in a case of NSCLC with brain metastases, spinal metastases and a possible complication of leptomeningeal metastases is reported, and the efficacy of elemene in treating NSCLC with CNS metastases was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Han
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Xia Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dalian, Dalian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Nanchang University, Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Hong Fu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Yajie Gao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, People's Republic of China, ;
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Li J, Wang J, Yu J, Zhao Y, Dong Y, Fan Y, Li N, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Knockdown of POLE2 expression suppresses lung adenocarcinoma cell malignant phenotypes in vitro. Oncol Rep 2018; 40:2477-2486. [PMID: 30132567 PMCID: PMC6151888 DOI: 10.3892/or.2018.6659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we profiled β-elemene-regulated gene expression and investigated the effects of the silencing of the DNA polymerase epsilon 2, accessory subunit (POLE2) in lung cancer cells. Differently expressed genes were profiled in A549 cells incubated in the presence or absence of β-elemene by Affymetrix Human Gene Expression Array. POLE2 shRNA was then constructed to knock down POLE2 expression. Cells were counted and phenotypes were assessed via CCK-8, colony formation and caspase-3/-7 activity assays. PathScan antibody array analysis was used to identify shPOLE2-regulated genes. The cDNA microarray identified a total of 721 differentially expressed genes in the A549 cells. Furthermore, knockdown of POLE2 expression inhibited A549 and NCI-H1299 cell proliferation and apoptosis. The PathScan data indicated that expression levels of p-Akt (phosphorylated-protein kinase B, p-AKT/p-PKB), p-Smad2 (phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2), p-p38 MAPK (phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinases p38), p-SAPK/JNK (phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase/stress activated protein kinase), cleaved caspase-7, IκBα (nuclear factor of κ light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cell inhibitor, α), p-Chk1 (phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1), p-IκBα, p-eIF2α (phosphorylated eukayotic translational initiation factor 2α), p-TAK1 (phosphorylated TGF-B-activated kinase 1), survivin and α-tubulin were significantly lower in shPOLE2 cells than these levels in the shCtrl cells. The PathScan data indicated that the expression levels of p-p53 (phosphorylated tumor protein 53) were significantly higher in the shPOLE2 cells than these levels in the shCtrl cells. β-elemene can restrain human lung cancer A549 and NCI-H1299 cell proliferation and apoptosis by suppressing POLE2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianying Li
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Juanhong Wang
- Departments of Pathology, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Ya Dong
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yali Fan
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Namiao Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital, The Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, P.R. China
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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Ding L, Zhang G, Hou Y, Chen J, Yin Y. Elemene inhibits osteosarcoma growth by suppressing the renin‑angiotensin system signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:1022-1030. [PMID: 29115494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma remains the most prevalent primary malignant bone tumor in children and young adults globally. Therefore, novel and highly effective antitumor agents are urgently required. Elemene is a natural plant compound extracted from the medicinal Chinese herb, Rhizomazedoariae, which has been employed as an antitumor agent for the treatment of a number of tumors, including osteosarcoma. However, the mechanisms underlying its antitumor effect are currently unclear. The human osteosarcoma cell lines, MG‑63 and U2OS, were employed in the present study. MTT, migration, transwell invasion and terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase‑mediated deoxy‑UTP‑fluorescein nick end‑labeling assays were performed to evaluate cell viability, migration, invasion and apoptosis, respectively. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry analyses were performed to measure the levels of renin‑angiotensin system (RAS) components. In order to evaluate the effect of elemene on tumor weight and volume, MG‑63 and U2OS cells were injected into mice. Treatment of osteosarcoma cell lines, MG‑63 and U2OS, with elemene led to the inhibition of cell viability, migration and invasion, as well as induction of cell apoptosis. In addition, elemene treatment downregulated the expression of a number of RAS components. The growth of osteosarcoma cell‑transplanted tumors in nude mice and angiotensin II expression were inhibited by elemene treatment. The results of the present study indicate that the antitumor effects of elemene may partly be due to downregulation of the RAS signaling pathway, and that RAS may be a putative pharmacological target for osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Ding
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Genai Zhang
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
| | - Yukun Yin
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, P.R. China
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Liu Y, Jiang ZY, Zhou YL, Qiu HH, Wang G, Luo Y, Liu JB, Liu XW, Bu WQ, Song J, Cui L, Jia XB, Feng L. β-elemene regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce the apoptosis of NSCLC cells through PERK/IRE1α/ATF6 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:490-497. [PMID: 28672279 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs) has been regarded as an important cause for the pathogenesis of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). β-elemene is an active component in the essential oil extracted from a medicinal herb, Curcuma wenyujin, and has been reported to be effective against non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the potential effect and underlying mechanisms of β-elemene on regulating ERs to inhibit NSCLC are still unclear. In the present study, A549 cells and Lewis tumor-bearing C57BL/6J mice were established to evaluate this effect. Visualsonics Vevo 2100 Small Animal Dedicated High-frequency Color Ultrasound was performed to observe tumor volume in vivo. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) was used to evaluate cell vitality of A549 cells. Furthermore, western blotting (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) were applied to detect the ERs-related proteins. Flow cytometry was also applied to detect cell apoptosis and assay kit for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Our results showed that β-elemene inhibited lung cancer tumor growth and cell vitality in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Not only that, β-elemene could up-regulate ERs-related proteins like PERK, IRE1α, ATF6, ATF4, CHOP and down-regulate the Bcl-2 expression. More importantly, ERs inhibitor 4-PBA, IRE1α inhibitor STF-083010, ATF6 inhibitor Anti-ATF6 and PERK inhibitor GSK2656157 can all reduce the amplitude of protein expression changes and apoptosis rates, then weaken the anti-tumor effect of β-elemene. Therefore, the present in vivo and in vitro study revealed that the anti-NSCLC effect of β-elemene is closely related to the activation of ERs through PERK/IRE1α/ATF6 pathway, and this might be beneficial for clinical therapy of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Hefei 230038, PR China
| | - Zi-Yu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Yuan-Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China
| | - Hui-Hui Qiu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Anhui Hefei 230038, PR China
| | - Yi Luo
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Jing-Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Xiong-Wei Liu
- The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical Collage, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wei-Quan Bu
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Jie Song
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Li Cui
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Xiao-Bin Jia
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China.
| | - Liang Feng
- Key Laboratory of New Drug Delivery Systems of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing, 210028, PR China; Third School of Clinical Medical of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Nanjing 210028, PR China.
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Multi-Dimensional Spectrum-Effect Relationship of the Impact of Chinese Herbal Formula Lichong Shengsui Yin on Ovarian Cancer. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060979. [PMID: 28608834 PMCID: PMC6152777 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichong Shengsui Yin (LCSSY) is an effective and classic compound prescription of Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) used for the treatment of ovarian cancer. To investigate its pharmacodynamic basis for treating ovarian cancer, the multi-dimensional spectrum-effect relationship was determined. Four compositions (I to IV) were obtained by extracting LCSSY successively with supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, 75% ethanol reflux extraction, and the water extraction-ethanol precipitation method. Nine samples for pharmacological evaluation and fingerprint analysis were prepared by changing the content of the four compositions. The specific proportions of the four compositions were designed according to a four-factor, three-level L9(34) orthogonal test. The pharmacological evaluation included in vitro tumor inhibition experiments and the survival extension rate in tumor-bearing nude mice. The fingerprint analyzed by chromatographic condition I (high-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detec tor,HPLC-PDA) identified 19 common peaks. High-performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detector-Evaporative Light-scattering Detector (HPLC-PDA-ELSD )hyphenated techniques were used to compensate for the use of a single detector, and the fingerprint analyzed by chromatographic condition II identified 28 common peaks in PDA and 23 common peaks in ELSD. Furthermore, multiple statistical analyses were utilized to calculate the relationships between the peaks and the pharmacological results. The union of the regression and the correlation analysis results were the peaks of X5, X9, X11, X12, X16, X18, Y5, Y8, Y12, Y14, Y20, Z4, Z5, Z6, and Z8. The intersection of the regression and the correlation analysis results were the peaks of X11, X12, X16, X18, Y5, Y12, and Z5. The correlated peaks were assigned by comparing the fingerprints with the negative control samples and reference standard samples, and identifying the structure using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry detector(HPLC-MS). The results suggested that the pharmacodynamic basis of LCSSY on anti-ovarian cancer activities were germacrone, furandiene, β-elemene, calycosin-7-glucoside, ononin, epimedin B, icariin, ginsenoside Rc, astragaloside, ginsenoside Rd, astragaloside II, and some unknown components.
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Chen J, Wang T, Xu S, Lin A, Yao H, Xie W, Zhu Z, Xu J. Novel hybrids of natural β-elemene bearing isopropanolamine moieties: Synthesis, enhanced anticancer profile, and improved aqueous solubility. Fitoterapia 2017; 120:117-125. [PMID: 28576721 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel β-elemene isopropanolamine derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity. The results indicated that all of the compounds showed stronger antiproliferative activities than β-elemene as well as improved aqueous solubility. In particular dimer 6q showed the strongest cytotoxicity against four tumor cell lines (SGC-7901, HeLa, U87 and A549) with IC50 values ranging from 4.37 to 10.20μM. Moreover, combination of 6q with cisplatin exhibited a synergistic effect on these cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 1.21 to 2.94μM, and reversed the resistance of A549/DPP cells with an IC50 value of 2.52μM. The mechanism study revealed that 6q caused cell cycle arrest at the G2 phase and induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells through a mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathway. Further in vivo study in H22 liver cancer xenograft mouse model validated the antitumor activity of 6q with a tumor inhibitory ratio (TIR) of 60.3%, which was higher than that of β-elemene (TIR, 49.1%) at a dose of 60mg/kg. Altogether, the potent antitumor activity of 6qin vitro and in vivo warranted further preclinical investigation for potential anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Weijia Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Chen J, Wang R, Wang T, Ding Q, Khalil A, Xu S, Lin A, Yao H, Xie W, Zhu Z, Xu J. Antioxidant Properties of Novel Dimers Derived from Natural β-Elemene through Inhibiting H 2O 2-Induced Apoptosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2017; 8:443-448. [PMID: 28435534 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.7b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel β-elemene dimer derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activities. The results indicated that most of the target compounds showed more potent cytoprotective effects than positive control vitamin E. In particular, dimer D5 exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity, which was significantly superior to the active compound D1 obtained in our previous study. Besides, D5 did not produce obvious cytotoxicity in normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and increased the viability of HUVECs injured by H2O2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Further studies suggested that the cytoprotective action of D5 might be mediated, at least in part, by increasing the intracellular superoxide dismutase activity and nitric oxide secretion as well as decreasing the intracellular malonyldialdehyde content and lactate dehydrogenase release. Furthermore, D5 observably inhibited ROS generation and prevented H2O2-induced apoptosis in HUVECs possibly via inhibiting the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichao Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Ruifan Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Qilong Ding
- Department
of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Aliahmad Khalil
- Department
of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Avenue, Nanjing 211198, P. R. China
| | - Shengtao Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Aijun Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Hequan Yao
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weijia Xie
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zheying Zhu
- Division of Molecular Therapeutics & Formulation, School of Pharmacy, The University of Nottingham, University Park Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Jinyi Xu
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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Morshedloo MR, Quassinti L, Bramucci M, Lupidi G, Maggi F. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity on tumour cells of the essential oil from flowers of Magnolia grandiflora cultivated in Iran. Nat Prod Res 2017; 31:2857-2864. [PMID: 28299950 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2017.1303699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Magnolia grandiflora (Magnoliaceae) is an evergreen tree with fragrant and showy flowers native to southeastern USA but widely cultivated all over the world and used in cosmetics industry in treatment of skin diseases. Here, we report on the chemical analysis of the essential oil obtained from flowers of plants cultivated in Iran, together with the evaluation of its antioxidant and cytotoxic activities. The essential oil composition was dominated by bioactive sesquiterpenes, namely β-elemene, bicyclogermacrene, germacrene D and (E)-caryophyllene. The oil exhibited moderate radical scavenging activity towards the [Formula: see text] radical, and mild non-selective inhibitory effects against A375, MDA-MB 231 and T98 G tumour cell lines. The latter were influenced by the presence of the anticancer β-elemene. These results provided new insights for potential application of M. grandiflora volatile oil in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry where only the non-volatile magnolol and honokiol have hitherto been fully exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Quassinti
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Massimo Bramucci
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Giulio Lupidi
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- b School of Pharmacy , University of Camerino , Camerino , Italy
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Jiang Z, Jacob JA, Loganathachetti DS, Nainangu P, Chen B. β-Elemene: Mechanistic Studies on Cancer Cell Interaction and Its Chemosensitization Effect. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:105. [PMID: 28337141 PMCID: PMC5343065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, screening and identifying novel compounds for their biomedical applications has become an upcoming area of research. Identifying the molecular mechanisms of these compounds has become an integral part of anticancer research. β-elemene, a sesquiterpene, is renowned for its anticancer activity against a variety of cell lines. Recent studies on β-elemene have elucidated that it possesses anti-proliferative effect on cancer cells by creating an apoptotic trigger. Interestingly, it also induces protective autophagy in some cancerous cell lines and is less cytotoxic compared to other widely accepted chemotherapeutic agents. This provides an edge with the perception of limited toxicity to normal cells. This mini-review precisely focuses on the studies performed to identify the mechanism of anticancer activity of β-elemene against cancer cells of multiple origin. In accordance to the evaluation made by the studies mentioned, apoptosis has been identified to be most possible reason behind anticancer activity exerted by β-elemene against a variety of cancer cell lines. Cell cycle arrest and necrosis have been credited to be possible alternate mechanisms for the anticancer effect of β-elemene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast UniversityNanjing, China; Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing, China
| | - Joe A Jacob
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University Nanjing, China
| | | | | | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University Nanjing, China
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Li P, Zhou X, Sun W, Sheng W, Tu Y, Yu Y, Dong J, Ye B, Zheng Z, Lu M. Elemene Induces Apoptosis of Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line BGC-823 via Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase (ERK) 1/2 Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2017; 23:809-817. [PMID: 28196062 PMCID: PMC5321174 DOI: 10.12659/msm.903197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Elemene is extracted from a traditional herbal medicine and is commonly used in the treatment of cancer in China. However, its effect on gastric cancer cells remains unknown. The goal of this study was to investigate its effect on human gastric cancer cells. Material/Methods Human gastric cancer BGC-823 cells and a tumor-bearing mouse model were employed to be divided into 4 groups: control group, elemene group, PD98059 group (an ERK 1/2 signaling pathway inhibitor), and the combined group (elemene plus PD98059). The tumor size, cell proliferation, expression of ERK 1/2 and phosphorylated ERK 1/2 (p-ERK 1/2), Bcl-2 mRNA, and Bax mRNA were measured. Moreover, cell apoptosis was detected and the apoptosis index was calculated. Results Elemene and PD98059 each significantly inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells BGC-823, and their combination showed higher synergistic inhibitory effect (P<0.05). We also found increased expression levels of p-ERK l/2 protein and Bax mRNA, but reduced level of Bcl-2 mRNA expression (P<0.05). Elemene presented higher apoptosis rate in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05). Furthermore, the injection of elemene decreased the weight of transplanted tumors. Conclusions Elemene can inhibit the proliferation and induce the apoptosis of gastric cancer cells associated with the ERK 1/2 signaling pathway and expression levels of Bax mRNA and Bcl-2 mRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihong Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiang Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weijian Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Weiwei Sheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yangyang Tu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yaojun Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Jianda Dong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Bing Ye
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Zhiqiang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Mingdong Lu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Liu M, Zhao G, Cao S, Zhang Y, Li X, Lin X. Development of Certain Protein Kinase Inhibitors with the Components from Traditional Chinese Medicine. Front Pharmacol 2017; 7:523. [PMID: 28119606 PMCID: PMC5220067 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have been used in China for more than two thousand years, and some of them have been confirmed to be effective in cancer treatment. Protein kinases play critical roles in control of cell growth, proliferation, migration, survival, and angiogenesis and mediate their biological effects through their catalytic activity. In recent years, numerous protein kinase inhibitors have been developed and are being used clinically. Anticancer TCMs represent a large class of bioactive substances, and some of them display anticancer activity via inhibiting protein kinases to affect the phosphoinositide 3-kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinases, pechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR), P38, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathways. In the present article, we comprehensively reviewed several components isolated from anticancer TCMs that exhibited significantly inhibitory activity toward a range of protein kinases. These components, which belong to diverse structural classes, are reviewed herein, based upon the kinases that they inhibit. The prospects and problems in development of the anticancer TCMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Ge Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Shousong Cao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
| | - Xiukun Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Southwest Medical University Luzhou, China
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Zhong Y, Liu J, Huo WM, Duan WL, Wang X, Shang J. β-Elemene reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in rabbits. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 13:415-20. [PMID: 26073337 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)30034-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating the possible effects of β-elemene on the progression of atherosclerosis in a rabbit model. The rabbit atherosclerosis model was established by the combination of balloon angioplasty-induced endothelial injury and an atherogenic diet fed to the rabbits. New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into four groups (8/group): the normal control group (fed with normal chow diet), and three experimental groups, placebo group, atorvastatin group, and β-elemene group (received the atherogenic diet). After two weeks on the diet, the three experimental groups underwent balloon injury at right common carotid artery and were treated with drugs or placebo for five weeks. Serum lipids were measured. Carotid artery lesions were isolated for histological and immunohistochemical analysis. In vitro, RAW264.7 macrophages were pretreated with β-elemene and ox-LDL for 24 h and the viability of macrophages was assayed using the MTT method. TNF-α and IL-6 were also determined. Compared with the control group, the thickness of the atherosclerosis lesion in the placebo group was significantly increased; The thickness the drug treatment groups were significantly decreased, compared with that of the placebo group. The infiltration of macrophage was markedly reduced in the β-elemene group compared with that of the placebo group. β-elemene treatment also reduced the levels of TC, TG, and LDL-C, compared with the placebo group. β-elemene decreased the TNF-α and IL-6 levels in vitro. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that β-elemene retarded the progression of atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro, which may be related to the capacity of β-elemene to reduce the infiltration of macrophages and suppress inflammatory factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei-Min Huo
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Wen-Li Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Li X, Lin Z, Zhang B, Guo L, Liu S, Li H, Zhang J, Ye Q. β-elemene sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma cells to oxaliplatin by preventing oxaliplatin-induced degradation of copper transporter 1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21010. [PMID: 26867799 PMCID: PMC4751482 DOI: 10.1038/srep21010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
β-elemene, a Curcuma wenyujin plant extract, has been used widely as a tumor adjuvant therapeutic agent. However, how to obtain optimum therapeutic effects by combining this compound with other agents remain unclear. In this study, we found that β-elemene, which alone had little effect on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell proliferation, exerted a synergistic anti-proliferative effect in HCC cells when dosed in combination with oxaliplatin, which increased the amounts of platinum accumulation and platinum-DNA adduct significantly and augmented the oxaliplatin-induced apoptosis. Western blot and laser scanning confocal microscopy studies indicated that β-elemene enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to oxaliplatin by upregulating copper transporter 1 (CTR1), a major controller of intracellular platinum accumulation. In an orthotopic transplantation HCC model in nude mice, HCC tumor growth was inhibited significantly by oxaliplatin combined with β-elemene, as compared with oxaliplatin alone. Notably, CTR1 protein expression in xenograft HCC was upregulated in mice who received β-elemene treatment. Taken together, our findings show that β-elemene can block the reduction of CTR1 resulting from oxaliplatin treatment, and therefore has a synergistic anti-HCC effect with oxaliplatin by enhancing cellular uptake of oxaliplatin. The synergistic effects of β-elemene and oxaliplatin deserve further evaluation in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Zhenhai Lin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Lei Guo
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Hui Li
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Jubo Zhang
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
| | - Qinghai Ye
- Liver Cancer Institute and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, P.R.China
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Zhang GN, Ashby CR, Zhang YK, Chen ZS, Guo H. The reversal of antineoplastic drug resistance in cancer cells by β-elemene. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:488-95. [PMID: 26370907 PMCID: PMC4593349 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR), defined as the resistance of cancer cells to compounds with diverse structures and mechanisms of actions, significantly limits the efficacy of antitumor drugs. A major mechanism that mediates MDR in cancer is the overexpression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette transporters. These transporters bind to their respective substrates and catalyze their efflux from cancer cells, thereby lowering the intracellular concentrations of the substrates and thus attenuating or even abolishing their efficacy. In addition, cancer cells can become resistant to drugs via mechanisms that attenuate apoptosis and cell cycle arrest such as alterations in the p53, check point kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which β-elemene, a compound extracted from Rhizoma zedoariae that has clinical antitumor efficacy, overcomes drug resistance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Huiqin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, P. R. China.
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Shi H, Liu L, Liu LM, Geng J, Chen L. Inhibition of tumor growth by β-elemene through downregulation of the expression of uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in a murine intraocular melanoma model. Melanoma Res 2015; 25:15-21. [PMID: 25405459 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the underlying mechanism through which β-elemene inhibits the growth of intraocular melanoma in a mouse model. C57BL/6J mice were administered a subretinal injection of B16F10 melanoma cells and divided into two groups: treatment and control. The treatment group was administered β-elemene through an intravitreal injection and the control group was injected with a blank emulsion. After 21 days of continuous treatment, tumor masses were removed and weighed. The mRNA expression levels of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA receptor (uPAR), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 were assayed by real-time PCR, and the protein expression levels of uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were assayed by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. Tumor size was inhibited by β-elemene in the treatment group, and the expressions of uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were all downregulated at both the mRNA and the protein level compared with the control group. In a mouse model of intraocular melanoma, β-elemene inhibits tumor growth by downregulating the expression of uPA, uPAR, MMP-2, and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shi
- aDepartment of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Shushan, Hefei bDepartment of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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37
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β-Elemene Inhibits Cell Proliferation by Regulating the Expression and Activity of Topoisomerases I and IIα in Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015. [PMID: 26221582 PMCID: PMC4499621 DOI: 10.1155/2015/153987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To investigate the effects of β-Elemene (β-ELE) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and topoisomerase I (TOPO I) and topoisomerase IIα (TOPO IIα) expression and activity of human hepatocarcinoma HepG-2 cells. Methods. After treatment with β-ELE, morphological alterations of HepG-2 cells were observed under an inverted microscope. Cell proliferation was assessed using an MTT assay, cell cycles were analyzed using flow cytometry, and apoptosis was detected by Annexin V/PI staining. The expression of TOPO I and TOPO IIα was analyzed by Western blot techniques, and their activity was measured using the TOPO I-mediated, supercoiled pBR322 DNA relaxation and TOPO IIα-mediated Kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) decatenation assays, respectively. Supercoiled pBR322 and kDNA were also used to determine the direct effect of β-ELE on DNA breaks. Results. β-ELE significantly inhibited HepG-2 cell proliferation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. β-ELE also induced tumor cell arrest at S phase, induced cell apoptosis, and downregulated the protein expression of TOPO I and TOPO IIα in a dose-dependent manner. β-ELE also inhibited TOPO I- and TOPO IIα-mediated DNA relaxation but did not directly induce DNA breakage at any concentration. Conclusion. β-ELE could inhibit the proliferation of HepG-2 cells and interfere with the expression and activity of TOPO I and TOPO IIα.
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Brahmachari G, Sarkar S, Ghosh R, Barman S, Mandal NC, Jash SK, Banerjee B, Roy R. Sunlight-induced rapid and efficient biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. with enhanced antibacterial activity. Org Med Chem Lett 2014; 4:18. [PMID: 25621198 PMCID: PMC4297304 DOI: 10.1186/s13588-014-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanotechnology is now regarded as a distinct field of research in modern science and technology with multifaceted areas including biomedical applications. Among the various approaches currently available for the generation of metallic nanoparticles, biogenic synthesis is of increasing demand for the purpose of green nanotechnology. Among various natural sources, plant materials are the most readily available template-directing matrix offering cost-effectiveness, eco-friendliness, and easy handling. Moreover, the inherent pharmacological potentials of these medicinal plant extracts offer added biomedical implementations of the synthesized metal nanoparticles. RESULTS A robust practical method for eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) as both reducing and capping agent, under the influence of direct sunlight has been developed without applying any other chemical additives. The nanoparticles were characterized with the help of UV-visible spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The prepared silver nanoparticles exhibited considerable antibacterial activity. The effects were more pronounced on non-endospore-forming Gram-positive bacteria viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Listeria monocytogenes than endospore-forming species Bacillus subtilis. The nanoparticles also showed prominent activity on Gram-negative human pathogenic Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and plant pathogenic Pantoea ananatis. A bactericidal mode of action was observed for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the nanoparticles. CONCLUSIONS We have developed a very simple, efficient, and practical method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of O. sanctum under the influence of direct sunlight. The biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles making use of such a traditionally important medicinal plant without applying any other chemical additives, thus offers a cost-effective and environmentally benign route for their large-scale commercial production. The nanoparticles dispersed in the mother solution showed promising antibacterial efficacy. Graphical AbstractSunlight-induced rapid and efficient biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. with enhanced antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutam Brahmachari
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Sajal Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Botany, Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Soma Barman
- Department of Botany, Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Narayan C Mandal
- Department of Botany, Microbiology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Shyamal K Jash
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Bubun Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
| | - Rajiv Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products and Organic Synthesis, Visva-Bharati (a Central University), Santiniketan, 731 235 West Bengal India
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Hosamane M, Acharya AB, Vij C, Trivedi D, Setty SB, Thakur SL. Evaluation of holy basil mouthwash as an adjunctive plaque control agent in a four day plaque regrowth model. J Clin Exp Dent 2014; 6:e491-6. [PMID: 25674314 PMCID: PMC4312674 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Various antibacterial and antiplaque agents are used in chemical plaque control but none are without their shortcomings. Chlorhexidine considered a gold standard, also has an array of side effects. To overcome these, numerous herbal extracts have been tried and tested and one among them is holy basil. The present study evaluated the antibacterial efficacy of holy basil in vitro against some periodontopathogens and its antiplaque effect in vivo.
Study Design: Thirty periodontally healthy volunteers were randomly divided into three groups and refrained from all mechanical oral hygiene measures for 4 days and used one of the randomly assigned mouthwash (1- chlorhexidine; 2- holy basil; and 3- sterile water [placebo]) twice daily. The Plaque Index (PI) was assessed at days 0 and 5. Aqueous extract of holy basil was tested against Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (F.nucleatum).
Results: Holy basil extract showed inhibition of both the tested periodontopathogens (P.intermedia and F.nucleatum) at various concentrations. In all groups, the PI increased from baseline to day 5. There was a statistically significant difference (p < .05) between the chlorhexidine and placebo rinse and the holy basil and placebo rinse, but no statistically significant difference was found between the chlorhexidine and holy basil rinse with respect to PI.
Conclusions: These results indicate that the holy basil mouthwash has an antiplaque effect and is efficacious against P. intermedia and F. nucleatum strains in vitro. Hence holy basil mouthwash may have potential as an antiplaque mouthwash with prophylactic benefits.
Key words:Antibacterial agent, basil, Fusobacterium nucleatum, mouthwashes, Prevotella intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasa Hosamane
- Graduate student. Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Anirudh B Acharya
- Professor. Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Chhavi Vij
- Undergraduate student. Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Dhiraj Trivedi
- Professor and Head. Department of Biochemistry, S.D.M. College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Swati B Setty
- Professor and Head. Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinath L Thakur
- Principal and Professor. Department of Periodontics, S.D.M. College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Synergistic Effects of CO2 and LED Lighting on Accumulation of Terpenes in Roots of Gynura bicolor. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(14)60033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Lesgards JF, Baldovini N, Vidal N, Pietri S. Anticancer Activities of Essential Oils Constituents and Synergy with Conventional Therapies: A Review. Phytother Res 2014; 28:1423-46. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Faculté des Sciences; University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, CNRS UMR 7272, Institut de Chimie de Nice; Avenue Valrose 06108 Nice Cedex 2 France
| | - Nicolas Vidal
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273; 13397 Marseille France
| | - Sylvia Pietri
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273; 13397 Marseille France
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Guo HQ, Zhang GN, Wang YJ, Zhang YK, Sodani K, Talele TT, Ashby CR, Chen ZS. β-Elemene, a compound derived from Rhizoma zedoariae, reverses multidrug resistance mediated by the ABCB1 transporter. Oncol Rep 2013; 31:858-66. [PMID: 24284783 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present in vitro study, we examined the effect of the compound β-elemene on the response of KB-C2 cells overexpressing the ABCB1 transporter to specific antineoplastic compounds. The MTT assay was used to determine the effects of β-elemene in combination with other anticancer drugs on ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we used [3H]-paclitaxel accumulation, efflux assay, immunofluorescence experiments, western blot assays and docking analysis to ascertain the mechanism of action of β-elemene. The incubation of KB-C2 cells overexpressing ABCB1 transporter with β-elemene (100 µM) significantly augmented the antineoplastic efficacy of colchicine, vinblastine and paclitaxel when compared to KB-C2 cells incubated with these drugs alone. In HEK293 cells overexpressing the ABCB1 transporter, β-elemene significantly increased the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel. In addition, 100 µM of β-elemene significantly increased the accumulation of [3H]-paclitaxel and this was due to a decrease in [3H]-paclitaxel efflux when compared to controls. The incubation of KB-C2 cells with β-elemene (100 µM) for 72 h did not significantly alter the expression of ABCB1 protein levels. Immunofluorescence experiments indicated that β-elemene did not significantly alter the subcellular localization of the ABCB1 transporter. Docking analysis indicated that β-elemene binds to the drug-binding site of ABCB1 transporter. Finally, β-elemene at 100 µM partially (~50%) increased the sensitivity of the BCRP-overexpressing cell line, NCI-H460/MX20, to mitoxantrone, but β-elemene did not significantly alter the resistance of MRP1-transfected HEK293/MRP1 cells to vincristine. Overall, our in vitro findings indicated that β-elemene potentiates the cytotoxic effects of various antineoplastic drugs in cell lines overexpressing the ABCB1 transporter and that this is due to the inhibition of the efflux component of the ABCB1 transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Guan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yun-Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Kamlesh Sodani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Tanaji T Talele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
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Li QQ, Lee RX, Liang H, Wang G, Li JM, Zhong Y, Reed E. β-Elemene enhances susceptibility to cisplatin in resistant ovarian carcinoma cells via downregulation of ERCC-1 and XIAP and inactivation of JNK. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:721-8. [PMID: 23817665 PMCID: PMC3787889 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Elemene is a promising new plant-derived drug with broad-spectrum anticancer activity. It also increases cisplatin cytotoxicity and enhances cisplatin sensitivity in resistant human carcinoma cells. However, little is known about the mechanism of its action. To explore the potential therapeutic application of β-elemene as a drug-resistance modulator, this study investigated the underlying mechanism of β-elemene activity in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. β-Elemene enhanced cisplatin sensitivity to a much greater extent in chemoresistant A2780/CP70 and MCAS human ovarian carcinoma cells compared to the chemosensitive parental cell line A2780. The dose-modifying factors for cisplatin were between 35 and 60 for A2780/CP70 cells and between 1.6 and 2.5 for A2780 cells. In the cisplatin-resistant ovarian carcinoma cells, β-elemene abrogated cisplatin-induced expression of excision repair cross-complementation group-1 (ERCC-1), a marker gene in the nucleotide excision repair pathway that repairs cisplatin-caused DNA damage. In addition, β-elemene not only reduced the level of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), but also downregulated cisplatin-mediated XIAP expression in chemoresistant cells. Furthermore, β-elemene blocked the cisplatin-stimulated increase in the level of phosphorylated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in these cells. These novel findings suggest that the β-elemene enhancement of cisplatin sensitivity in human chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells is mediated at least in part through the impairment of DNA repair activity and the activation of apoptotic signaling pathways, thereby making resistant ovarian cancer cells susceptible to cisplatin-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Q Li
- National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Sensitization of lung cancer cells to cisplatin by β-elemene is mediated through blockade of cell cycle progression: antitumor efficacies of β-elemene and its synthetic analogs. Med Oncol 2013; 30:488. [PMID: 23397083 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-013-0488-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of effective agents for overcoming platinum chemoresistance in lung carcinoma continues to have high priority. We have demonstrated recently that β-elemene, a novel antitumor compound, enhances cisplatin activity by triggering lung cancer cell death via apoptosis. Here, we investigated whether β-elemene acts synergistically with cisplatin to inhibit non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression. β-Elemene substantially increased the suppressive effect of cisplatin on cell growth and proliferation in the NSCLC cell lines H460 and A549. Furthermore, β-elemene augmented cisplatin in the cell cycle arrest of NSCLC cells at G(2)/M. This was associated with upregulated checkpoint kinase (CHK2) expression and reduced CDC2 activity (i.e., increased phosphorylation of CDC2 on Tyr-15 and decreased phosphorylation of CDC2 on Thr-161). Moreover, β-elemene and cisplatin in combination clearly decreased the protein levels of cyclin B1 and CDC25C and increased the levels of p21(Cip1/Waf1), p27(Kip1), and GADD45 in these cells, compared with the effects of either agent alone at the same concentration. These results suggest that the β-elemene-enhanced inhibitory effect of cisplatin on lung carcinoma cell proliferation is regulated by a CHK2-mediated CDC25C/CDC2/cyclin B1 signaling pathway and leads to the blockade of cell cycle progression at G(2)/M. A comparison of the cytotoxic efficacies of β-elemene and three synthetic analogs (β-elemenol, β-elemenal, and β-elemene fluoride) in the two lung cancer cell lines revealed that β-elemenol and β-elemene fluoride had the same antitumor efficacy as β-elemene, whereas β-elemenal was appreciably more potent than β-elemene. Thus, although all three synthetic analogs of β-elemene considerably suppressed NSCLC cell growth and proliferation, β-elemenal may have greater potential as an anticancer alternative to β-elemene in treating lung cancer and other tumors.
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Li QQ, Lee RX, Liang H, Zhong Y, Reed E. Enhancement of cisplatin-induced apoptosis by β-elemene in resistant human ovarian cancer cells. Med Oncol 2013; 30:424. [PMID: 23277286 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-012-0424-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
β-Elemene is a new anticancer compound extracted from the Chinese medicinal herb Rhizoma zedoariae. We have shown previously that β-elemene increases cisplatin cytotoxicity and enhances cisplatin sensitivity via blocking cell cycle progression at G2/M phase in resistant ovarian tumor cells. In the current study, we asked whether β-elemene-augmented cisplatin activity in ovarian carcinoma cells is mediated through the induction of apoptosis. Here, we show that β-elemene triggered apoptotic cell death in chemoresistant human ovarian cancer A2780/CP and MCAS cells in a dose- and time-dependent fashion, as assessed by six different apoptosis assays. Intriguingly, β-elemene was a stronger inducer of apoptosis than cisplatin in this model system, and a synergistic effect on induction of cell death was observed when the tumor cells were treated with both agents. Furthermore, β-elemene plus cisplatin exposure significantly disrupted the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨ (m)) and increased the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytoplasm. The combination treatment with both compounds also induced increases in caspase-3/8/9 activities and caspase-9 cleavage, enhanced protein expression of Bax and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at Ser-70, and reduced the protein levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-X(L) in the platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cells. Taken together, these data indicate that β-elemene sensitizes chemoresistant ovarian carcinoma cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis and that the augmented effect of β-elemene on cisplatin cytotoxicity and sensitivity in resistant ovarian tumor cells is mediated through a mitochondria- and caspase-dependent cell death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingdi Quentin Li
- Beihai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Beihai, 536000 Guangxi, China.
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Zhang H, Xu F, Xie T, Jin H, Shi L. β-elemene induces glioma cell apoptosis by downregulating survivin and its interaction with hepatitis B X-interacting protein. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:2083-90. [PMID: 22965456 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-elemene, extracted from the ginger plant, possesses antitumor activity against a broad range of cancers clinically. However, the mechanism underlying β-elemene-induced cytotoxicity remains incompletely understood. Here, we show that β-elemene promoted apoptotic cell death in human glioma cells, downregulated survivin gene expression, and induced caspase-9, -3 and -7 activities. Induction of apoptosis was associated with inhibition of survivin gene expression, and restoration of survivin levels remarkably attenuated β-elemene-induced glioma cell death. Moreover, we found that the interaction between surviving and HBXIP, a critical regulator of caspase-9 activity, was impaired by β-elemene treatment. The results, therefore, reveal a caspase-mediated apoptotic pathway induced by β-elemene in human glioma cells, which is associated with downregulation of survivin itself and the interaction between survivin and HBXP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhang
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Lu X, Wang Y, Luo H, Qiu W, Han H, Chen X, Yang L. β-elemene inhibits the proliferation of T24 bladder carcinoma cells through upregulation of the expression of Smad4. Mol Med Rep 2012; 7:513-8. [PMID: 23228961 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-elemene, a non-cytotoxic antitumor reagent, inhibits the growth, proliferation and DNA synthesis of multiple types of malignant cells, resulting in the apoptosis or suppressed vascularization of tumors. β-elemene is also able to enhance the immunogenicity of the tumor cells and ameliorate systematic cellular immunity in the tumor‑bearing body. Moreover, β-elemene has the advantages of high efficiency, safety and low possibility of drug tolerance over other antitumor agents used in antitumor treatment. Therefore, β-elemene has great potential in clinical applications. However, the mechanism of β-elemene antitumor activity is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether β-elemene is able to repress the proliferation of T24 bladder carcinoma cells through regulation of the expression of the tumor suppressor gene, Smad4. Results of a methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay indicated that the proliferation of T24 cells was repressed by β-elemene in a time- and concentration‑dependent manner. The lowest concentration of β-elemene to inhibit cell survival by >50% was determined using IC50 software. Microscopic observation also demonstrated the potential of β-elemene to induce the apoptosis of cancer cells. Western blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed that the expression of the Smad4 protein and mRNA was upregulated by treatment with β-elemene. Our results revealed that β-elemene was able to upregulate the expression of Smad4 in tumor cells to inhibit the proliferation of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinsheng Lu
- Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Anti-Lung-Cancer Activity and Liposome-Based Delivery Systems of β-Elemene. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:259523. [PMID: 23243436 PMCID: PMC3518971 DOI: 10.1155/2012/259523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, β-elemene played an important role in enhancing the effects of many anticancer drugs and was widely used in the treatment of different kinds of malignancies and in reducing the side effects of chemotherapy. Further study showed that it is also a promising anti-lung cancer drug. However, the clinical application of β-elemene was limited by its hydrophobic property, poor stability, and low bioavailability. With the development of new excipients and novel technologies, plenty of novel formulations of β-elemene have improved dramatically, which provide a positive perspective in terms of clinical application for β-elemene. Liposome as a drug delivery system shows great advantages over traditional formulations for β-elemene. In this paper, we summarize the advanced progress being made in anti-lung cancer activity and the new liposomes delivery systems of β-elemene. This advancement is expected to improve the level of pharmacy research and provide a stronger scientific foundation for further study on β-elemene.
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Effects of Proliferation and Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cell Line SGC-7901 Induced by Zedoary Turmeric Oil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.599.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the effect of Zedoary turmeric oil on proliferation and apoptosis of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901. The growth inhibition rate of different concentration of Zedoary turmeric oil on human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 were detected by trypan blue stain assay. Optical microscopy observation of cell morphological changes. DNA fragmentation detected by agarose gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometry was used to detect the changes of cell mitochondrial membrane potential, apoptosis rate and cell cycle distribution.Results: the optimal concentration was110 μg/mL for 48h,and the IC50 values were 104.958 μg/mL. The typical DNA ladder on agarose gel electrophoresis,the apoptotic peak was showed by FCA detection. Conclusion: The Zedoary turmeric oil can induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cell SGC-7901.
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Systematic review of β-elemene injection as adjunctive treatment for lung cancer. Chin J Integr Med 2012; 18:813-23. [PMID: 23086485 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-012-1271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of β-elemene Injection as an adjunctive treatment for lung cancer by systematic review. METHODS We retrieved randomized controlled clinical trials related to the use of β-elemene Injection as an adjunctive treatment for lung cancer from Chinese Biomedical (CBMweb), Chinese Medical Current Content (CMCC), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), ChinaInfo, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; MEDLINE, EMBASE, OVID and TCMLARS. We also referred to an unpublished conference proceeding titled Clinical Use and Basic: Elemene Injection. We then divided the studies into non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) subgroups by RevMan 5.1 software. RESULTS A total of 21 source documents (1,467 patients) matched pre-specified criteria for determining the effectiveness and safety of β-elemene Injection as an adjunctive treatment for lung cancer. Five studies involving 285 NSCLC patients reported a higher 24-month survival rate (39.09%) with the adjunctive treatment than with chemotherapy alone (26.17%; RR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.03 to 2.21). Four studies involving 445 patients reported that the increased probability for improved performance status for patients treated with elemene-based combinations was higher than that of patients treated with chemotherapy alone (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.45 to 2.29). The results from a subgroup analysis on 12 studies involving 974 NSCLC patients and 9 studies involving 593 patients with both SCLC and NSCLC showed that the tumor control rate for NSCLC improved more in the elemene-based combinations treatment group (78.70%) than in the chemotherapy alone control group (71.31%; RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.12). The tumor response rate for NSCLC also improved more among patients treated with elemenebased combinations (50.71%) than among patients treated with chemotherapy alone (38.04%; RR, 1.34; 95%CI, 1.17 to 1.54). In addition, the main adverse reaction to β-elemene Injection was phlebitis, but usually only to a mild degree. An Egger's test showed no publication bias in our study (P=0.7030). CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of chemotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer may improve when combined with β-elemene injection as an adjunctive treatment. The combined treatment can result in an improved quality of life and prolonged survival. However, these results require confirmation by rigorously controlled trials.
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