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LEE TM, LEE CC, HARN HJ, Chiou TW, CHUANG MH, CHEN CH, CHUANG CH, LIN PC, LIN SZ. Intramyocardial injection of human adipose-derived stem cells ameliorates cognitive deficit by regulating oxidative stress-mediated hippocampal damage after myocardial infarction. J Mol Med (Berl) 2021; 99:1815-1827. [PMID: 34633469 PMCID: PMC8599314 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a serious side effect of post-myocardial infarction (MI) course. We have recently demonstrated that human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) ameliorated myocardial injury after MI by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Here, we studied whether the beneficial effects of intramyocardial hADSC transplantation can extend to the brain and how they may attenuate cognitive dysfunction via modulating ROS after MI. After coronary ligation, male Wistar rats were randomized via an intramyocardial route to receive either vehicle, hADSC transplantation (1 × 106 cells), or the combination of hADSCs and 3-Morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1, a peroxynitrite donor). Whether hADSCs migrated into the hippocampus was assessed by using human-specific primers in qPCR reactions. Passive avoidance test was used to assess cognitive performance. Postinfarction was associated with increased oxidative stress in the myocardium, circulation, and hippocampus. This was coupled with decreased numbers of dendritic spines as well as a significant downregulation of synaptic plasticity consisting of synaptophysin and PSD95. Step-through latency during passive avoidance test was impaired in vehicle-treated rats after MI. Intramyocardial hADSC injection exerted therapeutic benefits in improving cardiac function and cognitive impairment. None of hADSCs was detected in rat's hippocampus at the 3rd day after intramyocardial injection. The beneficial effects of hADSCs on MI-induced histological and cognitive changes were abolished after adding SIN-1. MI-induced ROS attacked the hippocampus to induce neurodegeneration, resulting in cognitive deficit. The remotely intramyocardial administration of hADSCs has the capacity of improved synaptic neuroplasticity in the hippocampus mediated by ROS, not the cell engraftment, after MI. KEY MESSAGES: Human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) ameliorated injury after myocardial infarction by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Intramyocardial administration of hADSCs remotely exerted therapeutic benefits in improving cognitive impairment after myocardial infarction. The improved synaptic neuroplasticity in the hippocampus was mediated by hADSC-inhibiting ROS, not by the stem cell engraftment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Horng-Jyh HARN
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science and Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi CHUANG
- Department of Technology Management, Chung Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
- Gwo Xi Stem Cell Applied Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Po-Cheng LIN
- Gwo Xi Stem Cell Applied Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong LIN
- Bioinnovation Center, Tzu Chi Foundation, Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Tzu Chi University, No.707, Sec. 3, Chung Yang Rd. 970, Hualien, Taiwan
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Li CD, Zhao JY, Chen JL, Lu JH, Zhang MB, Huang Q, Cao YN, Jia GL, Tao YX, Li J, Cao H. Mechanism of the JAK2/STAT3-CAV-1-NR2B signaling pathway in painful diabetic neuropathy. Endocrine 2019; 64:55-66. [PMID: 30830585 PMCID: PMC6453875 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01880-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to further elucidate the role of JAK2/STAT3-CAV-1-NR2B on painful diabetic neuropathy. METHODS In vivo, the mechanical withdrawal threshold and thermal withdrawal latency were measured to evaluate neuropathic pain behaviors (n= 8), while western blot (n= 5) and an immunofluorescence double staining experiment (n= 6) were performed to understand the molecular mechanism. In vitro, the individual culture of BV2 mouse microglia cell lines, the co-culture of BV2 mouse microglia cell lines and PC12 rat neuron cell lines, and western blot analysis were performed to understand the molecular mechanism between microglia and neurons. RESULTS The expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, t-CAV-1, and p-NR2B was upregulated in the dorsal horn of DNP rats throughout the experiment. Through the immunofluorescence double staining experiment, it was found that p-STAT3 was mainly expressed in activated microglia, and this condition can be stably maintained for approximately 2 weeks after the establishment of the DNP model. The intrathecal injection of JAK2 inhibitor AG490 can relieve the abnormal expression of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, t-CAV-1, and p-NR2B, and relieve pain. The remission of AG490 began on the third day, and it could be stably sustained for 14 days. In vitro high-glucose induced the activation of p-STAT3 in microglia, thereby upregulating the expression of p-CAV-1 and p-NR2B in neurons in the co-culture system. JAK2 inhibitor AG490 can alleviate the abnormal expression of these proteins in the JAK2/STAT3-CAV-1-NR2B signaling pathway in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Microglial JAK2/STAT3 signaling probably contributes to neuropathic pain by activating the CAV-1-NR2B pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Da Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Li Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia-Hui Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mao-Biao Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan-Nan Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gai-Li Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Pain Medicine Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, 325035, Zhejiang, China.
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Meitzen J, Britson KA, Tuomela K, Mermelstein PG. The expression of select genes necessary for membrane-associated estrogen receptor signaling differ by sex in adult rat hippocampus. Steroids 2019; 142:21-27. [PMID: 28962849 PMCID: PMC5874170 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol can rapidly modulate neuron function via membrane estrogen receptors (ERs) in a sex-specific manner. For example, female rat hippocampal neurons express palmitoylated versions of ERα and ERβ that associate with the plasma membrane. These membrane-associated ERs are organized by caveolin proteins into functional signaling microdomains with metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). ER/mGluR signaling mediates several sex-specific estradiol actions on hippocampal neuron function. An important unanswered question regards the mechanism by which sex-specific membrane-associated ER signaling is generated, especially since it has been previously demonstrated that mGluR action is not sex-specific. One possibility is that the genes necessary for the ER membrane complex are differentially expressed between males and females, including genes that encode ERα and β, caveolin 1 and 3, and/or the palmitoylacyltransferases DHHC-7 and -21. Thus we used qPCR to test the hypothesis that these genes show sex differences in expression in neonatal and adult rat hippocampus. As an additional control we tested the expression of the 20 other DHHC palmitoylacyltransferases with no known connections to ER. In neonatal hippocampus, no sex differences were detected in gene expression. In adult hippocampus, the genes that encode caveolin 1 and DHHC-7 showed decreased expression in females compared to males. Thus, select genes differ by sex at specific developmental stages, arguing for a more nuanced model than simple widespread perinatal emergence of sex differences in all genes enabling sex-specific estradiol action. These findings enable the generation of new hypotheses regarding the mechanisms by which sex differences in membrane-associated ER signaling are programmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Meitzen
- Dept. of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States; Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States.
| | - Kyla A Britson
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krista Tuomela
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Paul G Mermelstein
- Dept. of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Chen Z, Hu Q, Xie Q, Wu S, Pang Q, Liu M, Zhao Y, Tu F, Liu C, Chen X. Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Motor and Cognitive Function Recovery of MCAO Mice Through the Caveolin-1/VEGF Signaling Pathway in Ischemic Penumbra. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:930-946. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02728-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Nam SM, Seo M, Seo JS, Rhim H, Nahm SS, Cho IH, Chang BJ, Kim HJ, Choi SH, Nah SY. Ascorbic Acid Mitigates D-galactose-Induced Brain Aging by Increasing Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Improving Memory Function. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010176. [PMID: 30650605 PMCID: PMC6356429 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid is essential for normal brain development and homeostasis. However, the effect of ascorbic acid on adult brain aging has not been determined. Long-term treatment with high levels of D-galactose (D-gal) induces brain aging by accumulated oxidative stress. In the present study, mice were subcutaneously administered with D-gal (150 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks; from the seventh week, ascorbic acid (150 mg/kg/day) was orally co-administered for four weeks. Although D-gal administration alone reduced hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive functions, co-treatment of ascorbic acid with D-gal effectively prevented D-gal-induced reduced hippocampal neurogenesis through improved cellular proliferation, neuronal differentiation, and neuronal maturation. Long-term D-gal treatment also reduced expression levels of synaptic plasticity-related markers, i.e., synaptophysin and phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, while ascorbic acid prevented the reduction in the hippocampus. Furthermore, ascorbic acid ameliorated D-gal-induced downregulation of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, sirtuin1, caveolin-1, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor and upregulation of interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in the hippocampus. Ascorbic acid-mediated hippocampal restoration from D-gal-induced impairment was associated with an enhanced hippocampus-dependent memory function. Therefore, ascorbic acid ameliorates D-gal-induced impairments through anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, and it could be an effective dietary supplement against adult brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Min Nam
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Misun Seo
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Jin-Seok Seo
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyewhon Rhim
- Center for Neuroscience, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Korea.
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
- Department of Cancer Preventive Material Development, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyeon-Joong Kim
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sun-Hye Choi
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Seung-Yeol Nah
- Ginsentology Research Laboratory and Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Huang Q, Zhong W, Hu Z, Tang X. A review of the role of cav-1 in neuropathology and neural recovery after ischemic stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:348. [PMID: 30572925 PMCID: PMC6302517 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1387-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke starts a series of pathophysiological processes that cause brain injury. Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is an integrated protein and locates at the caveolar membrane. It has been demonstrated that cav-1 can protect blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity by inhibiting matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) which degrade tight junction proteins. This article reviews recent developments in understanding the mechanisms underlying BBB dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress after ischemic stroke, and focuses on how cav-1 modulates a series of activities after ischemic stroke. In general, cav-1 reduces BBB permeability mainly by downregulating MMP9, reduces neuroinflammation through influencing cytokines and inflammatory cells, promotes nerve regeneration and angiogenesis via cav-1/VEGF pathway, reduces apoptosis, and reduces the damage mediated by oxidative stress. In addition, we also summarize some experimental results that are contrary to the above and explore possible reasons for these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangqi Tang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Renmin Road 139#, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China.
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Huang W, Fang YW, Yin Y, Tian B, Zhao W, Hou C, Ma C, Li Q, Tsymbal EY, Duan CG, Li X. Solid-State Synapse Based on Magnetoelectrically Coupled Memristor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:5649-5656. [PMID: 29368507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Brain-inspired computing architectures attempt to emulate the computations performed in the neurons and the synapses in the human brain. Memristors with continuously tunable resistances are ideal building blocks for artificial synapses. Through investigating the memristor behaviors in a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/BaTiO3/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 multiferroic tunnel junction, it was found that the ferroelectric domain dynamics characteristics are influenced by the relative magnetization alignment of the electrodes, and the interfacial spin polarization is manipulated continuously by ferroelectric domain reversal, enriching our understanding of the magnetoelectric coupling fundamentally. This creates a functionality that not only the resistance of the memristor but also the synaptic plasticity form can be further manipulated, as demonstrated by the spike-timing-dependent plasticity investigations. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to describe the obtained magnetoelectric coupling, which is probably related to the Mn-Ti intermixing at the interfaces. The multiple and controllable plasticity characteristic in a single artificial synapse, to resemble the synaptic morphological alteration property in a biological synapse, will be conducive to the development of artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichuan Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Yue-Wen Fang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuewei Yin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Bobo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wenbo Zhao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chuangming Hou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Physics, Pennsylvania State University , University Park 16802, United States
| | - Evgeny Y Tsymbal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Chun-Gang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Department of Electronic Engineering, East China Normal University , Shanghai 200241, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University , Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures , Nanjing 210093, China
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Najyb O, Do Carmo S, Alikashani A, Rassart E. Apolipoprotein D Overexpression Protects Against Kainate-Induced Neurotoxicity in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:3948-3963. [PMID: 27271124 PMCID: PMC7091089 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity due to the excessive activation of glutamatergic receptors leads to neuronal dysfunction and death. Excitotoxicity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases with distinct etiologies such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Numerous studies link apolipoprotein D (apoD), a secreted glycoprotein highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), to maintain and protect neurons in various mouse models of acute stress and neurodegeneration. Here, we used a mouse model overexpressing human apoD in neurons (H-apoD Tg) to test the neuroprotective effects of apoD in the kainic acid (KA)-lesioned hippocampus. Our results show that apoD overexpression in H-apoD Tg mice induces an increased resistance to KA-induced seizures, significantly attenuates inflammatory responses and confers protection against KA-induced cell apoptosis in the hippocampus. The apoD-mediated protection against KA-induced toxicity is imputable in part to increased plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase type 2 expression (1.7-fold), decreased N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit NR2B levels (30 %) and lipid metabolism alterations. Indeed, we demonstrate that apoD can attenuate intracellular cholesterol content in primary hippocampal neurons and in brain of H-apoD Tg mice. In addition, apoD can be internalised by neurons and this internalisation is accentuated in ageing and injury conditions. Our results provide additional mechanistic information on the apoD-mediated neuroprotection in neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Najyb
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
| | - Sonia Do Carmo
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Azadeh Alikashani
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada
| | - Eric Rassart
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Centre BioMed, Université du Québec à Montréal, Case Postale 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C-3P8, Canada.
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