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Tobón-Cornejo S, Vargas-Castillo A, Leyva-Martínez A, Ortíz V, Noriega LG, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Aleman G, Furosawa-Carballeda J, Torres N, Tovar AR. PPARα/RXRα downregulates amino acid catabolism in the liver via interaction with HNF4α promoting its proteasomal degradation. Metabolism 2021; 116:154705. [PMID: 33422545 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of body proteins is essential to guarantee their functions in organisms. Therefore, the utilization of amino acids as energy substrates is regulated by a precise fine-tuned mechanism. Recent evidence suggests that the transcription factors peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α) are involved in this regulatory mechanism. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine how these transcription factors interact to regulate the expression of amino acid catabolism genes. In vivo studies using PPARα-knockout mice (Pparα-null) fed different amounts of dietary protein showed that in the absence of PPARα, there was a significant increase in HNF4α abundance in the liver, which corresponded with an increase in amino acid catabolizing enzyme (AACE) expression and the generation of increased amounts of postprandial urea. Moreover, this effect was proportional to the increase in dietary protein consumed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that HNF4α can bind to the promoter of AACE serine dehydratase (SDS), an effect that was potentiated by dietary protein in the Pparα-null mice. The mechanistic studies revealed that the presence of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) is essential to repress HNF4α activity in the presence of PPARα, and this interaction accelerates HNF4α degradation via the proteasome pathway. These results showed that PPARα can downregulate liver amino acid catabolism in the presence of RXRα by inhibiting HNF4α activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Tobón-Cornejo
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Ariana Vargas-Castillo
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Alekxa Leyva-Martínez
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Victor Ortíz
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Lilia G Noriega
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Laura A Velázquez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Aleman
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Janette Furosawa-Carballeda
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México CDMX, Mexico.
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2
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Désert R, Rohart F, Canal F, Sicard M, Desille M, Renaud S, Turlin B, Bellaud P, Perret C, Clément B, Lê Cao KA, Musso O. Human hepatocellular carcinomas with a periportal phenotype have the lowest potential for early recurrence after curative resection. Hepatology 2017; 66:1502-1518. [PMID: 28498607 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) exhibit a diversity of molecular phenotypes, raising major challenges in clinical management. HCCs detected by surveillance programs at an early stage are candidates for potentially curative therapies (local ablation, resection, or transplantation). In the long term, transplantation provides the lowest recurrence rates. Treatment allocation is based on tumor number, size, vascular invasion, performance status, functional liver reserve, and the prediction of early (<2 years) recurrence, which reflects the intrinsic aggressiveness of the tumor. Well-differentiated, potentially low-aggressiveness tumors form the heterogeneous molecular class of nonproliferative HCCs, characterized by an approximate 50% β-catenin mutation rate. To define the clinical, pathological, and molecular features and the outcome of nonproliferative HCCs, we constructed a 1,133-HCC transcriptomic metadata set and validated findings in a publically available 210-HCC RNA sequencing set. We show that nonproliferative HCCs preserve the zonation program that distributes metabolic functions along the portocentral axis in normal liver. More precisely, we identified two well-differentiated, nonproliferation subclasses, namely periportal-type (wild-type β-catenin) and perivenous-type (mutant β-catenin), which expressed negatively correlated gene networks. The new periportal-type subclass represented 29% of all HCCs; expressed a hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A-driven gene network, which was down-regulated in mouse hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A knockout mice; were early-stage tumors by Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program, and tumor-node-metastasis staging systems; had no macrovascular invasion; and showed the lowest metastasis-specific gene expression levels and TP53 mutation rates. Also, we identified an eight-gene periportal-type HCC signature, which was independently associated with the highest 2-year recurrence-free survival by multivariate analyses in two independent cohorts of 247 and 210 patients. CONCLUSION Well-differentiated HCCs display mutually exclusive periportal or perivenous zonation programs. Among all HCCs, periportal-type tumors have the lowest intrinsic potential for early recurrence after curative resection. (Hepatology 2017;66:1502-1518).
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Désert
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Florian Rohart
- Diamantina Institute and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Frédéric Canal
- INSERM, CNRS, Université de Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Marie Sicard
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Mireille Desille
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Stéphanie Renaud
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Turlin
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Pascale Bellaud
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Christine Perret
- INSERM, CNRS, Université de Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Clément
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
| | - Kim-Anh Lê Cao
- Diamantina Institute and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Orlando Musso
- INSERM, INRA, Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Nutrition Metabolisms and Cancer (NuMeCan), CRB-Santé, Biosit, Biogenouest, UBL, Rennes, France
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Velázquez-Villegas LA, Charabati T, Contreras AV, Alemán G, Torres N, Tovar AR. PPARα Downregulates Hepatic Glutaminase Expression in Mice Fed Diets with Different Protein:Carbohydrate Ratios. J Nutr 2016; 146:1634-40. [PMID: 27466601 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.232868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamine is catabolized in the liver by glutaminase 2 (GLS2). Evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) represses the expression of several amino acid-catabolizing enzymes, but for Gls2 this is unknown. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to assess whether PPARα regulates Gls2 expression. METHODS For 8 d, 7-9-wk-old male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and Ppara-null mice weighing 23.4 ± 0.5 g were fed diets with different dietary protein:carbohydrate (DP:DCH) ratios (6%:77%, 20%:63%, or 50%:33%). Liver samples were obtained after 16 h of feed deprivation or 3 h of refeeding, and microarrays were performed. Hepatic glutaminase expression was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Cotransfection analyses in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) cells with PPARα and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) expression vectors were performed. RESULTS The microarray results showed that Gls2 was the only upregulated gene in WT mice, but not in the Ppara-null mice. In the feed-deprived WT mice, the Gls2 mRNA and protein abundances in the 50%:33% group were 2.5- and 1.1-fold greater (P < 0.05), respectively, than those in the 20%:63% group, which were 2.3- and 0.4-fold greater than those in the 6%:77% group (P < 0.01). Gls2 mRNA expression in the 6%:77% group of feed-deprived Ppara-null mice was 33-fold greater than that in the same group of WT mice (P < 0.0001). GLS2 protein abundance in HepG2 cells was 78% greater than that in the controls (P < 0.0001) after HNF4α overexpression, and it was 99% greater after transfection with a short hairpin targeting PPARα. CONCLUSIONS In Ppara-null mice, Gls2 mRNA expression was greater than in WT mice, regardless of the DP:DCH ratio. In HepG2 cells overexpressing HNF4α, Gls2 expression increased, an effect repressed by overexpression of PPARα. This suggests that Gls2 depends on the PPARα/HNF4α counterregulatory transcriptional control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Velázquez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Tania Charabati
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | | | - Gabriela Alemán
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
| | - Armando R Tovar
- Department of Physiology of Nutrition, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico; and
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Lysne V, Strand E, Svingen GFT, Bjørndal B, Pedersen ER, Midttun Ø, Olsen T, Ueland PM, Berge RK, Nygård O. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Activation is Associated with Altered Plasma One-Carbon Metabolites and B-Vitamin Status in Rats. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010026. [PMID: 26742069 PMCID: PMC4728640 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma concentrations of metabolites along the choline oxidation pathway have been linked to increased risk of major lifestyle diseases, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of key enzymes along this pathway. In this study, we investigated the effect of PPAR activation on circulating and urinary one-carbon metabolites as well as markers of B-vitamin status. Male Wistar rats (n = 20) received for 50 weeks either a high-fat control diet or a high-fat diet with tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), a modified fatty acid and pan-PPAR agonist with high affinity towards PPARα. Hepatic gene expression of PPARα, PPARβ/δ and the enzymes involved in the choline oxidation pathway were analyzed and concentrations of metabolites were analyzed in plasma and urine. TTA treatment altered most biomarkers, and the largest effect sizes were observed for plasma concentrations of dimethylglycine, nicotinamide, methylnicotinamide, methylmalonic acid and pyridoxal, which were all higher in the TTA group (all p < 0.01). Hepatic Pparα mRNA was increased after TTA treatment, but genes of the choline oxidation pathway were not affected. Long-term TTA treatment was associated with pronounced alterations on the plasma and urinary concentrations of metabolites related to one-carbon metabolism and B-vitamin status in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vegard Lysne
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Elin Strand
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Gard F T Svingen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Bodil Bjørndal
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Eva R Pedersen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Per M Ueland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Rolf K Berge
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Ottar Nygård
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Diabetes Research, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway.
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Contreras AV, Rangel-Escareño C, Torres N, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Ortiz V, Noriega LG, Torre-Villalvazo I, Granados O, Velázquez-Villegas LA, Tobon-Cornejo S, González-Hirschfeld D, Recillas-Targa F, Tejero-Barrera E, Gonzalez FJ, Tovar AR. PPARα via HNF4α regulates the expression of genes encoding hepatic amino acid catabolizing enzymes to maintain metabolic homeostasis. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:452. [PMID: 25576393 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-014-0452-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The liver is the main organ involved in the metabolism of amino acids (AA), which are oxidized by amino acid catabolizing enzymes (AACE). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) stimulates fatty acid β-oxidation, and there is evidence that it can modulate hepatic AA oxidation during the transition of energy fuels. To understand the role and mechanism of PPARα's regulation of AA catabolism, the metabolic and molecular adaptations of Ppara-null mice were studied. The role of PPARα on AA metabolism was examined by in vitro and in vivo studies. In wild-type and Ppara-null mice, fed increasing concentrations of the dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio, we measured metabolic parameters, and livers were analyzed by microarray analysis, histology and Western blot. Functional enrichment analysis, EMSA and gene reporter assays were performed. Ppara-null mice presented increased expression of AACE in liver affecting AA, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Ppara-null mice had increased glucagon/insulin ratio (7.2-fold), higher serum urea (73.1 %), lower body protein content (19.7 %) and decreased several serum AA in response to a high-protein/low-carbohydrate diet. A functional network of differentially expressed genes, suggested that changes in the expression of AACE were regulated by an interrelationship between PPARα and HNF4α. Our data indicated that the expression of AACE is down-regulated through PPARα by attenuating HNF4α transcriptional activity as observed in the serine dehydratase gene promoter. PPARα via HNF4α maintains body protein metabolic homeostasis by down-regulating genes involved in amino acid catabolism for preserving body nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V Contreras
- Facultad de Medicina, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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