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Jacobs ET, Foote JA, Kohler LN, Skiba MB, Thomson CA. Re-examination of dairy as a single commodity in US dietary guidance. Nutr Rev 2020; 78:225-234. [PMID: 31904838 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuz093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy products have been a key component of dietary guidance in the United States for more than 100 years. In light of major advances in the understanding of dietary intake and metabolism, the aim of this review was to examine whether dairy should remain a single commodity in federal guidance. Considerations include recognizing that a substantial proportion of the world's adult population (65%-70%) exhibits lactase nonpersistence, a reduced ability to metabolize lactose to glucose and galactose. Shifts in the US population, including a greater proportion of African Americans and Asians, are of key importance because several studies have shown a markedly higher prevalence of lactase nonpersistence and, consequently, a lower dairy intake among these groups. While cow's milk alternatives are available, families who use them will pay up to an additional $1400 per year compared with those who are able to consume dairy products. Dietary guidance also contains downstream effects for government assistance, such as the US Department of Agriculture's National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program. For reasons like these, Canada has recently removed dairy as a separate food group in national dietary guidance. The results of the present review suggest that consideration of this modification when developing population-level guidelines in the United States is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T Jacobs
- E.T. Jacobs, J.A. Foote, L.N. Kohler, M.B. Skiba, and C.A. Thomson are with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,E.T. Jacobs and C.A. Thomson are with the University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,E.T. Jacobs and C.A. Thomson are with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Janet A Foote
- E.T. Jacobs, J.A. Foote, L.N. Kohler, M.B. Skiba, and C.A. Thomson are with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,J.A. Foote is with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona-Phoenix Campus, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Lindsay N Kohler
- E.T. Jacobs, J.A. Foote, L.N. Kohler, M.B. Skiba, and C.A. Thomson are with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Meghan B Skiba
- E.T. Jacobs, J.A. Foote, L.N. Kohler, M.B. Skiba, and C.A. Thomson are with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Cynthia A Thomson
- E.T. Jacobs, J.A. Foote, L.N. Kohler, M.B. Skiba, and C.A. Thomson are with the Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,E.T. Jacobs and C.A. Thomson are with the University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,E.T. Jacobs and C.A. Thomson are with the Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Finley JW, Dimick D, Marshall E, Nelson GC, Mein JR, Gustafson DI. Nutritional Sustainability: Aligning Priorities in Nutrition and Public Health with Agricultural Production. Adv Nutr 2017; 8:780-788. [PMID: 28916578 PMCID: PMC5593112 DOI: 10.3945/an.116.013995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition science-based dietary advice urges changes that may have a great impact on agricultural systems. For example, the 2016 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommends greatly increased fruit and vegetable consumption, but the present domestic production is insufficient to accommodate large-scale adoption of these guidelines. Increasing production to the extent needed to meet the DGA will necessitate changes in an already stressed agriculture and food system and will require nutrition and agriculture professionals to come together in open and collegial discourse. All involved need to understand the stress placed on the food system by increasing populations, changing diets, and changing environments, and recognize the major diet-based public health challenges. Furthermore, there is a need to understand the intricate interplay of the myriad parts of the food system and the vast amount of work necessary to make even small changes. New systems approaches are needed, especially at the research level, where nutrition, public health, agriculture, and the food industry work together to solve interconnected problems. Future well-being depends on a sustainable food system that continues to deliver optimal health with minimal impact on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gerald Charles Nelson
- Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL
| | - Jonathan R Mein
- Vegetable Seeds Division, Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO; and
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Hébert JR, Hurley TG, Steck SE, Miller DR, Tabung FK, Peterson KE, Kushi LH, Frongillo EA. Considering the value of dietary assessment data in informing nutrition-related health policy. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:447-55. [PMID: 25022993 PMCID: PMC4085192 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary assessment has long been known to be challenged by measurement error. A substantial amount of literature on methods for determining the effects of error on causal inference has accumulated over the past decades. These methods have unrealized potential for improving the validity of data collected for research studies and national nutritional surveillance, primarily through the NHANES. Recently, the validity of dietary data has been called into question. Arguments against using dietary data to assess diet-health relations or to inform the nutrition policy debate are subject to flaws that fall into 2 broad areas: 1) ignorance or misunderstanding of methodologic issues; and 2) faulty logic in drawing inferences. Nine specific issues are identified in these arguments, indicating insufficient grasp of the methods used for assessing diet and designing nutritional epidemiologic studies. These include a narrow operationalization of validity, failure to properly account for sources of error, and large, unsubstantiated jumps to policy implications. Recent attacks on the inadequacy of 24-h recall-derived data from the NHANES are uninformative regarding effects on estimating risk of health outcomes and on inferences to inform the diet-related health policy debate. Despite errors, for many purposes and in many contexts, these dietary data have proven to be useful in addressing important research and policy questions. Similarly, structured instruments, such as the food frequency questionnaire, which is the mainstay of epidemiologic literature, can provide useful data when errors are measured and considered in analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hébert
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, and Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC;
| | | | - Susan E Steck
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, and Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
| | - Donald R Miller
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA; Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research, Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bedford, MA
| | - Fred K Tabung
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Cancer Prevention and Control Program, and
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Human Nutrition Program, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Lawrence H Kushi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; and School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Edward A Frongillo
- Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, Center for Research in Nutrition and Health Disparities, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC
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Drewnowski A. The Nutrient Rich Foods Index helps to identify healthy, affordable foods. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91:1095S-1101S. [PMID: 20181811 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Nutrient Rich Foods (NRF) Index is a formal scoring system that ranks foods on the basis of their nutrient content. When used in conjunction with a food prices database, it can help identify foods that are both nutritious and affordable. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to identify healthy, affordable foods and food groups by using the NRF index and US Department of Agriculture (USDA) nutrient composition and food prices data sets. DESIGN Foods in the USDA Food and Nutrition Database for Dietary Studies 1.0 were scored by using the NRF index. This NRF algorithm was represented by the sum of the percentage of the daily values of 9 nutrients to encourage (protein, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium) minus the sum of the percentage of the maximum recommended values for 3 nutrients to limit (saturated fat, added sugar, and sodium). NRF scores and mean national food prices were calculated per calorie and per US Food and Drug Administration-defined serving. RESULTS Each of the 9 USDA food groups offered foods of diverse nutritive value and cost. Eggs, dry beans and legumes, and meat and milk products were the lowest-cost sources of protein. Milk and milk products were the lowest-cost sources of calcium, whereas vegetables and fruit were the lowest-cost sources of vitamin C. Milk, potatoes, citrus juices, cereals, and beans had more favorable overall nutrient-to-price ratios than did many vegetables and fruit. Energy-dense grains, sweets, and fats provided most of the calories but fewer nutrients per dollar. CONCLUSION One important application of nutrient profile models is to help consumers identify foods that provide optimal nutrition at an affordable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3410, USA.
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Sandstead HH, Nielsen FH. The origin and evolution of the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, 1970-90. J Nutr 2009; 139:173-7. [PMID: 19056635 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.092692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1960s William E. Cornatzer, MD, PhD suggested the need for increased USDA research concerning human nutrition and creation of the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Laboratory (later the Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center). He shared ideas with Senator Milton R. Young of North Dakota who requested that the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) prepare a proposal for such a program. In 1963 Senator Young submitted the proposal that included construction of regional centers to the U.S. Senate. The Grand Forks Human Nutrition Laboratory began operation in 1970. The attentions of Senator Young, Representative/Senator Mark Andrews, and Senator Quentin Burdick concerning the budgetary and construction needs facilitated development of the Center from its inception through 1990. Success of the enterprise rests on the creativity, industry, and other qualities of the Center's scientists and support staff, and collaborators at cooperating institutions. Their work resulted in a greater understanding of trace element nutrition and it role in human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold H Sandstead
- Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1109, USA.
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Combs GF. USDA Human Nutrition Center, 1978-1982, and coordination of human nutrition research agencies. J Nutr 2009; 139:185-7. [PMID: 19056640 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.094334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Survey findings, confirming widespread malnutrition, led to the 1969 White House Conference on Food, Nutrition, and Health and increased funding of related Federal programs. In 1976, the ARS Administrator proposed to Congress a greatly expanded program for human nutrition research. This led to the development of USDA Human Nutrition Research Centers at Universities. Funding of these Centers resulted mainly from efforts of scientists and others from the states where Centers were located. USDA formed the Science and Education Administration (SEA) by merging several related research and education agencies, expecting to improve coordination and focus. Human nutrition research activities were placed in SEA under a USDA Human Nutrition Center in 1978, which was terminated in 1982 when SEA was disbanded. Coordination of human nutrition research within USDA and with other federal agencies required specific mechanisms. Within USDA, a subcommittee met regularly to exchange information and generate policy recommendations. Quarterly meetings of USDA Human Nutrition Center directors were held to enhance information exchange and cooperation. A Human Nutrition Board of Scientific Counselors was established to advise the Secretary regarding program direction and priorities. Human nutrition at the federal level was coordinated through the Interagency Committee on Human Nutrition Research (ICHNR). ICHNR devised a computerized database of ongoing federal food and nutrition research, developed a comprehensive 5-y research plan, and held biennial conferences for scientific presentations. Most important were the several interagency committees, which worked together to ensure that all federal agencies spoke with 1 voice. These committees functioned most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F Combs
- University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA.
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Nichols BL. Establishment of the USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital in 1978. J Nutr 2009; 139:188-91. [PMID: 19056811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.092627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Children's Nutrition Research Center (CNRC) is a unique cooperative venture among Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, and the USDA/Agricultural Research Service. The CNRC is dedicated to defining the nutrient needs of children, from conception through adolescence, and the needs of pregnant women and nursing mothers. Scientific data from the Center enable healthcare providers and policy advisors to make dietary recommendations that improve the health of today's children and that of generations to come. CNRC research has already impacted feeding guidelines for normal U.S. children and all children of the world.
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Dupont JL. Research in the Agricultural Research Service/USDA: introduction and early history. J Nutr 2009; 139:171-2. [PMID: 19056815 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.095810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline L Dupont
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences Florida State University Tallahassee, FL 32306-1493, USA.
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Rosenberg IH. History of the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University. J Nutr 2009; 139:192-3. [PMID: 19056814 DOI: 10.3945/jn.108.096776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Rosenberg
- The Jean Mayer United States Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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