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Knapp S, Särkinen T, Barboza GE. A revision of the South American species of the Morelloid clade ( Solanum L., Solanaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2023; 231:1-342. [PMID: 37680322 PMCID: PMC10481398 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.231.100894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus Solanum L. The clade is most diverse in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group vary from herbs to short-lived perennials to perennial shrubs that are distinctly woody at the base, they have small mostly white or purplish white flowers and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has lagged behind that of other clades in Solanum. Here we provide the last in a three-part series of monographic treatments of the morelloid solanums (see PhytoKeys Vols. 106, 125), treating the 62 species occurring in South America. This region is by far the most diverse in the clade, both in terms of species number and morphological diversity. We provide complete synonymy, nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications where needed, common names and uses, morphological descriptions, illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps for all native, non-cultivated species. We include a key to all species, a synoptic character list for the species treated here and links to synoptic online keys for all species of the Morelloid clade. Preliminary conservation assessments following IUCN guidelines are also provided for all native species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Knapp
- Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKNatural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UKRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
| | - Gloria E. Barboza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba)CordobaArgentina
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Knapp S, Chiarini F, Cantero JJ, Barboza GE. The Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in Argentina: nomenclatural changes, three new species and an updated key to all taxa. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 164:33-66. [PMID: 33173403 PMCID: PMC7593330 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.164.54504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Since the publication of the Solanaceae treatment in "Flora Argentina" in 2013 exploration in the country and resolution of outstanding nomenclatural and circumscription issues has resulted in a number of changes to the species of the Morelloid clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) for Argentina. Here we describe three new species: Solanum hunzikeri Chiarini & Cantero, sp. nov., from wet high elevation areas in Argentina (Catamarca, Salta and Tucumán) and Bolivia (Chuquisaca and Tarija), S. marmoratum Barboza & S. Knapp, sp. nov., from central Argentina in Catamarca, La Pampa, La Rioja, San Juan and San Luis, and S. tiinae Barboza & S. Knapp, sp. nov., from the mountains of Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta and Tucumán. We provide descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps for all new taxa. A table of nomenclatural changes and additional taxa now known to occur in Argentina summarizes additions and changes since the "Flora Argentina". We also provide an updated key, including all new taxa for the country, to facilitate identification and further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKNatural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Franco Chiarini
- Museo Botánico, IMBIV (Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
| | - Juan J. Cantero
- Museo Botánico, IMBIV (Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
- Departamento de Biología Agrícola, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Ruta Nac. 36, km 601, 5804, Río Cuarto, Córdoba, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de Rio CuartoRío CuartoArgentina
| | - Gloria E. Barboza
- Museo Botánico, IMBIV (Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000, Córdoba, ArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de CórdobaCórdobaArgentina
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Knapp S, Barboza GE, Bohs L, Särkinen T. A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean. PHYTOKEYS 2019; 123:1-144. [PMID: 31198402 PMCID: PMC6554266 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Morelloid Clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within the mega-diverse genus Solanum L. The clade is most species rich in the central to southern Andes, but species occur around the tropics and subtropics, some extending well into the temperate zone. Plants of the group are herbaceous or short-lived perennials, with small white or purplish white flowers, and small juicy berries. Due to the complex morphological variation and weedy nature of these plants, coupled with the large number of published synonyms (especially for European taxa), our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid Clade has lagged behind that of other major groups in Solanum. Here we provide the second in a three-part series of revisions of the morelloid solanums treating the species occurring in North and Central America and the Caribbean (for the Old World see "PhytoKeys 106", the third part will treat species of South America). Synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution maps, and common names and uses are provided for all 18 species occurring in this region. We treat 10 of these species as native, and eight as putatively naturalised, introduced and/or invasive in the region. We provide complete descriptions with nomenclatural details, including lecto- and neotypifications, for all species. Keys to all species occurring in the whole region and for each area within it (i.e., North America, Central America and Mexico, and the islands of the Caribbean), illustrations to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field, and distribution maps are provided. Preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species. Details of all specimens examined are provided in three Supplementary materials sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKNatural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Gloria E. Barboza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, ArgentinaInstituto Multidisciplinario de Biología VegetalCórdobaArgentina
| | - Lynn Bohs
- Department of Biology, 1400 South, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USAUniversity of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States of America
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UKRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Knapp S, Särkinen T. A new black nightshade (Morelloid clade, Solanum, Solanaceae) from the caatinga biome of north-eastern Brazil with a key to Brazilian morelloids. PHYTOKEYS 2018; 108:1-12. [PMID: 30275731 PMCID: PMC6160794 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.108.27254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Solanumcaatingae sp. nov. is described from the arid caatinga biome of north-eastern Brazil. It is known from only a few specimens, but these were found amongst the many sheets of the widespread circumtropical weed S.americanum Mill.; it is possible that more will be found once its distinct nature has been recognised. It differs from S.americanum and all other herbaceous black nightshades known in Brazil, in its combination of glandular pubescence and shiny black fruit with small spreading sepals. The description of S.caatingae brings the number of morelloid solanums in Brazil to seven and a key is provided for their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UKThe Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, EH3 5LR Edinburgh, UKRoyal Botanic GardenEdinburghUnited Kingdom
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Särkinen T, Poczai P, Barboza GE, van der Weerden GM, Baden M, Knapp S. A revision of the Old World Black Nightshades (Morelloid clade of Solanum L., Solanaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2018; 106:1-223. [PMID: 30072843 PMCID: PMC6070582 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.106.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Morelloid clade, also known as the black nightshades or "Maurella" (Morella), is one of the 10 major clades within Solanum L. The pantropical clade consists of 75 currently recognised non-spiny herbaceous and suffrutescent species with simple or branched hairs with or without glandular tips, with a centre of distribution in the tropical Andes. A secondary centre of diversity is found in Africa, where a set of mainly polyploid taxa occur. A yet smaller set of species is found in Australasia and Europe, including Solanum nigrum L., the type of the genus Solanum. Due to the large number of published synonyms, combined with complex morphological variation, our understanding of species limits and diversity in the Morelloid clade has remained poor despite detailed morphological studies carried out in conjunction with breeding experiments. Here we provide the first taxonomic overview since the 19th century of the entire group in the Old World, including Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific. Complete synonymy, morphological descriptions, distribution maps and common names and uses are provided for all 19 species occurring outside the Americas (i.e. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe and islands of the Pacific). We treat 12 species native to the Old World, as well as 7 taxa that are putatively introduced and/or invasive in the region. The current knowledge of the origin of the polyploid species is summarised. A key to all of the species occurring in the Old World is provided, together with line drawings and colour figures to aid identification both in herbaria and in the field. Preliminary conservation assessments are provided for all species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Särkinen
- Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Poczai
- Botany Unit, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 7, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gloria E. Barboza
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba), Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gerard M. van der Weerden
- Experimental Garden, Radboud University, Faculty of Science Box 49, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Baden
- Max-Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging and Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sandra Knapp
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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