Alterations in Plasma Lipid Peroxidation and Erythrocyte Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase Enzyme Activities During Storage of Blood

Erythrocyte Membrane Resistance Of Actively Smoking Donors In Leukoreduced Packed Red Blood Cells During Storage: Focus On Oxidative Stress

Background — Leukoreduced (with removed white blood cells) packed red blood cells (PRC) are commonly for blood transfusions to reduce post-transfusion effects. The number of active smokers in Indonesia is relatively high; consequently, many of them could be blood donors since no regulations are set to rule them out. However, leukoreduced PRC in active smokers are highly risky as they may undergo erythrocyte membrane damage caused by oxidative stress, which hinders fighting the free radicals generated by smoking. Objective — Our study examined the impact of oxidative stress on membrane resistance of leukoreduced PRC, produced from actively smoking donors, during its storage. Material and Methods − The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in its design. It examined 12 nonsmoking (NS), 12 lightly smoking (LS), and 12 moderately smoking (MS) donors. Leukoreduced PRC produced from donors was separated into three groups: NS, LS, and MS. We performed assessments of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) activity, and osmotic fragility test (OFT) on days 0 through day 35 of storage (D0-D35). We used nonparametric statistical tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney). We assumed that p<0.05 implied statistically significant difference. Results — The Kruskal-Wallis test demonstrated differences on D0, D7, D14, D21, D28, and D35 between all three groups in MDA, SOD, and OFT, with p < 0.05. This study showed that leukoreduced PRC storage increased oxidative stress. The highest oxidative stress occurred in the MS group. Conclusion — Erythrocyte membrane fragility and resistance correlated with oxidative stress. Blood components of leukoreduced PRC produced from moderate smokers should be banned for repeated transfusions.

In vitro assessment of time-dependent changes in red cell cytoplasmic antioxidants of donkey blood preserved in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 anticoagulant

Background and Aim:

Stored blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant protective system. Erythrocytes are naturally armed with antioxidant protective capacity. Blood antioxidant system functions to protect the blood cells against oxidative damage by free radicals. However, during storage, blood is continuously exposed to oxidative stress, which affects its antioxidant system. The aim of this work was to investigate alteration in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, reduced glutathione (glutathione reductase [GSH-Rd]), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in stored donkey blood.

Materials and Methods:

Blood (250 ml) was drawn from four clinically healthy donkeys into citrate phosphate dextrose adenine 1 blood bags and preserved at 4°C. MDA, GSH-Rd, CAT, and SOD activities were assayed by colorimetric methods, over a period of 42 days.

Results:

The result showed that SOD enzyme activities significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 7 post-storage (PS) while MDA levels significantly (p<0.05) increased by day 21 PS. However, activities of GSH-Rd and CAT enzymes decreased (p<0.05) by day 21 PS. Pearson’s product-moment correlation showed a negative correlation between the levels of MDA and enzymatic antioxidant markers (CAT and GSH-Rd).

Conclusion:

The findings revealed that GSH-Rd and CAT are the primary antioxidant defense markers in donkey red blood cells. The observed alterations in these principal antioxidants suggest a 14days optimum keeping time of donkey blood for blood banking purposes.

Effects of L-carnitine on the erythrocytes of stored human blood

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess the effects of L-carnitine on oxidative stress in human erythrocytes during storage.

BACKGROUND

Using antioxidants as components of blood storage solutions may combat the effects of storage-induced oxidative stress on erythrocytes.

METHODS

Blood from male adults was stored at 4 °C for 55 days in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine solution, without L-carnitine (Control) and with L-carnitine as an additive (at concentrations of 10, 30 and 60 mM - Experiments). Every fifth day, erythrocyte markers (morphology, count, haemoglobin, haemolysis and osmotic fragility), antioxidant defences (antioxidant enzymes and total antioxidant capacity) and oxidative stress markers (superoxides, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation products) were analysed.

RESULTS

Oxidative damage was observed in controls (day 25 onwards) and in experiments (day 35 onwards). L-carnitine (10 and 30 mM) protected erythrocytes from damage up to day 35 by maintaining haemoglobin and lipid peroxidation, assisting antioxidant enzymes and increasing antioxidant capacity by elevating sulfhydryls and ascorbic acid. L-carnitine was beneficial in prolonging storage up to 55 days but could not prevent oxidative damage completely in terms of haemolysis and osmotic fragility.

CONCLUSIONS

L-carnitine ameliorated oxidative stress, but combinations with other antioxidants may provide comprehensive protection to erythrocytes during storage.

The Expression of Antioxidant Genes and Cytotoxicity of Biosynthesized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Against Hepatic Carcinoma Cell Line

Background: Drug resistance due to genetic variations renders many therapeutic methods such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy unsuccessful in eradicating cancerous cells. Nowadays, application of nanoparticles (NPs) has been promising in destroying cancerous cells without side effects on normal cells. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and anticancer effects of biosynthesized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 -NPs) on a hepatic carcinoma cell line. Methods: MTT assay was used to determine the cytotoxicity of CeO2 -NPs in concentrations of 0, 15.6, 31.2, 62.5, 125, and 250 μg/mL after 24, 48, and 72 hours of incubation. Moreover, the expression levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (the antioxidant genes) were investigated at different concentrations of CeO2 -NPs using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: Our results showed a significant toxicity of the synthesized NPs against the cancerous liver cells. The IC50 calculated for CeO2 -NPs was 500 μg/mL at 24 hours of incubation. In addition, the expression levels of CAT and SOD significantly (P<0.05) increased upon the treatment of cells with CeO2 -NPs (500 µg /mL) compared to the untreated cells. Conclusion: Considering the minimal effects of the biosynthesized CeO2 -NPs on normal cells and on the other hand their considerable toxicity against hepatic cancer cells, these NPs could be utilized in medicine and in the development of new drugs for cancer cells.

Leucoreduction helps to preserve activity of antioxidant barrier enzymes in stored red blood cell concentrates

BACKGROUND

Oxidoreductive imbalance is a major cause of excessive haemolysis in in vitro conditions. Leucocytes and blood platelets present in red blood cell concentrates (RBCs) are one of the sources of free radicals, which have a significant effect on the status of stored erythrocytes. The study objective was to assess the effect of leucoreduction on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and the activity of antioxidant barrier enzymes in RBC.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Red blood cell concentrates units obtained from 10 whole-blood units were split into two equal units, one of which was leucoreduced on the day of donation. Both units were stored for 35 days. The following markers of oxidoreductive balance were measured on day 0 (donation day) and on storage days 7, 14, 21 and 35: concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and activities of antioxidant barrier components, that is superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase.

RESULTS

Lipid peroxidation in leucodepleted units (LRBC) was slower than that in non-leucodepleted ones. The analysis of LRBC revealed statistically significant decrease in concentrations of MDA. The activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were higher throughout the storage period as compared to non-leucoreduced RBC. Statistically significant differences between RBC and LRBC units were noted throughout the storage in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, and concentrations of K(+) ions and free haemoglobin.

CONCLUSIONS

Leucoreduction of RBC before storage helps to preserve the activity of antioxidant barrier enzymes in stored RBCs and significantly improves the quality of stored red blood cell components.