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Groothof D, Bais T, Bakker SJL. Comment on Zu et al. Association of Body Weight Time in Target Range With the Risk of Kidney Outcomes in Patients With Overweight/Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2024;47:371-378. Diabetes Care 2024; 47:e84. [PMID: 39303093 DOI: 10.2337/dc24-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Dion Groothof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Bais
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan J L Bakker
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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Kim HJ, Kwon O. Nutrition and exercise: Cornerstones of health with emphasis on obesity and type 2 diabetes management-A narrative review. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13762. [PMID: 38715378 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
While a broad consensus exists that integrated nutrition and regular exercise are foundational for health maintenance and serve as a robust non-pharmacological strategy against cardiometabolic diseases, the nuanced interplay between these elements remains incompletely understood. Through multifaceted interactions, these factors profoundly influence primary metabolic organs, notably the skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Despite the critical nature of this interactivity, a holistic understanding of the combined effects of physical activity and dietary practices is still emerging. This narrative review aims to elucidate the intertwined roles of nutrition and exercise. It provides a comprehensive overview of their synergistic dynamics and emphasizes the importance of a dual-focus approach in mitigating and managing cardiometabolic disorders, predominantly obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Logme Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Oran Kwon
- Logme Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Roskam JS, Pourghaderi P, Soliman SS, Chang GC, Rolandelli RH, Nemeth ZH. Assessment of Risk Factors for Iatrogenic Genitourinary Injuries During a Proctectomy. Am Surg 2023; 89:5927-5931. [PMID: 37260109 DOI: 10.1177/00031348231175450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is critical to avoid iatrogenic injuries affecting genitourinary organs in order to prevent postoperative urinary or sexual dysfunction, which lead to lengthier recovery and possibly reoperation. METHODS Using the 2016-2019 American College of Surgeons National Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) Targeted Proctectomy Database, we collated 2577 patients with non-metastatic rectal cancer who underwent a laparoscopic or open proctectomy. Univariate analysis was used to identify differences in perioperative factors and genitourinary injuries (GUIs) between operative approaches, and multivariate logistic regression was used to identify independent risk factors for sustaining an intraoperative GUI. RESULTS The rates of preoperative comorbidities were significantly higher among patients who received an open operation. The proportion of GUIs was also significantly higher in this patient population. Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated that patients who underwent a laparoscopic proctectomy were associated with a 51.4% lower risk of sustaining a GUI. Furthermore, >10% body weight loss in the past 6 months and ASA class 3 status were independently associated with a higher risk of GUI regardless of operation type. CONCLUSION Patients who undergo a laparoscopic proctectomy are associated with a lower risk of GUI. On the other hand, patients with >10% body weight loss and ASA class 3: Severe Systemic Disease were associated with a higher risk of GUI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S Roskam
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Poya Pourghaderi
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Sara S Soliman
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | - Grace C Chang
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
| | | | - Zoltan H Nemeth
- Department of Surgery, Morristown Medical Center, Morristown, NJ, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Marco-Bonilla M, Fresnadillo M, Largo R, Herrero-Beaumont G, Mediero A. Energy Regulation in Inflammatory Sarcopenia by the Purinergic System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16904. [PMID: 38069224 PMCID: PMC10706580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The purinergic system has a dual role: the maintenance of energy balance and signaling within cells. Adenosine and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are essential for maintaining these functions. Sarcopenia is characterized by alterations in the control of energy and signaling in favor of catabolic pathways. This review details the association between the purinergic system and muscle and adipose tissue homeostasis, discussing recent findings in the involvement of purinergic receptors in muscle wasting and advances in the use of the purinergic system as a novel therapeutic target in the management of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Aránzazu Mediero
- Bone and Joint Research Unit, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz UAM, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-B.); (M.F.); (R.L.); (G.H.-B.)
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Janssen TAH, Van Every DW, Phillips SM. The impact and utility of very low-calorie diets: the role of exercise and protein in preserving skeletal muscle mass. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:521-527. [PMID: 37724991 PMCID: PMC10552824 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Very low-calorie diets (VLCD) are used as a weight loss intervention, but concerns have been raised about their potential negative impact on lean mass. Here, we review the available evidence regarding the effects of VLCD on lean mass and explore their utility and strategies to mitigate reductions in skeletal muscle. RECENT FINDINGS We observed that VLCD, despite their effects on lean mass, may be suitable in certain populations but have a risk in reducing lean mass. The extent of the reduction in lean mass may depend on various factors, such as the duration and degree of energy deficit of the diet, as well as the individual's starting weight and overall health. SUMMARY VLCD may be a viable option in certain populations; however, priority needs to be given to resistance exercise training, and secondarily to adequate protein intake should be part of this dietary regime to mitigate losing muscle mass.
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Cross-Validation of a New General Population Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equation Based on Body Composition. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040805. [PMID: 36839163 PMCID: PMC9960966 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Current prediction equations for resting metabolic rate (RMR) were validated in a relatively small sample with high-individual variance. This study determined the accuracy of five common RMR equations and proposed a novel prediction equation, including body composition. A total of 3001 participants (41 ± 13 years; BMI 28.5 ± 5.5 kg/m2; 48% males) from nutrition clinics in Israel were measured by indirect calorimetry to assess RMR. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry were used to evaluate fat mass (FM) and free-fat mass (FFM). Accuracy and mean bias were compared between the measured RMR and the prediction equations. A random training set (75%, n = 2251) and a validation set (25%, n = 750) were used to develop a new prediction model. All the prediction equations underestimated RMR. The Cunningham equation obtained the largest mean deviation [-16.6%; 95% level of agreement (LOA) 1.9, -35.1], followed by the Owen (-15.4%; 95% LOA 4.2, -22.6), Mifflin-St. Jeor (-12.6; 95% LOA 5.8, -26.5), Harris-Benedict (-8.2; 95% LOA 11.1, -27.7), and the WHO/FAO/UAU (-2.1; 95% LOA 22.3, -26.5) equations. Our new proposed model includes sex, age, FM, and FFM and successfully predicted 73.5% of the explained variation, with a bias of 0.7% (95% LOA -18.6, 19.7). This study demonstrates a large discrepancy between the common prediction equations and measured RMR and suggests a new accurate equation that includes both FM and FFM.
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Martin A, Fox D, Murphy CA, Hofmann H, Koehler K. Tissue losses and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in resting metabolic rate following weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1168-1175. [PMID: 35181758 PMCID: PMC9151388 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the contributions of the loss of energy-expending tissues and metabolic adaptations to the reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following weight loss. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy study. Changes in RMR, body composition, and metabolic hormones were examined over 12 months of calorie restriction in 109 individuals. The contribution of tissue losses to the decline in RMR was determined by weighing changes in the size of energy-expending tissues and organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone, brain, inner organs, residual mass) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with their tissue-specific metabolic rates. Metabolic adaptations were quantified as the remaining reduction in RMR. RESULTS RMR was reduced by 101 ± 12 kcal/d as participants lost 7.3 ± 0.2 kg (both p < 0.001). On average, 60% of the total reduction in RMR were explained by energy-expending tissues losses, while 40% were attributed to metabolic adaptations. The loss of skeletal muscle mass (1.0 ± 0.7 kg) was not significantly related to RMR changes (r = 0.14, p = 0.16), whereas adipose tissue losses (7.2 ± 3.0 kg) were positively associated with the reduction in RMR (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and metabolic adaptations (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Metabolic adaptations were correlated with declines in leptin (r = 0.27, p < 0.01), triiodothyronine (r = 0.19, p < 0.05), and insulin (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS During weight loss, tissue loss and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in RMR, albeit variably. Contrary to popularly belief, it is not skeletal muscle, but rather adipose tissue losses that seem to drive RMR reductions following weight loss. Future research should target personalized strategies addressing the predominant cause of RMR reduction for weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martin
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Darius Fox
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Chaise A. Murphy
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hande Hofmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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McCarthy D, Berg A. Weight Loss Strategies and the Risk of Skeletal Muscle Mass Loss. Nutrients 2021; 13:2473. [PMID: 34371981 PMCID: PMC8308821 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With energy intake restriction and exercise remaining the key diet and lifestyle approaches to weight loss, this is not without potential negative implications for body composition, metabolic health, and quality and quantity of life. Ideally, weight loss should be derived almost exclusively from the fat mass compartment as this is the main driver of metabolic disease, however, several studies have shown that there is an accompanying loss of tissue from the fat-free compartment, especially skeletal muscle. Population groups including post-menopausal women, the elderly, those with metabolic disease and athletes may be particularly at risk of skeletal muscle loss when following a weight management programme. Research studies that have addressed this issue across a range of population groups are reviewed with a focus upon the contribution of resistance and endurance forms of exercise and a higher intake dietary protein above the current guideline of 0.8 g/kg body weight/day. While findings can be contradictory, overall, the consensus appears that fat-free and skeletal muscle masses can be preserved, albeit to varying degrees by including both forms of exercise (but especially resistance forms) in the weight management intervention. Equally, higher intakes of protein can protect loss of these body compartments, acting either separately or synergistically with exercise. Elderly individuals in particular may benefit most from this approach. Thus, the evidence supports the recommendations for intakes of protein above the current guidelines of 0.8 g/kg body weight/d for the healthy elderly population to also be incorporated into the dietary prescription for weight management in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McCarthy
- Public Health Nutrition Research Group, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Aloys Berg
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79117 Freiburg, Germany;
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Zhou X, Shang GS, Tan Q, He Q, Tan X, Park KY, Zhao X. Effect of Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 on improving streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. Food Funct 2021; 12:7938-7953. [PMID: 34251007 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo01571k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes, it is imperative to identify how to effectively prevent or treat this disease. Studies have shown that some lactic acid bacteria can improve type 2 diabetes with almost no side effects. Therefore, in this experimental study, we explored the preventive and therapeutic effects of Lactobacillus fermentum TKSN041 (L. fermentum TKSN041) on streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes in rats. The results showed that L. fermentum TKSN041 could reduce the amount of water intake, reduce weight loss, and control the increase in the fasting blood glucose level of diabetic rats. The organ index and tissue section results showed that L. fermentum TKSN041 could reduce the damage caused by diabetes to the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreatic, and brain tissue. Furthermore, L. fermentum TKSN041 decreased the levels of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), glycated serum proteins (GSP), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and endothelin 1 (ET-1) in serum and increased the serum levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Finally, L. fermentum TKSN041 up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions of NF-kappa-B inhibitor-α (IκB-α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), liver kinase B1 (LKB1), and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and down-regulated those of nuclear factor-κBp65 (NFκB-p65) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Furthermore, LF-TKSN041 up-regulated the mRNA expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) and down-regulated neuropeptide Y (NPY), sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). These results suggest that L. fermentum TKSN041 may be a useful intervention factor for the prevention or treatment of type 2 diabetes induced by STZ. Clinical trials are needed to further demonstrate its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianrong Zhou
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Functional Food, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Research and Development of Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400067, P.R. China.
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Roth C, Rettenmaier L, Behringer M. High-Protein Energy-Restriction: Effects on Body Composition, Contractile Properties, Mood, and Sleep in Active Young College Students. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:683327. [PMID: 34212136 PMCID: PMC8239143 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.683327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is often advised to ensure a high-protein intake during energy-restricted diets. However, it is unclear whether a high-protein intake is able to maintain muscle mass and contractility in the absence of resistance training. Materials and Methods: After 1 week of body mass maintenance (45 kcal/kg), 28 male college students not performing resistance training were randomized to either the energy-restricted (ER, 30 kcal/kg, n = 14) or the eucaloric control group (CG, 45 kcal/kg, n = 14) for 6 weeks. Both groups had their protein intake matched at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass and continued their habitual training throughout the study. Body composition was assessed weekly using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. Contractile properties of the m. rectus femoris were examined with Tensiomyography and MyotonPRO at weeks 1, 3, and 5 along with sleep (PSQI) and mood (POMS). Results: The ER group revealed greater reductions in body mass (Δ -3.22 kg vs. Δ 1.90 kg, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.360), lean body mass (Δ -1.49 kg vs. Δ 0.68 kg, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.152), body cell mass (Δ -0.85 kg vs. Δ 0.59 kg, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.181), intracellular water (Δ -0.58 l vs. Δ 0.55 l, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 0.445) and body fat percentage (Δ -1.74% vs. Δ 1.22%, p < 0.001, partial η 2 = 433) compared to the CG. Contractile properties, sleep onset, sleep duration as well as depression, fatigue and hostility did not change (p > 0.05). The PSQI score (Δ -1.43 vs. Δ -0.64, p = 0.006, partial η 2 = 0.176) and vigor (Δ -2.79 vs. Δ -4.71, p = 0.040, partial η 2 = 0.116) decreased significantly in the ER group and the CG, respectively. Discussion: The present data show that a high-protein intake alone was not able to prevent lean mass loss associated with a 6-week moderate energy restriction in college students. Notably, it is unknown whether protein intake at 2.8 g/kg fat-free-mass prevented larger decreases in lean body mass. Muscle contractility was not negatively altered by this form of energy restriction. Sleep quality improved in both groups. Whether these advantages are due to the high-protein intake cannot be clarified and warrants further study. Although vigor was negatively affected in both groups, other mood parameters did not change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roth
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lukas Rettenmaier
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Behringer
- Department of Sports Medicine and Exercise Physiology, Institute of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bariatric surgery-induced weight loss may reduce resting energy expenditure (REE) and fat-free mass (FFM) disproportionately thereby predisposing patients to weight regain and sarcopenia. METHODS We compared REE and body composition of African-American and Caucasian Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) patients after surgery with a group of non-operated controls (CON). REE by indirect calorimetry; skeletal muscle (SM), trunk organs, and brain volumes by MRI; and FFM by DXA were measured at post-surgery visits and compared with CON (N = 84) using linear regression models that adjusted for relevant covariates. Ns in RYGB were 50, 42, and 30 for anthropometry and 39, 27, 17 for MRI body composition at years 1, 2, and 5 after surgery, respectively. RESULTS Regression models adjusted for age, weight, height, ethnicity, and sex showed REE differences (RYGB minus CON; mean ± s.e.): year 1 (43.2 ± 34 kcal/day, p = 0.20); year 2 (- 27.9 ± 37.3 kcal/day, p = 0.46); year 5 (114.6 ± 42.3 kcal/day, p = 0.008). Analysis of FFM components showed that RYGB had greater trunk organ mass (~ 0.4 kg) and less SM (~ 1.34 kg) than CON at each visit. REE models adjusted for FFM, SM, trunk organs, and brain mass showed no between-group differences in REE (- 15.9 ± 54.8 kcal/day, p = 0.8; - 46.9 ± 64.9 kcal/day, p = 0.47; 47.7 ± 83.0 kcal/day, p = 0.57, at years 1, 2, and 5, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Post bariatric surgery patients maintain a larger mass of high-metabolic rate trunk organs than non-operated controls of similar anthropometrics. Interpreting REE changes after weight loss requires an accurate understanding of fat-free mass composition at both the organ and tissue levels. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Long-term Effects of Bariatric Surgery (LABS-2) NCT00465829.
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The Relationship between Changes in Organ-Tissue Mass and Sleeping Energy Expenditure Following Weight Change in College Sumo Wrestlers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 56:medicina56100536. [PMID: 33066288 PMCID: PMC7602072 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56100536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: It has been well established that the resting energy expenditure (REE) for the whole body is the sum of the REE for each organ-tissue in young and middle-aged healthy adults. Based on these previous studies, although it is speculated that sleeping energy expenditure (SEE, which has small inter-individual variability) changes with a commensurate gain or reduction in the resting metabolic rate of each organ-tissue, it is unclear whether a change in organ-tissue masses is directly attributed to the fluctuation of SEE at present. This study aimed to assess the relationship between changes in organ-tissue mass and sleeping energy expenditure (SEE) following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers. This included blood analysis, which is related to energy expenditure. Materials and Methods: A total of 16 healthy male college Sumo wrestlers were recruited in this study. All measurements were obtained before and after weight change. Magnetic resonance imaging measurements were used to determine the volume of the skeletal muscle (SM), liver, and kidneys, and an indirect human calorimeter was used to determine SEE before and after weight change. Results: The change in body mass and SEE ranged between -8.7~9.5 kg, and -602~388 kcal/day. Moreover, changes in SM, liver, and kidneys ranged between -3.3~3.6 kg, -0.90~0.77 kg, and -0.12~0.07 kg. The change in SEE was not significantly correlated with the change in SM or liver mass, nor with blood analyses; however, a significant relationship between the change in kidney mass and SEE was observed. Conclusions: Based on our results, there is a possibility that the mass of the kidneys has an effect on the change in SEE following weight change in college Sumo wrestlers.
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Abstract
The population worldwide is aging and prevalence of obesity in this population is increasing. The range of consequences that effect these at-risk patients include increased risk of falls, fractures, reduced quality of life, and cognitive decline. This article describes the epidemiology of obesity, risks and benefits of weight loss, and importance of treating obesity to help promote healthy aging. Health care professionals should encourage older adults with obesity to implement healthy lifestyle behaviors including exercise and diet routine. Treating obesity in older adults mitigates the significant public health crisis, and reduces health care utilization and risk of long-term adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith N Roderka
- Section of Weight & Wellness, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Sadhana Puri
- Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - John A Batsis
- Section of Weight & Wellness, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH 03755, USA; The Dartmouth Institute for Health & Clinical Practice, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA; Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging Hitchcock Loop Road, Lebanon, NH 03766, USA; Section of General Internal Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
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Most J, Redman LM. Impact of calorie restriction on energy metabolism in humans. Exp Gerontol 2020; 133:110875. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hernández-Reyes A, Cámara-Martos F, Molina Recio G, Molina-Luque R, Romero-Saldaña M, Moreno Rojas R. Push Notifications From a Mobile App to Improve the Body Composition of Overweight or Obese Women: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020; 8:e13747. [PMID: 32049065 PMCID: PMC7055755 DOI: 10.2196/13747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Technology—in particular, access to the Internet from a mobile device—has forever changed the way we relate to others and how we behave in our daily life settings. In recent years, studies have been carried out to analyze the effectiveness of different actions via mobile phone in the field of health: telephone calls, short message service (SMS), telemedicine, and, more recently, the use of push notifications. We have continued to explore ways to increase user interaction with mobile apps, one of the pending subjects in the area of mHealth. By analyzing the data produced by subjects during a clinical trial, we were able to extract behavior patterns and, according to them, design effective protocols in weight loss programs. Objective A clinical trial was proposed to (1) evaluate the efficacy of push notifications in an intervention aimed at improving the body composition of adult women who are overweight or obese, through a dietary procedure, and (2) analyze the evolution of body composition based on push notifications and prescribed physical activity (PA). Methods A two-arm randomized controlled trial was carried out. A sample size of 117 adult obese women attended a face-to-face, 30-minute consultation once a week for 6 months. All patients were supplied with an app designed for this study and a pedometer. The control group did not have access to functionalities related to the self-monitoring of weight at home, gamification, or prescription of PA. The intervention group members were assigned objectives to achieve a degree of compliance with diet and PA through exclusive access to specific functionalities of the app and push notifications. The same diet was prescribed for all patients. Three possible PA scenarios were studied for both the control and intervention groups: light physical activity (LPA), moderate physical activity (MPA), and intense physical activity (IPA). For the analysis of three or more means, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) of repeated means was performed to evaluate the effects of the intervention at baseline and at 3 and 6 months. Results Receiving notifications during the intervention increased body fat loss (mean -12.9% [SD 6.7] in the intervention group vs mean -7.0% [SD 5.7] in the control group; P<.001) and helped to maintain muscle mass (mean -0.8% [SD 4.5] in the intervention group vs mean -3.2% [SD 2.8] in the control group; P<.018). These variations between groups led to a nonsignificant difference in weight loss (mean -7.9 kg [SD 3.9] in the intervention group vs mean -7.1 kg [SD 3.4] in the control group; P>.05). Conclusions Push notifications have proven effective in the proposed weight loss program, leading women who received them to achieve greater loss of fat mass and a maintenance or increase of muscle mass, specifically among those who followed a program of IPA. Future interventions should include a longer evaluation period; the impact of different message contents, as well as message delivery times and frequency, should also be researched. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03911583; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03911583
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guillermo Molina Recio
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Molina-Luque
- Department of Nursing, School of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Moreno Rojas
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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16
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Hernández-Reyes A, Cámara-Martos F, Molina-Luque R, Romero-Saldaña M, Molina-Recio G, Moreno-Rojas R. Changes in body composition with a hypocaloric diet combined with sedentary, moderate and high-intense physical activity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC WOMENS HEALTH 2019; 19:167. [PMID: 31882009 PMCID: PMC6935245 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-019-0864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence showing the effectiveness of a hypocaloric diet and the increase in physical activity on weight loss. However, the combined role of these factors, not only on weight loss but also body composition, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a hypocaloric diet on the body composition of obese adult women throughout different degrees of physical activity during a weight loss program. METHODS One hundred and seventeen healthy female volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups: a control group with a low-level prescription of physical activity (1-4 METs), moderate physical activity group that performed 10.000 steps walking (5-8 METs) and intense physical activity group that trained exercises by at least 70% of VO2max three times a week (> 8 METs). All subjects followed a hypocaloric diet designed with a reduction of 500 kcal/day. Nutritional counseling was provided throughout the study period to help ensure dietary adherence. RESULTS We found no differences in body weight compared to moderate and intense physical activity (ßstand. = - 0.138 vs. ßstand. = - 0.139). Body fat was lower in women following an intense activity (ßstand. = - 0.436) than those with moderate exercise (ßstand. = - 0.231). The high-intense activity also increased muscle mass at the end of the intervention, standing out above the moderate activity (ßstand. = 0.182 vs. ßstand. = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that a hypocaloric diet, without prescription of physical activity, is adequate to lose weight in the short term (12 weeks), but physical activity is vital to modify the body composition in women with obesity. Body fat was lower when women practiced a moderate exercise compared to hypocaloric diet only, but an intense physical activity was the most effective protocol to obtain a reduction of body fat and maintain muscle mass. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study protocol complied with the Declaration of Helsinki for medical studies, it was approved by the bioethical committee of Córdoba University, in the Department of Health at the Regional Government of Andalusia (Act n°284, ref.4156) and retrospectively registered in clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03833791). Registered 2 January 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hernández-Reyes
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, ed. Darwin - annex. Office of Dr. Rafael Moreno, 14071, Córdoba, ES, Spain.
| | - F Cámara-Martos
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, ed. Darwin - annex. Office of Dr. Rafael Moreno, 14071, Córdoba, ES, Spain
| | - R Molina-Luque
- Nursing department, University of Medicine and Nursing of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M Romero-Saldaña
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety, City of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - G Molina-Recio
- Nursing department, University of Medicine and Nursing of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - R Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Bromatology and Food Technology, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, ed. Darwin - annex. Office of Dr. Rafael Moreno, 14071, Córdoba, ES, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity in the older adult is a burgeoning health epidemic that leads to increased morbidity, disability, and institutionalization. This review presents a brief overview of geriatric-specific consequences of obesity by highlighting the risks and benefits of intentional weight loss. RECENT FINDINGS Intentional weight loss reduces the extent of adiposity-related illnesses, yet the approach in older adults is fraught with challenges. Interventions combining caloric restriction and physical exercise (aerobic and resistance) maximize fat loss and minimize loss of muscle and bone. Interventions are also effective at improving physical function, reducing medication burden, and improving symptomatic osteoarthritis in this population. Approaches can mitigate the risks of isolated caloric restriction on muscle and bone in a safe and effective manner. Effective weight loss strategies should be considered in older adults. While there are potential risks, practical clinical approaches can minimize the potential harms while maximizing their benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R DiMilia
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
- Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Collaboratory for Implementation Science at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Alexander C Mittman
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - John A Batsis
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy & Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Collaboratory for Implementation Science at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Health Promotion Research Center at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
- Section of Weight & Wellness, Department of Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, NH, USA.
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Hwaung P, Bosy-Westphal A, Muller MJ, Geisler C, Heo M, Thomas DM, Kennedy S, Heymsfield SB. Obesity Tissue: Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Content in Adult Humans. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2019; 27:1472-1481. [PMID: 31322323 PMCID: PMC6707863 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic positive energy balance leads to obesity, and the "excess" weight is usually described as consisting solely of adipose tissue (AT) or its two components, fat and fat-free mass (nonfat cell mass, extracellular fluid). This study aimed to clarify the nature of "obesity" tissue. METHODS A total of 333 adults had AT, skin, skeletal muscle, bone, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and residual mass measured or derived using magnetic resonance imaging and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. First, associations between these components and AT were examined by developing multiple regression models. Next, obesity-tissue composition was developed by deriving mean component mass differences between participant groups with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2 ) and those with obesity (BMI > 29.9 kg/m2 ); respective resting energy expenditures and metabolizable energy and protein contents were calculated. RESULTS AT significantly predicted organ-tissue mass in 17 of 18 multiple regression models. In addition to AT and skeletal muscle, the following associations were found: skin, liver, and bone were main contributors to obesity-tissue composition; liver, kidneys, and heart to resting energy expenditure; and skin, liver, and bone to metabolizable energy and protein contents. A pronounced sexual dimorphism was present in all three models. CONCLUSIONS Obesity is characterized not only by excess AT but by increases in the masses of other "companion" organs and tissues and their related metabolic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix Hwaung
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J. Muller
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Institut fur Humanernahrung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universitat zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Moonseong Heo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Clemson University, South Carolina
| | | | - Samantha Kennedy
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, LSU System, Baton Rouge, LA
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Beals JW, Burd NA, Moore DR, van Vliet S. Obesity Alters the Muscle Protein Synthetic Response to Nutrition and Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:87. [PMID: 31263701 PMCID: PMC6584965 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Improving the health of skeletal muscle is an important component of obesity treatment. Apart from allowing for physical activity, skeletal muscle tissue is fundamental for the regulation of postprandial macronutrient metabolism, a time period that represents when metabolic derangements are most often observed in adults with obesity. In order for skeletal muscle to retain its capacity for physical activity and macronutrient metabolism, its protein quantity and composition must be maintained through the efficient degradation and resynthesis for proper tissue homeostasis. Life-style behaviors such as increasing physical activity and higher protein diets are front-line treatment strategies to enhance muscle protein remodeling by primarily stimulating protein synthesis rates. However, the muscle of individuals with obesity appears to be resistant to the anabolic action of targeted exercise regimes and protein ingestion when compared to normal-weight adults. This indicates impaired muscle protein remodeling in response to the main anabolic stimuli to human skeletal muscle tissue is contributing to poor muscle health with obesity. Deranged anabolic signaling related to insulin resistance, lipid accumulation, and/or systemic/muscle inflammation are likely at the root of the anabolic resistance of muscle protein synthesis rates with obesity. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact of protein ingestion and exercise on muscle protein remodeling in people with obesity, and the potential mechanisms underlining anabolic resistance of their muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Beals
- Center for Human Nutrition, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas A Burd
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Moore
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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20
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Kondo E, Shiose K, Yamada Y, Osawa T, Sagayama H, Motonaga K, Ouchi S, Kamei A, Nakajima K, Takahashi H, Okamura K. Effect of Thoracic Gas Volume Changes on Body Composition Assessed by Air Displacement Plethysmography after Rapid Weight Loss and Regain in Elite Collegiate Wrestlers. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7020048. [PMID: 30791426 PMCID: PMC6410171 DOI: 10.3390/sports7020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of rapid weight loss (RWL) and weight regain (WR) on thoracic gas volume (VTG) and body composition assessment using air displacement plethysmography (ADP) in male wrestlers. Eight male elite collegiate wrestlers completed a RWL regimen (6% of body mass) over a 53-h period, which was followed by a 13-h WR period. ADP was used at three time points (baseline (T1), post-RWL (T2) and post-WR (T3)) according to the manufacturer’s testing recommendations. The total body water and bone mineral content were estimated using the stable isotope dilution method and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively, at the same time points. Body composition was assessed with two-component (2C) or four-component (4C) models using either the measured VTG (mVTG) or predicted VTG (pVTG). Measured VTG increased from T1 to T2 (0.36 ± 0.31 L, p < 0.05) and decreased from T2 to T3 (−0.29 ± 0.15 L, p < 0.01). However, the changes in fat mass and fat free mass, which were calculated by both 2C and 4C models, were not significantly different when compared between calculations using mVTG and those using pVTG. Our results indicate that VTG significantly changes during RWL and WR, but both measured and predicted VTG can be used to assess changes in body composition during RWL and WR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Kondo
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Shiose
- Department Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Section of Healthy Longevity Research, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8636, Japan.
| | - Takuya Osawa
- Department of Sports Wellness Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo 157-0061, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Sagayama
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Kojimahi Business Center Building, 5-3-1, Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan.
| | - Keiko Motonaga
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Shiori Ouchi
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Akiko Kamei
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Kohei Nakajima
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Hideyuki Takahashi
- Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, 3-15-1, Nishigaoka, Kita-ku, Tokyo 115-0056, Japan.
| | - Koji Okamura
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka 590-0496, Japan.
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21
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Metabolic adaptations during negative energy balance and their potential impact on appetite and food intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:279-289. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665118002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the metabolic adaptations that occur in response to negative energy balance and their potential putative or functional impact on appetite and food intake. Sustained negative energy balance will result in weight loss, with body composition changes similar for different dietary interventions if total energy and protein intake are equated. During periods of underfeeding, compensatory metabolic and behavioural responses occur that attenuate the prescribed energy deficit. While losses of metabolically active tissue during energy deficit result in reduced energy expenditure, an additional down-regulation in expenditure has been noted that cannot be explained by changes in body tissue (e.g. adaptive thermogenesis). Sustained negative energy balance is also associated with an increase in orexigenic drive and changes in appetite-related peptides during weight loss that may act as cues for increased hunger and food intake. It has also been suggested that losses of fat-free mass (FFM) could also act as an orexigenic signal during weight loss, but more data are needed to support these findings and the signalling pathways linking FFM and energy intake remain unclear. Taken together, these metabolic and behavioural responses to weight loss point to a highly complex and dynamic energy balance system in which perturbations to individual components can cause co-ordinated and inter-related compensatory responses elsewhere. The strength of these compensatory responses is individually subtle, and early identification of this variability may help identify individuals that respond well or poorly to an intervention.
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Barra M, Singh Hernandez SS. Too big to be seen: Weight-based discrimination among nursing students. Nurs Forum 2018; 53:529-534. [PMID: 29968365 DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An educational intervention was conducted to determine the efficacy of an obesity sensitivity program to determine nursing students' attitudes toward obese clients. As part of the clinical curriculum, nursing students (N = 103) received weekly obesity sensitivity education on weight-based discrimination. Students' completed a preproject and postproject attitudes toward obese persons scale (Barra, 2015) to evaluate discriminatory beliefs and actions. All clinical groups had a significant positive change in their own weight prejudices postobesity education intervention. Chi-square analysis was utilized as a measure of association between pre- and postobesity education with clinical application concerning obesity size, body odor, appearance, and lifestyle, along with provider fear of a back injury. Promoting nursing student awareness of obese client bias can dissipate negative stigmas to promote a therapeutic patient-provider relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryanne Barra
- Department of Nursing, Seton Hall University, College of Nursing, South Orange, New Jersey
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23
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity in combination with sarcopenia (the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength or physical function) is increasing in adults aged 65 years and older. A major subset of adults over the age of 65 is now classified as having sarcopenic obesity, a high-risk geriatric syndrome predominantly observed in an ageing population that is at risk of synergistic complications from both sarcopenia and obesity. This Review discusses pathways and mechanisms leading to muscle impairment in older adults with obesity. We explore sex-specific hormonal changes, inflammatory pathways and myocellular mechanisms leading to the development of sarcopenic obesity. We discuss the evolution, controversies and challenges in defining sarcopenic obesity and present current body composition modalities used to assess this condition. Epidemiological surveys form the basis of defining its prevalence and consequences beyond comorbidity and mortality. Current treatment strategies, and the evidence supporting them, are outlined, with a focus on calorie restriction, protein supplementation and aerobic and resistance exercises. We also describe weight loss-induced complications in patients with sarcopenic obesity that are relevant to clinical management. Finally, we review novel and potential future therapies including testosterone, selective androgen receptor modulators, myostatin inhibitors, ghrelin analogues, vitamin K and mesenchymal stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Batsis
- Sections of General Internal Medicine and Weight and Wellness, and the Dartmouth Centers for Health and Aging, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA.
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, The Health Promotion Research Center and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Dennis T Villareal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
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24
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Exercise and Atrial Fibrillation: Prevention or Causation? Heart Lung Circ 2018; 27:1078-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Abd El-Aziz R, Naguib M, Rashed LA. Spleen size in patients with metabolic syndrome and its relation to metabolic and inflammatory parameters. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.4103/ejim.ejim_86_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Midorikawa T, Ohta M, Torii S, Sakamoto S. Lean Soft Tissue Mass Measured Using Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Is an Effective Index for Assessing Change in Leg Skeletal Muscle Mass Following Exercise Training. J Clin Densitom 2018; 21:394-398. [PMID: 29703658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is difficult to precisely and easily estimate the changes in skeletal muscle mass (SMM) following exercise training. We aimed to assess whether the change in lean soft tissue mass measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) reflects the change in SMM measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following exercise training in both the leg and trunk regions. Anthropometry, DXA, and MRI measurements of the trunk and leg regions were obtained in 10 male college sumo wrestlers before and after exercise training (mean duration between measurements: ~2 yr). Contiguous magnetic resonance images with 1-cm slice thickness and without gap were obtained from the first cervical vertebra to the ankle joints as reference data. Skeletal muscle volume was calculated from the summation of the digitized cross-sectional areas. The volume measurements were converted into mass by using an assumed skeletal muscle density (1.041 g/cm3). Trunk and leg areas, using DXA regional computer-generated lines, were adjusted to coincide with each discrete region by using MRI. Although the change in the DXA-measured lean soft tissue mass in the trunk region was significantly different from that of the MRI-measured SMM (Cohen's d = -1.3145, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.26, p < 0.01), the changes were similar in the leg region (Cohen's d = 0.07, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.87, p = 0.88). The exercise training-induced change in lean soft tissue mass significantly correlated with that in SMM, both in the leg (r = 0.88, p < 0.01) and trunk (r = 0.64, p < 0.05) regions. Bland-Altman analysis did not indicate a bias for the changes in leg lean soft tissue mass and SMM following exercise training. These results suggest that lean soft tissue mass measured using DXA is an effective index for assessing change in leg SMM following exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Midorikawa
- College of Health and Welfare, J.F. Oberlin University, Machida, Tokyo, Japan; Waseda Institute for Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Megumi Ohta
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
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Kumar V, Hsueh WA, Raman SV. Multiorgan, Multimodality Imaging in Cardiometabolic Disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2017; 10:CIRCIMAGING.117.005447. [PMID: 29122843 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.117.005447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease, spanning conditions such as obesity to type 2 diabetes mellitus with excess cardiovascular risk, represents a major public health burden. Advances in preclinical translational science point to potential targets across multiple organ systems for early intervention to improve cardiometabolic health. Validation in clinical trials and translation to care would benefit from in vivo diagnostic techniques that facilitate therapeutic advancements. This review provides a state-of-the-art, multimodality perspective spanning the multiple organ systems that contribute to cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya Kumar
- From the Ohio State University Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (V.K., W.A.H., S.V.R.); and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Ohio State University, Columbus (W.A.H.)
| | - Willa A Hsueh
- From the Ohio State University Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (V.K., W.A.H., S.V.R.); and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Ohio State University, Columbus (W.A.H.)
| | - Subha V Raman
- From the Ohio State University Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus (V.K., W.A.H., S.V.R.); and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Ohio State University, Columbus (W.A.H.).
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current article reviews the most innovative and precise, available methods for quantification of in-vivo human body composition. RECENT FINDINGS Body composition measurement methods are continuously being perfected. Ongoing efforts involve multisegmental and multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis, quantitative magnetic resonance for total body water, fat, and lean tissue measurements, imaging to further define ectopic fat depots. Available techniques allow for the measurement of fat, fat-free mass, bone mineral content, total body water, extracellular water, total adipose tissue and its subdepots (visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular), skeletal muscle, select organs, and ectopic fat depots. SUMMARY There is an ongoing need for methods that yield information on metabolic and biological functions. Based on the wide range of measurable properties, analytical methods and known body composition models, clinicians, and scientists can quantify a number of body components and with longitudinal assessment, can track changes in health and disease with implications for understanding efficacy of nutritional and clinical interventions, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment in clinical settings. With the greater need to understand precursors of health risk beginning prior to conception, a gap exists in appropriate in-vivo measurement methods with application beginning during gestation, that is, fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaisa Lemos
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Columbia University Medical Center
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- Department of Medicine, New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Wang R, Chen P. Measurement error in using whole-body multi-slice MRI should be acknowledged when quantifying changes in organ size after a weight-loss intervention. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1020. [PMID: 28373317 PMCID: PMC5366055 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ru Wang
- From the Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at Shanghai, University of Sport, Shanghai, China (RW; PC, e-mail: )
| | - Peijie Chen
- From the Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education at Shanghai, University of Sport, Shanghai, China (RW; PC, e-mail: )
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Gallagher D, Heshka S. Reply to R Wang and P Chen. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 105:1020. [PMID: 28373318 PMCID: PMC5366056 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.152355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Gallagher
- From the New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (DG, e-mail: ; SH)
| | - Stanley Heshka
- From the New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, the Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY (DG, e-mail: ; SH)
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