Calpain-10 interacts with plasma saturated fatty acid concentrations to influence insulin resistance in individuals with the metabolic syndrome

Genetic variants of metabolism and inflammatory pathways, and PCOS risk -Systematic review, meta-analysis, and in-silico analysis

IMPORTANCE

Identification of genetic risk factors for PCOS susceptibility.

OBJECTIVE

To identify genetic risk variants of the genes involved in metabolic or inflammatory pathways.

DATA SOURCES

Relevant literature was identified and extracted from PubMed, Central Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct by using a set of keywords related to pre-determined genes up to 06 May 2023. Study selection and synthesis: PRISMA guidelines were followed to design the protocol which is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023422501). Pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for different gene variants were calculated under different genetic models (dominant model, recessive model, additive model, and allele model) by using Review Manager software 4.2.

MAIN OUTCOMES

Metabolic genetic variants FTO rs9939609, IL-6 rs1800795 and CAPN10 rs3842570, rs2975760, and RAB5B rs705702 are associated with PCOS risk.

RESULTS

Forty-four relevant articles have been identified for genes involved in metabolic (n = 23) or inflammatory pathways (n = 21). There is a significant association (p < 0.05) of IL-6 rs1800795 and FTO rs9939609 with increased risk.CAPN10 rs2975760 Ins allele is suggested as a protective factor among only the non-Asian population. Also, a significant association of CAPN10 rs2975760 and RAB5B rs705702 with increased risk among the Asian population is suggested. However, no significant association could be found between CAPN10 rs3792267, rs5030952, and SUMO1P1 rs2272046, and the risk of PCOS in any of the subpopulations analysed. In silico analysis suggests the deleterious effect of IL-6 rs1800795.

CONCLUSION

and relevance: The study suggests the role of various genetic variants for genetic predisposition to PCOS among different subpopulations.

Genetic and Epigenetic Factors in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Pathology

Gestational diabetes (GDM) is the carbohydrate intolerance occurring during pregnancy. The risk factors of GDM include obesity, advanced maternal age, polycystic ovary syndrome, multigravidity, a sedentary lifestyle, and pre-existing hypertension. Additionally, complex genetic and epigenetic processes are also believed to play a crucial role in the development of GDM. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of genetic and epigenetic factors in gestational diabetes mellitus pathogenesis.

The SNP43 (G/A) polymorphism in CAPN10 gene confers an increased risk of cognitive impairment in cerebral small vessel disease

BACKGROUND

Cognitive impairment, significantly reducing processing speed and executive function, is the critical consequence of cerebral small vessel disease (SVD), in which genetic variations have been studied. In this study, we explore the role of SNP43 (G/A) and SNP63 (C/T) polymorphism in the CAPN10 on cognitive impairment process in cerebral SVD.

METHODS

Cerebral SVD patients (n = 224) and healthy controls (n = 187) were recruited. The relationship between frequency distribution of SNP43 (G/A) and SNP63 (T/C) genotype and allele in CAPN10 gene, and cognitive impairment was examined. The independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in SVD were determined by logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

Accordingly, the frequency distribution of genotype and allele at SNP43 (G/A) was significantly different between cerebral SVD patients and healthy controls. Cerebral SVD patients with GG genotype were more susceptible for cognitive impairment, whereas cerebral SVD patients with GA + AA genotype were less possible to suffer from cognitive impairment, compared with those with GG genotype. And also, cerebral SVD does not include SNP63 (C/T) to associate with cognitive impairment, and SNP43 (G/A), total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein were independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in SVD.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides evidence that SNP43 (G/A) in the CAPN10 gene increases the risk of cognitive impairment in SVD patients. Besides it is proven that, patients with G allele are more susceptible to suffer from cerebral SVD with worse cognitive impairment.

Correlation between Calpain-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnoea syndrome with ischemic stroke in a Chinese population: A population-based study

BACKGROUND

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) is a common chronic disorder which is followed by various complications. Calpain-10 belongs to a commonly expressed member of the Calpain-like cysteine protease family, which acts as risk marker for some diseases. The purpose of this study is to elucidate correlation between Calpain-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the incidence of OSAHS followed by ischemic stroke (IS).

METHODS

OSAHS patients were divided as OSAHS + IS, OSAHS, and control groups, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed for Calpain-10 protein expression, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism for detection of gene polymorphisms of SNP 43 and SNP 19, and PCR-allele specific amplification for SNP 44. Polysomnography was conducted to check the nocturnal polysomnography indicators, and also Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Scientific Data System scores cognition and anxiety of patients, respectively. Logistic analysis was used for the risky factors for OSAHS.

RESULTS

Calpain-10 protein expression was significantly increased in the OSAHS + IS and OSAHS groups compared with the control group. Significant differences in SNP 43 and SNP 44 genotype, and also allele frequency were observed in 3 groups, among which the OSAHS + IS group had higher SNP 43 and SNP 44 allele frequency than the control and OSAHS groups. There were differences regarding apnea-hypopnea index, minimum fingertip blood oxygen saturation (LSaO2 [%]), oxygen reduction index (ODI) between patients with different genotypes of SNP 43 and SNP 44 in OSAHS patients, and also GC and AT frequency in the OSAHS + IS and OSAHS groups. As compared with the OSAHS group, the MoCA scores and MoCA subitems in the OSAHS + IS group were declined, whereas the Scientific Data System scores were elevated. Additionally, GG 43 genotype, high apnea-hypopnea index, and body mass index were detected as the risk factors of OSAHS.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that the Calpain-10 SNP 43 may be related to OSAHS with IS, with SNP 43 GG genotype as a risk factor for OSAHS with IS.

Nutrigenomics, the Microbiome, and Gene-Environment Interactions: New Directions in Cardiovascular Disease Research, Prevention, and Treatment: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Cardiometabolic diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide and are strongly linked to both genetic and nutritional factors. The field of nutrigenomics encompasses multiple approaches aimed at understanding the effects of diet on health or disease development, including nutrigenetic studies investigating the relationship between genetic variants and diet in modulating cardiometabolic risk, as well as the effects of dietary components on multiple "omic" measures, including transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, epigenetic modifications, and the microbiome. Here, we describe the current state of the field of nutrigenomics with respect to cardiometabolic disease research and outline a direction for the integration of multiple omics techniques in future nutrigenomic studies aimed at understanding mechanisms and developing new therapeutic options for cardiometabolic disease treatment and prevention.

Association between type 2 diabetes mellitus, biochemical factors and UCSNP-43 polymorphisms of CALPIN-10 gene in patients with atherosclerosis of coronary artery disease in Southern Iran population

Introduction: Genetic variations in the calpain 10 gene (CALPIN-10), single nucleotide polymorphisms-43 (SNP-43), have increased the risk of type 2 diabete mellitus (T2DM) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods: We studied the control and CAD groups for association of association of SNP-43 in the CALPIN-10 gene with T2DM and other risk factors of its complications. Overall, we examined 452 individuals, 224 patients with CAD and 228 healthy subjects for CAD in Iranian population. All the subjects were genotyped for the CALPIN-10, SNP-43 by polymorphism chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods, using biochemical methods to detect fasting glucose and other biochemical factors in the blood sample. We assessed frequencies of SNP-43 alleles between CAD and normal population groups.

Results: In CAD patients, the GG allele was significantly associated with T2DM and GG allele was causing high level of glucose. But in control group, there was no relationship between them. Between clinical and biochemical risk factors with different genotypes there was no significant difference in the compared group.

Conclusion: The results of our study suggest no significant association between SNP-43 and the risk of T2DM. In other words, CALPIN-10 did not show a major diabetes gene pool capacity in normal southern Iranian population.

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension influence on insulin receptor substrate-1gene expression: A randomized controlled clinical trial

Background:

Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) Type 1 is a main substrate for the insulin receptor, controls insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the vascular, so it is an important candidate gene for insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to compare the effects of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) and Usual Dietary Advices (UDA) on IRS1 gene expression in women at risk for cardiovascular disease.

Materials and Methods:

A randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in 44 women at risk for cardiovascular disease. Participants were randomly assigned to a UDA diet or the DASH diet. The DASH diet was rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy products and low in saturated fat, total fat, cholesterol, refined grains, and sweets, with a total of 2400 mg/day sodium. The UDA diet was a regular diet with healthy dietary advice. Gene expression was assessed by the real-time polymerase chain reaction at the first of study and after 12 weeks. Independent sample t-test and paired-samples t-test were used to compare means of all variables within and between two groups respectively.

Results:

IRS1 gene expression was increased in DASH group compared with UDA diet (P = 0.00). Weight and waist circumference decreased in DASH group significantly compared to the UDA group (P < 0.05) but the results between the two groups showed no significant difference.

Conclusion:

DASH diet increased IRS1 gene expression and probably has beneficial effects on IR risks.

Role of the calpain on the development of diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with acute and chronic complications that cause major morbidity and significant mortality. Calpains, a family of Ca(2+)-dependent cytosolic cysteine proteases, can modulate their substrates' structure and function through limited proteolytic activity. Calpain is a ubiquitous calcium-sensitive protease that is essential for normal physiologic function. However, alterations in calcium homeostasis lead to pathologic activation of calpain in diabetes mellitus. Since not much is known on the relationship between calpain and diabetes mellitus, this review outlines the contribution of calpain to chronic complications of diabetes mellitus, such as diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic nephropathy and diabetic retinopathy.

CAPN10 SNP43 G>A gene polymorphism and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Asian population: a meta-analysis of 9353 participants

A correlation between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)43 G>A in the calpain-10 (CAPN10) gene (i.e., CAPN10 SNP43) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) susceptibility has been suggested, but the evidence for such a relationship remains controversial. To explore the association of the CAPN10 SNP43 with T2DM in Asian populations, a meta-analysis including 9,353 participants from 20 individual studies in Asian populations was conducted. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were evaluated by a fixed-effect model or random-effect model. The relationship between CAPN10 SNP43 and T2DM was significant under allelic (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.38, P = 0.03), recessive (OR: 1.236, 95% CI: 1.038-1.472, P =0.017), heterozygous (OR: 1.261, 95% CI: 1.053-1.512, P = 0.012), and additive (OR: 1.183, 95% CI: 1.014-1.381, P = 0.033) genetic models but not under dominant (OR: 1.12, 95% CI: 0.78-1.62, P = 0.53) or homozygous (OR: 0.937, 95% CI: 0.648-1.355, P = 0.730) genetic models. CAPN10 SNP43 was significantly associated with T2DM susceptibility in Asian populations, especially in Chinese populations. Asians, particularly Chinese people with the SNP43 G allele of the CAPN10 gene may have an increased risk of developing T2DM.

Role of calpain-10 in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications

Calpain activity has been implicated in several cellular processes such as cell signaling, apoptosis, exocytosis, mitochondrial metabolism and cytoskeletal remodeling. Evidence has indicated that the impairment of calpain expression and the activity of different calpain family members are involved in diverse pathologies. Calpain-10 has been implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes, and polymorphisms in the CAPN10 gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing this disease. The present work focused on the molecular biology of calpain-10, supporting its key participation in glucose metabolism. Current knowledge regarding the role of calpain-10 in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetes-related diseases is additionally reviewed.

Top single nucleotide polymorphisms affecting carbohydrate metabolism in metabolic syndrome: from the LIPGENE study

RATIONALE

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a high-prevalence condition characterized by altered energy metabolism, insulin resistance, and elevated cardiovascular risk.

OBJECTIVES

Although many individual single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to certain MetS features, there are few studies analyzing the influence of SNPs on carbohydrate metabolism in MetS.

METHODS

A total of 904 SNPs (tag SNPs and functional SNPs) were tested for influence on 8 fasting and dynamic markers of carbohydrate metabolism, by performance of an intravenous glucose tolerance test in 450 participants in the LIPGENE study.

FINDINGS

From 382 initial gene-phenotype associations between SNPs and any phenotypic variables, 61 (16% of the preselected variables) remained significant after bootstrapping. Top SNPs affecting glucose metabolism variables were as follows: fasting glucose, rs26125 (PPARGC1B); fasting insulin, rs4759277 (LRP1); C-peptide, rs4759277 (LRP1); homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance, rs4759277 (LRP1); quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, rs184003 (AGER); sensitivity index, rs7301876 (ABCC9), acute insulin response to glucose, rs290481 (TCF7L2); and disposition index, rs12691 (CEBPA).

CONCLUSIONS

We describe here the top SNPs linked to phenotypic features in carbohydrate metabolism among approximately 1000 candidate gene variations in fasting and postprandial samples of 450 patients with MetS from the LIPGENE study.

Gene-nutrient interactions on the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase influence insulin sensitivity in metabolic syndrome subjects

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Genetic background may interact with habitual dietary fat composition, and affect development of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase gene (PCK1) plays a significant role regulating glucose metabolism, and fatty acids are key metabolic regulators, which interact with transcription factors and influence glucose metabolism. We explored genetic variability at the PCK1 gene locus in relation to degree of insulin resistance and plasma fatty acid levels in MetS subjects. Moreover, we analyzed the PCK1 gene expression in the adipose tissue of a subgroup of MetS subjects according to the PCK1 genetic variants.

METHODS

Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, glucose effectiveness, plasma concentrations of C-peptide, fatty acid composition and three PCK1 tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined in 443 MetS participants in the LIPGENE cohort.

RESULTS

The rs2179706 SNP interacted with plasma concentration of n - 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n - 3 PUFA), which were significantly associated with plasma concentrations of fasting insulin, peptide C, and HOMA-IR. Among subjects with n - 3 PUFA levels above the population median, carriers of the C/C genotype exhibited lower plasma concentrations of fasting insulin (P = 0.036) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.019) as compared with C/C carriers with n - 3 PUFA below the median. Moreover, homozygous C/C subjects with n - 3 PUFA levels above the median showed lower plasma concentrations of peptide C as compared to individuals with the T-allele (P = 0.006). Subjects carrying the T-allele showed a lower gene PCK1 expression as compared with carriers of the C/C genotype (P = 0.015).

CONCLUSIONS

The PCK1 rs2179706 polymorphism interacts with plasma concentration of n - 3 PUFA levels modulating insulin resistance in MetS subjects.

Insulin receptor substrate-2 gene variants in subjects with metabolic syndrome: association with plasma monounsaturated and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid levels and insulin resistance

SCOPE

Several insulin receptor substrate-2 (IRS-2) polymorphisms have been studied in relation to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. To examine whether the genetic variability at the IRS-2 gene locus was associated with the degree of insulin resistance and plasma fatty acid levels in metabolic syndrome (MetS) subjects.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, glucose effectiveness, plasma fatty acid composition and three IRS-2 tag-single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined in 452 MetS subjects. Among subjects with the lowest level of monounsaturated (MUFA) (below the median), the rs2289046 A/A genotype was associated with lower glucose effectiveness (p<0.038), higher fasting insulin concentrations (p<0.028) and higher HOMA IR (p<0.038) as compared to subjects carrying the minor G-allele (A/G and G/G). In contrast, among subjects with the highest level of MUFA (above the median), the A/A genotype was associated with lower fasting insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR, whereas individuals carrying the G allele and with the highest level of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (above the median) showed lower fasting insulin (p<0.01) and HOMA-IR (p<0.02) as compared with A/A subjects.

CONCLUSION

The rs2289046 polymorphism at the IRS2 gene locus may influence insulin sensitivity by interacting with certain plasma fatty acids in MetS subjects.

Nutrigenetics of the lipoprotein metabolism

It is well known that lipid metabolism is a cornerstone in the development of the commonest important chronic diseases worldwide, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, or metabolic syndrome. In this regard, the area of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism is one of the areas in which the understanding of the development and progression of those metabolic disorders has been studied in greater depth. Thus, growing evidence has demonstrated that while universal recommendations might be appropriate for the general population, in this area there is great variability among individuals, related to a combination of environmental and genetic factors. Moreover, the interaction between genetic and dietary components has helped in understanding this variability. Therefore, with further study into the interaction between the most important genetic markers or single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and diet, it may be possible to understand the variability in lipid metabolism, which could lead to an increase in the use of personalized nutrition as the best support to combat metabolic disorders. This review discusses some of the evidence in which candidate SNPs can affect the key players of lipid metabolism and how their phenotypic manifestations can be modified by dietary intake.