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Li C, Liu G, Tong K, Wang Y, Li T, Tan X, Yang J, Yang X, Guo L, Zeng J. Pathogenic ecological characteristics of PCV2 in large-scale pig farms in China affected by African swine fever in the surroundings from 2018 to 2021. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1013617. [PMID: 36687656 PMCID: PMC9845725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1013617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) has been identified as the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), an economically important multifactorial disease of the swine industry worldwide. This research designed a dual nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection method to simultaneously monitor porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. The limit of detection (LoD) of sensitivity for PCV2 and PCV3 was ten copies/mL for both viruses. There was no cross-reaction with any other porcine pathogens tested and no non-specific amplification. The coincidence and repetition rates were both 100%. Through the systematic and clinical sampling, 15,130 samples collected from 30 large-scale pig farms in eight provinces in China (including Hubei, Hunan, Henan, Jiangxi, Shanxi, Guangdong, Hainan, and Heilongjiang) were subjected to early warning surveillance and/or clinical diagnosis. These results revealed that the overall positive rates of PCV3 and PCV2 were 0 and 28.29%, respectively, with the lowest level recorded in Jiangxi province. The highest carrying rate was observed in Hainan province. Pigs at different ages displayed varying carrying rates for PCV: fattening pigs and gilts had the highest and the lowest carrying rates for PCV, respectively. In addition, the excretion rates for PCV of colostrum, semen, and nasal, anal, and vulval swabs were tested. The colostrum, anal swabs, and semen had higher excretion rates for PCV; these were followed by the vulval and nasal swabs that had excretion rates for PCV. Furthermore, a high blood virus-carrying rate was detected in moribund pigs, especially in pigs with fever and red skin. As to the virus-carrying rate in the pig organs received from clinical necropsy, the highest rate was found in placental tissue, followed by the kidneys, and the virus also was detected in lymphoid organs, liver, stomach, and intestines. The PCV2-positive samples were sequenced to reveal the molecular epidemic dynamics of PCV2. The results indicated four major branches, namely, PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, and PCV2d, concerning PCV2 molecular epidemiology in China, with PCV2a, PCV2b, and PCV2d dominating. In conclusion, the results obtained in this study elucidated the molecular epidemiology, transmission, and positive blood samples of PCV and provided new ideas for developing comprehensive PCV control technologies to begin eliminating the disease caused by PCV by cleaning pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqi Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Guoping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ke Tong
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xu Tan
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Liwei Guo
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Hubei Institute of Cross Biological Health Industry Technology, Jingzhou, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Molecular Epidemic Characteristics and Genetic Evolution of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) in Swine Herds of Shanghai, China. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020289. [PMID: 35215883 PMCID: PMC8879946 DOI: 10.3390/v14020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) is a crucial swine pathogen and considered a primary causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVADs), posing a serious economic threat to the swine industry across globe. The world’s biggest agricultural conglomerates have teamed up to create giant commercial pig farms across Shanghai due to the proximity of this region to more affluent lean-pork markets. Since its discovery, PCV2 has displayed extraordinary genetic diversity, and its genome is swiftly evolving through a series of mutations and recombinations. However, limited information on epidemiology, molecular characteristics, vaccine cross-protection, and the co-infection rate of PCV2 with other lethal swine diseases can adversely impact the pig production in the region. To investigate the molecular epidemic characteristics and genetic evolution of PCV2, pigs with doubtful symptoms of PCVADs were sampled from various commercial pig farms with a history of PWMS and/or PDNS across Shanghai from 2014 to 2018. Our results revealed the coexistence of multiple PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b, PCV2e, and PCV2d) among Shanghai pig herds and dominance of PCV2d among them. We also found critical amino acid substitutions in epitope regions of important capsid proteins in PCV2 isolates involved in viral replication and host immune escape. Spotted mutations may favor the prevalence and survival of various PCV2 genotypes despite availability of commercial vaccines. This study also provides insight into the co-infection status of PCV2 with major lethal swine viral diseases such as PPV and PPRSV. Collectively, these investigations will contribute to understanding the molecular epidemiology and evolution of PCV2 across the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashpal Singh Malik
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh India
| | - Mahendra Pal Yadav
- ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, India
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Li G, He W, Zhu H, Bi Y, Wang R, Xing G, Zhang C, Zhou J, Yuen K, Gao GF, Su S. Origin, Genetic Diversity, and Evolutionary Dynamics of Novel Porcine Circovirus 3. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800275. [PMID: 30250786 PMCID: PMC6145280 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a novel virus associated with acute PDNS (porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome)-like clinical signs identified by metagenomic sequencing from swine. Its high occurrence may pose a potential threat to the swine industry worldwide. The processes resulting in the emergence and spread of PCV3 remain poorly understood. Herein, the possible origin, genotypes, and evolutionary dynamics of PCV3 based on available genomic sequences are determined. The closest ancestor of PCV3 is found to be within the clade 1 bat CVs. Using different phylogenetic methods, two major genotypes are identified, PCV3a and PCV3b. It is found that the effective population size of PCV3 increased rapidly during late 2013 to early 2014 and this is associated with the diversification of PCV3a and PCV3b. A relatively high effective reproductive number (Re) value and higher evolutionary rate were found compared to other single-stranded DNA viruses, and positive selection on codons 122 and 320 (24 of ORF2) is identified. It is hypothesized that this, together with the prediction of a potential change of an antigenic epitope at position 320, might have allowed PCV3 to escape from the host immune response. Overall, this study has important implications for understanding the ongoing PCV3 cases worldwide and will guide future efforts to develop effective preventive and control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gairu Li
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Wanting He
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Henan Zhu
- MRC‐University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research464 Bearsden RoadGlasgowG61 1QHUK
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
| | - Ruyi Wang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Gang Xing
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of AgricultureZhejiang University866 Yuhangtang RdHangzhou310058China
| | - Kwok‐Yung Yuen
- Department of MicrobiologyQueen Mary HospitalHong Kong999077China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesNO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang DistrictBeijing100101China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and PreventionChinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC)Beijing102206China
| | - Shuo Su
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health & Food SafetyJiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal ImmunologyInstitute of ImmunologyCollege of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural UniversityTongwei Road, Xuanwu DistrictNanjing210095China
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Phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 and porcine circovirus type 2 in China detected by duplex nanoparticle-assisted PCR. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 60:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Denner J, Mankertz A. Porcine Circoviruses and Xenotransplantation. Viruses 2017; 9:v9040083. [PMID: 28425928 PMCID: PMC5408689 DOI: 10.3390/v9040083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allotransplantation and xenotransplantation may be associated with the transmission of pathogens from the donor to the recipient. Whereas in the case of allotransplantation the transmitted microorganisms and their pathogenic effect are well characterized, the possible influence of porcine microorganisms on humans is mostly unknown. Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) are common in pig breeds and they belong to porcine microorganisms that still have not been fully addressed in terms of evaluating the potential risk of xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, and organs. Two types of PCVs are known: porcine circovirus (PCV) 1 and PCV2. Whereas PCV1 is apathogenic in pigs, PCV2 may induce severe pig diseases. Although most pigs are subclinically infected, we do not know whether this infection impairs pig transplant functionality, particularly because PCV2 is immunosuppressive. In addition, vaccination against PCV2 is able to prevent diseases, but in most cases not transmission of the virus. Therefore, PCV2 has to be eliminated to obtain xenotransplants from uninfected healthy animals. Although there is evidence that PCV2 does not infect—at least immunocompetent—humans, animals should be screened using sensitive methods to ensure virus elimination by selection, Cesarean delivery, vaccination, or embryo transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Denner
- Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany.
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Liu X, Wang FX, Zhu HW, Sun N, Wu H. Phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) isolates from China with high homology to PCV2c. Arch Virol 2016; 161:1591-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2823-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Zhai SL, He DS, Qi WB, Chen SN, Deng SF, Hu J, Li XP, Li L, Chen RA, Luo ML, Wei WK. Complete genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis of three distinct buffalo-origin PCV2 isolates from China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:278-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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First molecular detection of porcine circovirus type 2 in bovids in China. Virus Genes 2014; 49:507-11. [PMID: 25248785 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-014-1117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For the worldwide pig industries, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important pathogen. At present, the prevalence of PCV2 is common in Chinese swine herds. However, there is little information on PCV2 prevalence in non-porcine animals in China, such as bovids. Therefore, the goal of this study is to obtain the firsthand prevalence data of PCV2 in bovids in China. Two hundred and eighty serum and muscle samples from dairy cows (n = 180), buffalo (n = 50), and yellow cattle (n = 50) were analyzed by PCR. The detection results show that PCV2 infections (16 %, 8/50) only exist in buffaloes. In addition, there are different PCV2 viral DNAs identified by differential PCR in the same buffalo sample. Nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis results based on partial ORF1 and ORF2 sequences suggest that PCV2 strains have genetic diversity in buffaloes and they are divided into three different genotypes (PCV2b, PCV2d, and PCV2e, respectively). Moreover, to our knowledge, the PCV2d and PCV2e genotypes have not been previously reported in bovids. Through this study, the firsthand data of PCV2 prevalence in bovids in China was documented.
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Zhai SL, Chen SN, Xu ZH, Tang MH, Wang FG, Li XJ, Sun BB, Deng SF, Hu J, Lv DH, Wen XH, Yuan J, Luo ML, Wei WK. Porcine circovirus type 2 in China: an update on and insights to its prevalence and control. Virol J 2014; 11:88. [PMID: 24885983 PMCID: PMC4031328 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered the major pathogen of porcine circovirus associated-diseases (PCVAD) that causes large economic losses for the swine industry in the world annually, including China. Since the first report of PCV2 in 1998, it has been drawing tremendous attention for the government, farming enterprises, farmers, and veterinary practitioners. Chinese researchers have conducted a number of molecular epidemiological work on PCV2 by molecular approaches in the past several years, which has resulted in the identification of novel PCV2 genotypes and PCV2-like agents as well as the description of new prevalence patterns. Since late 2009, commercial PCV2 vaccines, including the subunit vaccines and inactivated vaccines, have already been used in Chinese swine farms. The aim of this review is to update the insights into the prevalence and control of PCV2 in China, which would contribute to understanding the epidemiology, control measures and design of novel vaccines for PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Man-Lin Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No, 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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