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Guan X, Feng Y, Suo D, Xiao Z, Wang S, Liang Y, Fan X. Simultaneous Determination of 11 Mycotoxins in Maize via Multiple-Impurity Adsorption Combined with Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223624. [PMID: 36429216 PMCID: PMC9689081 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, multiple-impurity adsorption purification (MIA) technologies and liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to establish a method for detecting 11 mycotoxins in maize. The conditions for mass spectrometry and MIA were optimized. Maize was extracted with 70% acetonitrile solution, enriched, and purified using MIA technologies, and then, analyzed via LC-MS/MS. The results showed that the linear correlation coefficients of the 11 mycotoxins were >0.99, the sample recoveries ranged from 77.5% to 98.4%, and the relative standard deviations were <15%. The validated method was applied to investigate actual samples, and the results showed that the main contaminating toxins in maize were aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FBs), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone (ZEN). Additionally, simultaneous contamination by multiple toxins was common. The maximum detection values of the mycotoxins were 77.65, 1280.18, 200,212.41, 9.67, and 526.37 μg/kg for AFs, DON, FBs, OTA, and ZEN, respectively. The method is simple in pre-treatment, convenient in operation, and suitable for the simultaneous determination of 11 types of mycotoxins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuchao Feng
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Decheng Suo
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhiming Xiao
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shi Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ying Liang
- College of Food, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.F.)
| | - Xia Fan
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (X.F.)
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Xin J, Wang X, Li N, Liu L, Lian Y, Wang M, Zhao RS. Recent applications of covalent organic frameworks and their multifunctional composites for food contaminant analysis. Food Chem 2020; 330:127255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Javanmardi F, Khodaei D, Sheidaei Z, Bashiry M, Nayebzadeh K, Vasseghian Y, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Decontamination of Aflatoxins in Edible Oils: A Comprehensive Review. Food Reviews International 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1812635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Javanmardi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Diako Khodaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhaleh Sheidaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Moein Bashiry
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kooshan Nayebzadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Engineering, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Martins C, Assunção R, Nunes C, Torres D, Alvito P. Are Data from Mycotoxins’ Urinary Biomarkers and Food Surveys Linked? A Review Underneath Risk Assessment. Food Reviews International 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1709200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Martins
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R. Assunção
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C. Nunes
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP, Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - D. Torres
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- Food and Nutrition Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CESAM, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal
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Abstract
Modern analysis of food and feed is mostly focused on development of fast and reliable portable devices intended for field applications. In this review, electrochemical biosensors based on immunological reactions and aptamers are considered in the determination of mycotoxins as one of most common contaminants able to negatively affect human health. The characteristics of biosensors are considered from the point of view of general principles of bioreceptor implementation and signal transduction providing sub-nanomolar detection limits of mycotoxins. Moreover, the modern trends of bioreceptor selection and modification are discussed as well as future trends of biosensor development for mycotoxin determination are considered.
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Abstract
This chapter reviews recent achievements in methods of detection of mycotoxins in food. Special focus is on the biosensor technology that utilizes antibodies and nucleic acid aptamers as receptors. Development of biosensors is based on the immobilization of antibodies or aptamers onto various conventional supports like gold layer, but also on nanomaterials such as graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, and quantum dots that provide an effective platform for achieving high sensitivity of detection using various physical methods, including electrochemical, mass sensitive, and optical. The biosensors developed so far demonstrate high sensitivity typically in subnanomolar limit of detection. Several biosensors have been validated in real samples. The sensitivity of biosensors is similar and, in some cases, even better than traditional analytical methods such as ELISA or chromatography. We believe that future trends will be focused on improving biosensor properties toward practical application in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Evtugyn
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Veronika Subjakova
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sopio Melikishvili
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Hianik
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Ait Mimoune N, Arroyo-Manzanares N, Gámiz-Gracia L, García-Campaña AM, Bouti K, Sabaou N, Riba A. Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxins in dried figs and nuts in Algeria. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2018; 11:119-125. [PMID: 29502487 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2018.1438524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Aspergillus section Flavi and aflatoxin (AF) contamination was investigated in 112 samples of peanuts, almonds and dried figs collected in Algeria. The occurrence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), B2 (AFB2), G1 (AFG1) and G2 (AFG2) in different commodities has been determined with a sensitive method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection with post-column photochemical derivatisation. Analytical results indicated that 28 samples of peanuts, 16 samples of almonds and 26 samples of dried figs contained detectable levels of AFs. A total of 69 samples (61.6%) were contaminated with AFB1 ranging from the limit of quantification to 174 µg kg-1. AFB2 was found in 12 samples (10.7%) and varied from 0.18 to 193 µg kg-1. Seven samples revealed AF concentrations lower than the limit of quantification. Eleven peanut and fourteen dried fig samples exceeded the European maximum limits for AFB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouara Ait Mimoune
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Natalia Arroyo-Manzanares
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Laura Gámiz-Gracia
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Ana M García-Campaña
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n , Granada , Spain
| | - Karima Bouti
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Nasserdine Sabaou
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
| | - Amar Riba
- a Laboratoire de Biologie des Systèmes Microbiens , Ecole Normale Supérieure de Kouba , Algiers , Algeria
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Oswald S, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E, Niessner R, Knopp D. Microarray-Based Immunoassay for Parallel Quantification of Multiple Mycotoxins in Oat. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1536:143-56. [PMID: 28132149 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6682-0_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because multianalyte methods are highly desirable in order to keep analysis time and costs low, the biosensor development increasingly focuses on parallel analysis of several mycotoxins. Here, we describe an indirect competitive immunoassay on regenerable, reusable glass microchips for the parallel determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisin B1 in oat extracts, using a fully automated flow-through device with chemiluminescence readout.
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Danesh NM, Bostan HB, Abnous K, Ramezani M, Youssefi K, Taghdisi SM, Karimi G. Ultrasensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 and its major metabolite aflatoxin M1 using aptasensors: A review. Trends Analyt Chem 2018; 99:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Xiao ZL, Wang YL, Shen YD, Xu ZL, Dong JX, Wang H, Situ C, Wang F, Yang JY, Lei HT, Sun YM. Specific Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme Immunoassay for Sensitive and Reliable Detection of Alternaria Mycotoxin Iso-Tenuazonic Acid in Food Products. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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Campos WE, Rosas LB, Neto AP, Mello RA, Vasconcelos AA. Extended validation of a senstive and robust method for simultaneous quantification of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 in Brazil nuts by HPLC-FLD. J Food Compost Anal 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2017.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Abstract
Aflatoxins can cause damage to the health of humans and animals. Several institutions around the world have established regulations to limit the levels of aflatoxins in food, and numerous analytical methods have been extensively developed for aflatoxin determination. This review covers the currently used analytical methods for the determination of aflatoxins in different food matrices, which includes sampling and sample preparation, sample pretreatment methods including extraction methods and purification methods of aflatoxin extracts, separation and determination methods. Validation for analysis of aflatoxins and safety considerations and precautions when doing the experiments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Xie
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yibin Ying
- a College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China.,b Key Laboratory of Equipment and Informatization in Environment Controlled Agriculture , Ministry of Agriculture , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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Kafouris D, Christofidou M, Christodoulou M, Christou E, Ioannou-Kakouri E. A validated UPLC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method for nuts and cereals: results of the official control in Cyprus within the EU requirements. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2016.1228834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Malvano F, Albanese D, Crescitelli A, Pilloton R, Esposito E. Impedimetric Label-Free Immunosensor on Disposable Modified Screen-Printed Electrodes for Ochratoxin A. Biosensors (Basel) 2016; 6:bios6030033. [PMID: 27376339 PMCID: PMC5039652 DOI: 10.3390/bios6030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An impedimetric label-free immunosensor on disposable screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) for quantitative determination of Ochratoxin A (OTA) has been developed. After modification of the SPCE surface with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), the anti-OTA was immobilized on the working electrode through a cysteamine layer. After each coating step, the modified surfaces were characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The capacitance was chosen as the best parameter that describes the reproducible change in electrical properties of the electrode surface at different OTA concentrations and it was used to investigate the analytical parameters of the developed immunosensor. Under optimized conditions, the immunosensor showed a linear relationship between 0.3 and 20 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 0.25 ng/mL, making it suitable to control OTA content in many common food products. Lastly, the immunosensor was used to measure OTA in red wine samples and the results were compared with those registered with a competitive ELISA kit. The immunosensor was sensitive to OTA lower than 2 μg/kg, which represents the lower acceptable limit of OTA established by European legislation for common food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Malvano
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy.
| | - Donatella Albanese
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano SA, Italy.
| | - Alessio Crescitelli
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of the National Council of Research (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Roberto Pilloton
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research of the National Council of Research (CNR), 00015 Roma, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Esposito
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems of the National Council of Research (CNR), 80131 Napoli, Italy.
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Khodavaisy S, Rezaie S, Noorbakhsh F, Baghdadi E, Sharifynia S, Aala F. Effects of Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e35452. [PMID: 27800127 PMCID: PMC5076382 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.35452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aflatoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites mainly produced by Aspergillus parasiticus. This species can contaminate a wide range of agricultural commodities, including cereals, peanuts, and crops in the field. In recent years, research on medicinal herbs, such as Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica, have led to reduced microbial growth, and these herbs also have a particular effect on the production of aflatoxins as carcinogenic compounds. Objectives In this study, we to examine P. atlantica subsp. kurdica as a natural compound used to inhibit the growth of A. parasiticus and to act as an anti-mycotoxin. Materials and Methods In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing of P. atlantica subsp. kurdica for A. parasiticus was performed according to CLSI document M38-A2. The rate of aflatoxin production was determined using the HPLC technique after exposure to different concentrations (62.5 - 125 mg/mL) of the gum. The changes in expression levels of the aflR gene were analyzed with a quantitative real-time PCR assay. Results The results showed that P. atlantica subsp. kurdica can inhibit A. parasiticus growth at a concentration of 125 mg/mL. HPLC results revealed a significant decrease in aflatoxin production with 125 mg/mL of P. atlantica subsp. kurdica, and AFL-B1 production was entirely inhibited. Based on quantitative real-time PCR results, the rate of aflR gene expression was significantly decreased after treatment with P. atlantica subsp. kurdica. Conclusions Pistacia atlantica subsp. kurdica has anti-toxic properties in addition to an inhibitory effect on A. parasiticus growth, and is able to decrease aflatoxin production effectively in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, this herbal extract maybe considered a potential anti-mycotoxin agent in medicine or industrial agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Khodavaisy
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sassan Rezaie
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Fatemeh Noorbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva, IR Iran
| | - Elham Baghdadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva, IR Iran
| | - Somayeh Sharifynia
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Farzad Aala
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Farzad Aala, Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9197544944, E-mail:
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Zhang Z, Hu X, Zhang Q, Li P. Determination for multiple mycotoxins in agricultural products using HPLC–MS/MS via a multiple antibody immunoaffinity column. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1021:145-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Skendi A, Irakli MN, Papageorgiou MD. Optimized and validated high-performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of deoxynivalenol and aflatoxins in cereals. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1425-32. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Technology; Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki (ATEITh); Greece
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization - Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Greece
| | - Maria N. Irakli
- Hellenic Agricultural Organization - Demeter; Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Institute; Greece
| | - Maria D. Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Technology; Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki (ATEITh); Greece
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Abstract
Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) is associated with carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, and teratogenicity and as a result, represents a human health problem worldwide. This review will detail the toxicity, analytical methodology, occurrence, and prevention and control of AFM1 in milk and milk products. The probable daily intakes (PDI) per bodyweight (bw) worldwide ranged from 0.002 to 0.26 ng/kg bw/day for AFM1. Nevertheless, the high occurrence of AFM1 demonstrated in this review establishes the need for monitoring to reduce the risk of toxicity to humans. The recommended extraction method of AFM1 from milk is liquid-liquid with acetonitrile because of the acceptable recoveries (85-97%), compatibility with the environment, and cleanest extracts. The recommended analytical technique for the determination of AFM1 in milk is the high performance-liquid chromatography-fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD), achieving a 0.001 µg/kg detection limit. The HPLC-FLD is the most common internationally recognised official method for the analysis of AFM1 in milk. The suggested extraction and analytical method for cheese is dichloromethane (81-108% recoveries) and ELISA, respectively. This review reports the projected worldwide occurrence of AFM1 in milk of 2010-2015. Of the 7,841 samples, 5,873 (75%) were positive for AFM1, 26% (2,042) exceeded the maximum residue levels (MRL) of 0.05 µg/kg defined by the European Union and 1.53% (120) exceeded the MRL of 0.5 µg/kg defined by the US Food and Drug Administration. The most effective way of preventing AFM1 occurrences is to reduce contamination of AFB1 in animal feed using biological control with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, proper storage of crops, and the addition of binders to AFB1-contaminated feed. Controllable measures include the addition of binders and use of biological transforming agents such as lactic acid bacteria applied directly to milk. Though the one accepted method for the control of AFM1 in milk and milk products is the enforcement of governmental MRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.D. Womack
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - D.L. Sparks
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - A.E. Brown
- Mississippi State University, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, 32 Creelman Box 9655, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Mississippi State Chemical Laboratory, 1145 Hand Lab Box 9572, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Liao CD, Wong JW, Zhang K, Yang P, Wittenberg JB, Trucksess MW, Hayward DG, Lee NS, Chang JS. Multi-mycotoxin Analysis of Finished Grain and Nut Products Using Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Positive Electrospray Ionization-Quadrupole Orbital Ion Trap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:8314-8332. [PMID: 25531669 DOI: 10.1021/jf505049a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography using positive electrospray ionization and quadrupole orbital ion trap high-resolution mass spectrometry was evaluated for analyzing mycotoxins in finished cereal and nut products. Optimizing the orbital ion trap mass analyzer in full-scan mode using mycotoxin-fortified matrix extracts gave mass accuracies, δM, of < ± 2.0 ppm at 70,000 full width at half maximum (FWHM) mass resolution (RFWHM). The limits of quantitation were matrix- and mycotoxin-dependent, ranging from 0.02 to 11.6 μg/kg. Mean recoveries and standard deviations for mycotoxins from acetonitrile/water extraction at their relevant fortification levels were 91 ± 10, 94 ± 10, 98 ± 12, 91 ± 13, 99 ± 15, and 93 ± 17% for corn, rice, wheat, almond, peanut, and pistachio, respectively. Nineteen mycotoxins with concentrations ranging from 0.3 (aflatoxin B1 in peanut and almond) to 1175 μg/kg (fumonisin B1 in corn flour) were found in 35 of the 70 commercial grain and nut samples surveyed. Mycotoxins could be identified at δM < ± 5 ppm by identifying the precursor and product ions in full-scan MS and data-dependent MS/MS modes. This method demonstrates a new analytical approach for monitoring mycotoxins in finished grain and nut products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ding Liao
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan , No. 161-2, Kunyang Street, Nangang District, Taipei City 115, Taiwan
| | - Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Paul Yang
- Laboratory Services Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment , 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, Ontario M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - James B Wittenberg
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Mary W Trucksess
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Douglas G Hayward
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740-3835, United States
| | - Nathaniel S Lee
- Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland , 2134 Patapsco Building, College Park, Maryland 20742-6730, United States
| | - James S Chang
- ThermoFisher Scientific , 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134-1908, United States
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22
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Christofidou M, Kafouris D, Christodoulou M, Stefani D, Christoforou E, Nafti G, Christou E, Aletrari M, Ioannou-Kakouri E. Occurrence, surveillance, and control of mycotoxins in food in Cyprus for the years 2004–2013. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2015.1039499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Christofidou
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D. Kafouris
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M. Christodoulou
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - D. Stefani
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E. Christoforou
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - G. Nafti
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E. Christou
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M. Aletrari
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E. Ioannou-Kakouri
- Ministry of Health, State General Laboratory, Kimonos 44, 1451 Nicosia, Cyprus
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23
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WANG RG, SU XO, CHENG FF, WANG PL, FAN X, ZHANG W. Determination of 26 Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs by Multifunctional Clean-up Column and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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24
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Abstract
An aptamer-based microcantilever array sensor was developed for the detection of FB1 with a LOD of 33 ng mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Huiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Bailin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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25
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Abstract
Since the discovery of aflatoxins in the 1960s, much research has focused on detecting the toxins in contaminated food and feedstuffs in the interest of public safety. Most traditional detection methods involved lengthy culturing and/or separation techniques or analytical instrumentation and complex, multistep procedures that required destruction of samples for accurate toxin determination. With more regulations for acceptable levels of aflatoxins in place, modern analytical methods have become quite sophisticated, capable of achieving results with very high precision and accuracy, suitable for regulatory laboratories and for post-harvest sample testing in developed countries. Unfortunately, many countries around the world that are affected by the aflatoxin problem do not have ready access to high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry instrumentation and require alternate, readily available and simple detection methods that may be used by small holdings farmers in developing countries. This paper presents an overview of the existing detection and/or determination methods for aflatoxins. The traditional, quantitative, chemically-based analytical strategies for detecting aflatoxins in maize and their evolution to the modern instrumentation routinely used in developed countries are reviewed. Additionally, novel, more streamlined, user-friendly and in some instances, non-destructive, methods that may be useful for semi-quantitative or qualitative, quick-screening of contaminated maize samples appropriate also for use in developing countries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Yao
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - Z. Hruska
- Geosystems Research Institute, Mississippi State University, 1021 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS 39529, USA
| | - J. Diana Di Mavungu
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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26
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WANG RG, SU XO, FAN X, WANG PL, GAO ZW, ZHANG Y. Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Aflatoxin B1, Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone in Artificial Porcine Gastrointestinal Digestive Juice. Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60794-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Yeni F, Acar S, Polat Ö, Soyer Y, Alpas H. Rapid and standardized methods for detection of foodborne pathogens and mycotoxins on fresh produce. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Kanungo L, Bacher G, Bhand S. Flow-Based Impedimetric Immunosensor for Aflatoxin Analysis in Milk Products. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:1157-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0995-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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29
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Abstract
AbstractThe most important advances in planar chromatography published between November 1, 2011 and November 1, 2013 are reviewed in this paper. Included are an introduction to the current status of the field; student experiments, books, and reviews; theory and fundamental studies; apparatus and techniques for sample preparation and TLC separations (sample application and plate development with the mobile phase); detection and identification of separated zones (chemical and biological detection, TLC/mass spectrometry, and TLC coupled with other spectrometric methods); techniques and instruments for quantitative analysis; preparative layer chromatography; and thin layer radiochromatography. Numerous applications to a great number of compound types and sample matrices are presented in all sections of the review.
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30
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Mohseni R, Noorbakhsh F, Moazeni M, Nasrollahi Omran A, Rezaie S. Antitoxin Characteristic of Licorice Extract: The Inhibitory Effect on Aflatoxin Production in A
spergillus parasiticus. J Food Saf 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rashin Mohseni
- Young Researchers Club; Tonekabon Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tonekabon Iran
| | - Fatemeh Noorbakhsh
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Science; Islamic Azad University; Varamin-Pishva Iran
| | - Maryam Moazeni
- Invasive Fungal Research Centre/Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology; Faculty of Medicine; Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences; Sari Iran
| | | | - Sassan Rezaie
- Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Division of Molecular Biology; Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Science; Poursina St. Keshavarz Blv. PO Box: 14155-6446 Tehran 14155 Iran
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31
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Vdovenko MM, Lu CC, Yu FY, Sakharov IY. Development of ultrasensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk. Food Chem 2014; 158:310-4. [PMID: 24731347 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A direct competitive chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CL-ELISA) for detecting aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was developed. To improve the sensitivity of the assay, a mixture of 3-(10'-phenothiazinyl)-propane-1-sulfonate (SPTZ) and 4-morpholinopyridine (MORPH) was used to enhance peroxidase-induced CL. The concentrations of the coating anti-AFM1 antibody and the conjugate of AFB1 with horseradish peroxidase the conditions of the chemiluminescent assay were varied to optimise the condition of the chemiluminescent assay. The lower detection limit values and dynamic working range of CL-ELISA of AFM1 were 0.001 ng mL(-1) and 0.002-0.0075 ng mL(-1), respectively. A 20-fold dilution of milk samples prevented a matrix effect of the milk and allowed measurement of AFM1 at concentrations below than the maximum acceptable limit. Values of recovery within and between assays were 81.5-117.6% and 86-110.6%, respectively. The results of using the developed CL-ELISA to analyse samples of six brands of milk that were purchased in Taiwan revealed that AFM1 was absent from all studied samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Vdovenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chuan-Chen Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yih Yu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan.
| | - Ivan Yu Sakharov
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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32
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Solfrizzo M, Gambacorta L, Visconti A. Assessment of multi-mycotoxin exposure in southern Italy by urinary multi-biomarker determination. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:523-38. [PMID: 24476712 PMCID: PMC3942749 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human exposure assessment to deoxynivalenol (DON), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), fumonisin B1 (FB1), zearalenone (ZEA) and ochratoxin A (OTA) can be performed by measuring their urinary biomarkers. Suitable biomarkers of exposure for these mycotoxins are DON + de-epoxydeoxynivalenol (DOM-1), aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), FB1, ZEA + α-zearalenol (α-ZOL) + β-zearalenol (β-ZOL) and OTA, respectively. An UPLC-MS/MS multi-biomarker method was used to detect and measure incidence and levels of these biomarkers in urine samples of 52 volunteers resident in Apulia region in Southern Italy. The presence of ZEA + ZOLs, OTA, DON, FB1 and AFM1 were detected in 100%, 100%, 96%, 56% and 6%, of samples, respectively. All samples contained biomarkers of two or more mycotoxins. The mean concentrations of biomarkers ranged from 0.055 ng/mL (FB1) to 11.89 ng/mL (DON). Urinary biomarker concentrations were used to estimate human exposure to multiple mycotoxin. For OTA and DON, 94% and 40% of volunteers, respectively exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for these mycotoxins. The estimated human exposure to FB1 and ZEA was largely below the TDI for these mycotoxins for all volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Solfrizzo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Lucia Gambacorta
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
| | - Angelo Visconti
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Bari 70126, Italy.
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33
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Alkadri D, Rubert J, Prodi A, Pisi A, Mañes J, Soler C. Natural co-occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains from Italy and Syria. Food Chem 2014; 157:111-8. [PMID: 24679759 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the application of an analytical method for the detection of 25 mycotoxins in wheat grain based on simultaneous extraction using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, a hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (QTrap®). Information Dependent Acquisition (IDA), an extra confirmation tool for samples that contain the target mycotoxins, was used. The analysis of 40 Syrian and 46 Italian wheat grain samples interestingly showed that Syrian samples were mainly contaminated with ochratoxin A and aflatoxins, whereas Italian samples with deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol. Emerging Fusarium mycotoxins were predominant in Italian samples compared to the Syrian. Among the analysed samples, only one was found containing zeralenone with level above the maximum European recommended concentration (100 ppb). These results confirm that climatic differences between Syria and Italy, both in Mediterranean basin, play a key role in the diversity of fungal genera and mycotoxins in wheat grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Alkadri
- Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - J Rubert
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Prague, Czech Republic; Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - A Prodi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - A Pisi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, viale G. Fanin 44, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - J Mañes
- Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - C Soler
- Departament de Medicina Preventiva i Salut Pública, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrès Estellès, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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34
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Foroud NA, Chatterton S, Reid LM, Turkington TK, Tittlemier SA, Gräfenhan T. Fusarium Diseases of Canadian Grain Crops: Impact and Disease Management Strategies. Fungal Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1188-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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35
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Nielen M, Weijers C, Peters J, Weignerová L, Zuilhof H, Franssen M. Rapid enzymatic hydrolysis of masked deoxynivalenol and zearalenone prior to liquid chromatography mass spectrometry or immunoassay analysis. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently it has been shown that conjugates (‘masked mycotoxins’) may contribute to the total daily intake of hazardous mycotoxins. Therefore, there is an urgent need for rapid analysis methods that assess the level of both free and masked mycotoxins in food and feed. However, the analysis of masked mycotoxins by either immunoassays or instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), is severely hindered by the lack of standards and the unpredictable cross-reactivity profiles of the available antibodies. In this work, 26 enzymes were explored for rapid hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins using deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (DON-3G) as model compound. Following initial screening, the most promising enzyme, a fungal 1,3-β-glucanase (laminarinase), was investigated in detail and found to be fit-for-purpose, providing complete conversions in minutes rather than hours according to LC-MS/MS analyses. As a proof of concept, the enzymatic pretreatment was applied to an extract of beer containing DON-3G. In addition, the feasibility of a fully automated enzymatic pretreatment of masked mycotoxin standards in an autosampler was demonstrated in an imaging surface plasmon resonance immunoassay set-up. Such an automated pretreatment was found to be equally applicable to other mycotoxin conjugates, as shown by the conversion of zearalenone-14-β-D-glucopyranoside and zearalenone-14-sulphate, in the latter case using a sulphatase enzyme. It is envisaged that laminarinase could be useful for other masked mycotoxins as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.W.F. Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - C.A.G.M. Weijers
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Peters
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - L. Weignerová
- Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Microbiology, Videnska 1083, 14220 Praha 4, Czech Republic
| | - H. Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - M.C.R. Franssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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36
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Abstract
Rapid test methods are widely used for measuring mycotoxins in a variety of matrices. This review presents an overview of the current commercially available immunoassay rapid test formats. Enzyme linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), lateral flow tests, flow through immunoassay, fluorescent polarisation immunoassay, and immunoaffinity columns coupled with fluorometric assay are common formats in the current market. The two existing evaluation programs for commercial testing kits by United State Department of Agricultural Grain Inspection, Packers & Stockyards Administration (USDA-GIPSA) and AOAC Research Institute are introduced. The strengths and weaknesses of these test kits are discussed with regard to the application scope, variance, specificity and cross reactivity, accuracy and precision, and measurement range. Generally speaking, the current commercially available testing kits meet research and industrial needs as ‘fit-for-purpose’. Furthermore, quality assurance concerns and future perspectives are elaborated for broader application of commercial test kits in research, industry and regulatory applications. It is expected that new commercial kits based on advanced technologies such as electrochemical affinity biosensors, molecularly imprinted polymers, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, aptamer-based biosensors and dynamic light scattering might be available to users in the future. Meanwhile, harmonisation of testing kit evaluation, incorporation of more quality assurance into the testing kit utilisation scheme, and a larger variety of kits available at lower cost will expand the usage of testing kits for food safety testing worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Office of the Texas State Chemist, Texas A&M University, 445 Agronomy Road, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - S. Powers
- VICAM, 34 Maple Street, Milford, MA 02157, USA
| | - S.Y. Dai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, 77843, USA
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37
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Ran R, Wang C, Han Z, Wu A, Zhang D, Shi J. Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives: Current status of analytical methods. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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38
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Tavares A, Alvito P, Loureiro S, Louro H, Silva M. Multi-mycotoxin determination in baby foods and in vitro combined cytotoxic effects of aflatoxin M1 and ochratoxin A. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The co-occurrence of mycotoxins in baby foods, including aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and ochratoxin A (OTA), has been reported in previous studies, but data on their potential combined toxic effects are still missing. The present work aimed at (1) validating an in-house multi-mycotoxin high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) method for AFM1, total aflatoxins (aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1), aflatoxin G2 (AFG2)) and OTA in infant formulae (milk powders) and cereal baby foods (flours), and (2) assessing the combined cytotoxic effects of AFM1 and OTA in an intestine-derived cell line. The HPLC-FLD method, which included a chloroform extraction, liquid-liquid extraction, immunoaffinity column clean-up and fluorescence detection after post-column derivatisation with electrochemically generated bromine, was adequate for the analysis of baby foods and met the requirements of validation and quality control for the studied working ranges. The limits of quantification for AFM1, AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2 and OTA were 0.069, 0.032, 0.020, 0.047, 0.020 and 0.244 μg/kg, respectively. The mean recovery values were 96, 114, 112, 107, 101 and 87%, respectively. A dose-dependent cytotoxicity was observed for individual and combined AFM1 and OTA using the Caco-2 cell line, which represents a site of contact of both mycotoxins in the body, after oral exposure. Interactions between both mycotoxins were disclosed by application of the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models, revealing the predominance of an antagonistic pattern. In conclusion, this study proposes a HPLC-FLD method for multi-mycotoxin monitoring in baby foods and provides evidence for the interaction between AFM1 and OTA, and for the applicability of CA/IA models to predict the effect of mycotoxins mixtures, further contributing to the prevention of mycotoxins-associated adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.M. Tavares
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Food and Nutrition Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - P. Alvito
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, IP, Food and Nutrition Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1149-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - S. Loureiro
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - H. Louro
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - M.J. Silva
- IP, Human Genetics Department, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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De Girolamo A, Solfrizzo M, Lattanzio V, Stroka J, Alldrick A, van Egmond H, Visconti A. Critical evaluation of LC-MS-based methods for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, aflatoxins, fumonisins and T-2/HT-2 toxins in maize. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The results of a proficiency test for the LC-MS/(MS) determination of up to 11 mycotoxins (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2, fumonisins B1 and B2, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone) in maize were evaluated to identify possible strengths and weaknesses of various methodologies used by the 41 participating laboratories. The majority of laboratories (56%) used mixtures of acetonitrile:water for extraction. Other laboratories used methanol:water mixtures (17%) or performed two consecutive extractions with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) followed by methanol (15%). Few laboratories used mixtures of acetonitrile:water:methanol (7%), water:ethyl acetate (2.5%) or PBS alone (2.5%). The majority of laboratories (58%) used a clean-up step prior to chromatography. The remaining laboratories analysed crude extracts (37%) or used a mixed approach (5%). The amount of sample equivalent injected into LC-MS/(MS) ranged between 0.1-303 mg for purified extracts and 0.08-20 mg for directly analysed crude extracts. External (54%), matrix-matched (22%) or stable isotope-labelled internal standards calibration (24%) were used for toxin quantification. In general, extraction mixtures of water with acetonitrile, methanol or both provided good results for quantitative extraction of mycotoxins from maize. Laboratories using sample extract clean-up reported acceptable results for the majority of mycotoxins. Good results were also obtained by laboratories that analysed crude extracts although a high variability of results was observed for all tested mycotoxins. Matrix-matched calibration or isotope-labelled internal standards efficiently compensated matrix effects whereas external calibration gave reliable results by injecting ≤10 mg of matrix equivalent amounts. Unacceptable high recovery and high variability of fumonisin results were obtained by the majority of laboratories, which could not be explained and thus require further investigation. These findings provide the basis for the optimization and selection of methods to be used in future interlaboratory validation studies to derive their performance characteristics for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. De Girolamo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - A. Alldrick
- Campden BRI, Chipping Campden GL55 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - A. Visconti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, (CNR-ISPA), Via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
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40
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Maragos CM, Kurtzman C, Busman M, Price N, McCormick S. Development and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for the glucoside of T-2 toxin (t2-glc). Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1299-313. [PMID: 23877196 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5071299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between fungi and plants can yield metabolites that are toxic in animal systems. Certain fungi are known to produce sesquiterpenoid trichothecenes, such as T-2 toxin, that are biotransformed by several mechanisms including glucosylation. The glucosylated forms have been found in grain and are of interest as potential reservoirs of T-2 toxin that are not detected by many analytical methods. Hence the glucosides of trichothecenes are often termed “masked” mycotoxins. The glucoside of T-2 toxin (T2-Glc) was linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin and used to produce antibodies in mice. Ten monoclonal antibody (Mab)-producing hybridoma cell lines were developed. The Mabs were used in immunoassays to detect T2-Glc and T-2 toxin, with midpoints of inhibition curves (IC50s) in the low ng/mL range. Most of the Mabs demonstrated good cross-reactivity to T-2 toxin, with lower recognition of HT-2 toxin. One of the clones (2-13) was further characterized with in-depth cross-reactivity and solvent tolerance studies. Results suggest Mab 2-13 will be useful for the simultaneous detection of T-2 toxin and T2-Glc.
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Capriotti AL, Cavaliere C, Colapicchioni V, Piovesana S, Samperi R, Laganà A. Analytical strategies based on chromatography-mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-mimicking compounds in food. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:62-77. [PMID: 23866124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Food safety can be compromised by the presence of a wide variety of substances, deriving from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Among these substances, compounds exhibiting various degrees of estrogenic activity have been widely studied in environmental samples, whereas less attention has been devoted to food matrices. The aim of the present review is to give a general overview on the recent analytical methods based on gas or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry for the determination of estrogen-like compounds in foods, including new developments, improvements and upcoming trends in the field. Attention will be focused on four representative groups of compounds, i.e. natural and synthetic estrogens, mycoestrogens, phytoestrogens, and alkylphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Beloglazova NV, Shmelin PS, Goryacheva IY, De Saeger S. Liposomes loaded with quantum dots for ultrasensitive on-site determination of aflatoxin M1 in milk products. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7795-802. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Vidal JC, Bonel L, Ezquerra A, Hernández S, Bertolín JR, Cubel C, Castillo JR. Electrochemical affinity biosensors for detection of mycotoxins: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 49:146-58. [PMID: 23743326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses the current state of electrochemical biosensors in the determination of mycotoxins in foods. Mycotoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by molds. The acute toxicity of these results in serious human and animal health problems, although it has been only since early 1960s when the first studied aflatoxins were found to be carcinogenic. Mycotoxins affect a broad range of agricultural products, most important cereals and cereal-based foods. A majority of countries, mentioning especially the European Union, have established preventive programs to control contamination and strict laws of the permitted levels in foods. Official methods of analysis of mycotoxins normally requires sophisticated instrumentation, e.g. liquid chromatography with fluorescence or mass detectors, combined with extraction procedures for sample preparation. For about sixteen years, the use of simpler and faster analytical procedures based on affinity biosensors has emerged in scientific literature as a very promising alternative, particularly electrochemical (i.e., amperometric, impedance, potentiometric or conductimetric) affinity biosensors due to their simplicity and sensitivity. Typically, electrochemical biosensors for mycotoxins use specific antibodies or aptamers as affinity ligands, although recombinant antibodies, artificial receptors and molecular imprinted polymers show potential utility. This article deals with recent advances in electrochemical affinity biosensors for mycotoxins and covers complete literature from the first reports about sixteen years ago.
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44
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Lippolis V, Pascale M, Valenzano S, Porricelli ACR, Suman M, Visconti A. Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for Rapid, Accurate and Sensitive Determination of Ochratoxin A in Wheat. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9627-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Oswald S, Karsunke XYZ, Dietrich R, Märtlbauer E, Niessner R, Knopp D. Automated regenerable microarray-based immunoassay for rapid parallel quantification of mycotoxins in cereals. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:6405-15. [PMID: 23620369 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An automated flow-through multi-mycotoxin immunoassay using the stand-alone Munich Chip Reader 3 platform and reusable biochips was developed and evaluated. This technology combines a unique microarray, prepared by covalent immobilization of target analytes or derivatives on diamino-poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized glass slides, with a dedicated chemiluminescence readout by a CCD camera. In a first stage, we aimed for the parallel detection of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, and fumonisins in cereal samples in a competitive indirect immunoassay format. The method combines sample extraction with methanol/water (80:20, v/v), extract filtration and dilution, and immunodetection using horseradish peroxidase-labeled anti-mouse IgG antibodies. The total analysis time, including extraction, extract dilution, measurement, and surface regeneration, was 19 min. The prepared microarray chip was reusable for at least 50 times. Oat extract revealed itself as a representative sample matrix for preparation of mycotoxin standards and determination of different types of cereals such as oat, wheat, rye, and maize polenta at relevant concentrations according to the European Commission regulation. The recovery rates of fortified samples in different matrices, with 55-80 and 58-79%, were lower for the better water-soluble fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol and with 127-132 and 82-120% higher for the more unpolar aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively. Finally, the results of wheat samples which were naturally contaminated with deoxynivalenol were critically compared in an interlaboratory comparison with data obtained from microtiter plate ELISA, aokinmycontrol® method, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and found to be in good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Oswald
- Institute of Hydrochemistry and Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
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46
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Solfrizzo M, De Girolamo A, Lattanzio V, Visconti A, Stroka J, Alldrick A, van Egmond H. Results of a proficiency test for multi-mycotoxin determination in maize by using methods based on LC-MS/(MS). Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/qas2012.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. De Girolamo
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - A. Visconti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Sciences of Food Production (CNR-ISPA), Via Amendola 122/o, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, DG Joint Research Centre (JRC), Food Safety & Quality Unit, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Retieseweg 111, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - A. Alldrick
- Campden BRI, Station Road, Chipping Campden, GL55 6LD, United Kingdom
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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47
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Morcia C, Rattotti E, Stanca AM, Tumino G, Rossi V, Ravaglia S, Germeier CU, Herrmann M, Polisenska I, Terzi V. Fusarium genetic traceability: Role for mycotoxin control in small grain cereals agro-food chains. J Cereal Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Yu FY, Gribas AV, Vdovenko MM, Sakharov IY. Development of ultrasensitive direct chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for determination of aflatoxin B1 in food products. Talanta 2013; 107:25-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2011-2012. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2011 and mid- 2012. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. A section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices is also included. Methods for mycotoxin determination continue to be developed using a wide range of analytical systems ranging from rapid immunochemical-based methods to the latest advances in mass spectrometry. This review follows the format of previous reviews in this series (i.e. sections on individual mycotoxins), but due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of multimycotoxin methods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a separate section has been devoted to advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, National Centre for Food, km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.A. Jonker
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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Tittlemier SA, Roscoe M, Drul D, Blagden R, Kobialka C, Chan J, Gaba D. Single laboratory evaluation of a planar waveguide-based system for a simple simultaneous analysis of four mycotoxins in wheat. Mycotoxin Res 2012. [PMID: 23179784 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The accuracy and precision of a commercially available system based on an indirect competitive immunoassay and planar waveguide technology was evaluated for the analysis of deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEAR), and T-2 toxin in wheat. The system generally performed well at the tested concentrations that were close to the regulatory limits of DON and OTA in wheat. The mean percent recovery of OTA from certified and in-house reference materials ranged from 90 to 111 %, with a relative standard deviation of 8-16 % (at 4.2, 4.9, and 7.0 μg/kg). Mean percent recoveries of DON ranged from 75 to 103 %, with a relative standard deviation of 14-20 % (at 610, 940, and 1300 μg/kg). As analyte concentrations approached the lower limits of the working range of 3 μg/kg OTA and 400 μg/kg DON, the mean percent recoveries and relative standard deviation increased for both DON and OTA. A lack of reference materials precluded a thorough evaluation of the method for the analysis of ZEAR and T-2. The particular strength of the technology was that multiple mycotoxins were analyzed simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheryl A Tittlemier
- Grain Research Laboratory, Canadian Grain Commission, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada.
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