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Zhang J, Quadri S, Wolfgang CL, Zheng L. New Development of Biomarkers for Gastrointestinal Cancers: From Neoplastic Cells to Tumor Microenvironment. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6030087. [PMID: 30104497 PMCID: PMC6163728 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers refer to a plethora of biological characteristics that can be quantified to facilitate cancer diagnosis, forecast the prognosis of disease, and predict a response to treatment. The identification of objective biomarkers is among the most crucial steps in the realization of individualized cancer care. Several tumor biomarkers for gastrointestinal malignancies have been applied in the clinical setting to help differentiate between cancer and other conditions, facilitate patient selection for targeted therapies, and to monitor treatment response and recurrence. With the coming of the immunotherapy age, the need for a new development of biomarkers that are indicative of the immune response to tumors are unprecedentedly urgent. Biomarkers from the tumor microenvironment, tumor genome, and signatures from liquid biopsies have been explored, but the majority have shown a limited prognostic or predictive value as single biomarkers. Nevertheless, use of multiplex biomarkers has the potential to provide a significantly increased diagnostic accuracy compared to traditional single biomarker. A comprehensive analysis of immune-biomarkers is needed to reveal the dynamic and multifaceted anti-tumor immunity and thus imply for the rational design of assays and combinational strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Zhang
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Shafat Quadri
- Merck Research Laboratory, Merck & Co., Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
| | - Christopher L Wolfgang
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Departments of Oncology and Surgery, the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, the Pancreatic Cancer Precision Medicine Center of Excellence Program, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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Chakravarti N, Prieto VG. Predictive factors of activity of anti-programmed death-1/programmed death ligand-1 drugs: immunohistochemistry analysis. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2016; 4:743-51. [PMID: 26798583 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2015.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Anti-programmed death-1 (anti-PD1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) therapeutic antibodies targeting regulatory pathways in T cells have recently shown to promising clinical effectiveness in several solid tumors by enhancing antitumor immune response. Immune checkpoint therapy has propelled therapeutic efforts opening a new field in cancer treatment. However, durable clinical response has been educed only in a fraction of patients, underlining the need to predictively select those patients most likely to respond, e.g., by detecting predictive biomarkers. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) detection of PD-L1 in tumor cells has been used in various trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents to try to select those patients most likely to respond. However, since there are different techniques and scoring systems, results have not been conclusive. Thus efforts are needed to develop standardized IHC assays as well as to explore additional biomarkers to evaluate and predict immune responses elicited by anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Chakravarti
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Holla S, Ghorpade DS, Singh V, Bansal K, Balaji KN. Mycobacterium bovis BCG promotes tumor cell survival from tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:210. [PMID: 25208737 PMCID: PMC4174669 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increased incidence of lung cancer among pulmonary tuberculosis patients suggests mycobacteria-induced tumorigenic response in the host. The alveolar epithelial cells, candidate cells that form lung adenocarcinoma, constitute a niche for mycobacterial replication and infection. We thus explored the possible mechanism of M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-assisted tumorigenicity in type II epithelial cells, human lung adenocarcinoma A549 and other cancer cells. Methods Cancer cell lines originating from lung, colon, bladder, liver, breast, skin and cervix were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in presence or absence of BCG infection. p53, COP1 and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling markers were determined by immunoblotting and luciferase assays, and quantitative real time PCR was done for p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes and SHH signaling markers. MTT assays and Annexin V staining were utilized to study apoptosis. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were used to investigate the role for SHH and COP1 signaling during apoptosis. A549 xenografted mice were used to validate the contribution of BCG during TNF-α treatment. Results Here, we show that BCG inhibits TNF-α-mediated apoptosis in A549 cells via downregulation of p53 expression. Substantiating this observation, BCG rescued A549 xenografts from TNF-α-mediated tumor clearance in nude mice. Furthermore, activation of SHH signaling by BCG induced the expression of an E3 ubiquitin ligase, COP1. SHH-driven COP1 targeted p53, thereby facilitating downregulation of p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes and inhibition of apoptosis. Similar effects of BCG could be shown for HCT116, T24, MNT-1, HepG2 and HELA cells but not for HCT116 p53-/- and MDA-MB-231 cells. Conclusion Our results not only highlight possible explanations for the coexistence of pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer but also address probable reasons for failure of BCG immunotherapy of cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-210) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Szyszka-Barth K, Ramlau K, Goździk-Spychalska J, Spychalski Ł, Bryl M, Gołda-Gocka I, Kopczyńska A, Barinow-Wojewódzki A, Ramlau R. Actual status of therapeutic vaccination in non-small cell lung cancer. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2014; 18:77-84. [PMID: 24966788 PMCID: PMC4068811 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.42724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Although treatment methods such as surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy have improved, prognosis remains unsatisfactory, and developing new therapeutic strategies is still an urgent matter. Immunotherapy is a novel therapeutic approach wherein activated immune cells can specifically kill tumour cells. Several lung cancer vaccines have demonstrated prolonged survival time in phase II and III trials, and several clinical trials are under investigation. However, many clinical trials involving cancer vaccination with defined tumour antigens have shown this method to work only in a small number of patients. Cancer immunotherapy is not completely effective in eradicating tumour cells because they evade host immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szyszka-Barth
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Goździk-Spychalska
- Department of Pulmonology, Allergology and Lung Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Łukasz Spychalski
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Maciej Bryl
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Iwona Gołda-Gocka
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Kopczyńska
- Department of Chemotherapy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Aleksander Barinow-Wojewódzki
- Adult Pulmonary-Rehabilitation Department, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
| | - Rodryg Ramlau
- Department of Clinical Oncology with the Subdepartment of Diurnal Chemotherapy, Wielkopolska Center of Pulmonology and Thoracosurgery of Eugenia and Janusz Zeyland, Poznan, Poland
- Thoracosurgery Clinic, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland
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Oji Y, Tatsumi N, Fukuda M, Nakatsuka SI, Aoyagi S, Hirata E, Nanchi I, Fujiki F, Nakajima H, Yamamoto Y, Shibata S, Nakamura M, Hasegawa K, Takagi S, Fukuda I, Hoshikawa T, Murakami Y, Mori M, Inoue M, Naka T, Tomonaga T, Shimizu Y, Nakagawa M, Hasegawa J, Nezu R, Inohara H, Izumoto S, Nonomura N, Yoshimine T, Okumura M, Morii E, Maeda H, Nishida S, Hosen N, Tsuboi A, Oka Y, Sugiyama H. The translation elongation factor eEF2 is a novel tumor‑associated antigen overexpressed in various types of cancers. Int J Oncol 2014; 44:1461-9. [PMID: 24589652 PMCID: PMC4027928 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cancer immunotherapy could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. In the present study, to identify novel tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), the proteins expressed in a panel of cancer cells were serologically screened by immunoblot analysis and the eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) was identified as an antigen that was recognized by IgG autoantibody in sera from a group of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) or colon cancer. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that serum eEF2 IgG Ab levels were significantly higher in colorectal and gastric cancer patients compared to healthy individuals. Immunohistochemistry experiments showed that the eEF2 protein was overexpressed in the majority of lung, esophageal, pancreatic, breast and prostate cancers, HNSCC, glioblastoma multiforme and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Knockdown of eEF2 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) significantly inhibited the growth in four eEF2-expressing cell lines, PC14 lung cancer, PCI6 pancreatic cancer, HT1080 fibrosarcoma and A172 glioblastoma cells, but not in eEF2-undetectable MCF7 cells. Furthermore, eEF2-derived 9-mer peptides, EF786 (eEF2 786-794 aa) and EF292 (eEF2 292-300 aa), elicited cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an HLA-A*24:02- and an HLA-A*02:01-positive healthy donor, respectively, in an HLA-A-restricted manner. These results indicated that the eEF2 gene is overexpressed in the majority of several types of cancers and plays an oncogenic role in cancer cell growth. Moreover, the eEF2 gene product is immunogenic and a promising target molecule of cancer immunotherapy for several types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Oji
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoya Tatsumi
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Fukuda
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Sayaka Aoyagi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Erika Hirata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Isamu Nanchi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Fujiki
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroko Nakajima
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Syohei Shibata
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiyo Nakamura
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kana Hasegawa
- Department of Cancer Stem Cell Biology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Takagi
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Fukuda
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoko Hoshikawa
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yui Murakami
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahide Mori
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Inoue
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Shimizu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Takarazuka City Hospital, Hyogo, Japan
| | | | | | - Riichiro Nezu
- Department of Surgery, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Inohara
- Department of Otolaryngology and Sensory Organ Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shuichi Izumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norio Nonomura
- Department of Urology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiki Yoshimine
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Meinoshin Okumura
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Maeda
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Toneyama National Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sumiyuki Nishida
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosen
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tsuboi
- Department of Cancer Immunotherapy, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Oka
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Rheumatic Diseases, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Schultheis A, Wolf J, Büttner R. [Lung cancer. Molecular pathology and personalized therapy]. Internist (Berl) 2013; 54:179-80, 182-7. [PMID: 23371257 DOI: 10.1007/s00108-012-3151-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are based on the identification of so-called driver mutations, resulting in a more personalized treatment setting. Currently about 15% of NSCLC patients benefit from improved treatment protocols based on the genetic background of the tumor. In the last few years cancer immunotherapy has returned to the center of attention and comprises a variety of treatment approaches incorporating adaptive, as well as innate immunity. Current strategies involve the use of monoclonal antitumor antibodies, cancer vaccines, adoptive transfer of ex vivo activated T and NK cells as well as the blockade of so-called immune checkpoints (immune inhibitory pathways). Especially the combination of current treatments with immunotherapy seems promising to achieve highly potent antitumor effects. However, a profound understanding of the dynamic and complex interaction between lung cancer and the host immune system and especially its immune checkpoints is the foundation to identify potential biomarkers for a personalized cancer immunotherapy approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schultheis
- Institut für Pathologie, CIO Köln Bonn, Universitätsklinikum Köln, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937, Köln.
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Wolchok JD, Hodi FS, Weber JS, Allison JP, Urba WJ, Robert C, O'Day SJ, Hoos A, Humphrey R, Berman DM, Lonberg N, Korman AJ. Development of ipilimumab: a novel immunotherapeutic approach for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1291:1-13. [PMID: 23772560 PMCID: PMC3910157 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immunotherapeutic agent ipilimumab has helped address a significant unmet need in the treatment of advanced melanoma. Ipilimumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody that targets cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4), thereby augmenting antitumor immune responses. After decades in which a number of clinical trials were conducted, ipilimumab was the first therapy to improve overall survival in a randomized, controlled phase III trial of patients with advanced melanoma. These results led to the regulatory approval of ipilimumab at 3 mg/kg for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic melanoma. More than 17,000 patients worldwide have received ipilimumab, either as a commercial drug at 3 mg/kg or in clinical trials and expanded access programs at different doses. Consistent with its proposed mechanism of action, the most common toxicities associated with ipilimumab therapy are inflammatory in nature. These immune-related adverse events were mostly reversible when effective treatment guidelines were followed. Importantly, long-term follow-up of patients who received ipilimumab in a phase III trial showed that 24% survived at least two years, and in phase II studies, a proportion of patients survived at least five years. Evaluation of ipilimumab is ongoing in the adjuvant setting for melanoma, and for advanced disease in nonsmall cell lung, small cell lung, prostate, ovarian, and gastric cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA.
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Liu J, Liu X, Cui F, Chen G, Guan Y, He J. The efficacy of the inhalation of an aerosolized Group A streptococcal preparation in the treatment of lung cancer. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 24:346-52. [PMID: 23359778 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2012.10.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the efficacy of the inhalation of an aerosolized group A streptococcal (GAS) preparation in treating orthotopic lung cancer in mouse models and assess the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of this administration mode for lung cancer. METHODS Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cell strains were administered via intrathoracic injection to establish orthotopic lung cancer mouse models. After the tumor-bearing models were successfully established, as confirmed by computed tomography, the mice were administered by inhalation with an aerosolized GAS preparation (GAS group) or aerosolized normal saline (control group). The anti-tumor effect of the aerosolized GAS preparation was evaluated histologically; meanwhile, the survival and quality of life were compared between these two groups. RESULTS The aerosolized GAS preparation showed remarkably anti-tumor effect, causing the necrosis of the orthotopic lung cancer cells in tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, mice in the GAS group had significantly better quality of life and longer survival than those in control group. CONCLUSIONS The inhalation of aerosolized GAS preparation may be a feasible, safe and effective solution for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China; ; Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease & China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou, China
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Hesker PR, Krupnick AS. The role of natural killer cells in pulmonary immunosurveillance. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:575-587. [PMID: 23277070 PMCID: PMC4413461 DOI: 10.2741/s391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally identified as lymphocytes capable of killing cancer cells without prior sensitization (1). Further characterization of these cells in both humans and rodent models has expanded their role towards a broad-based immunosurveillance of diseased and healthy peripheral tissues. Among peripheral organs, the lung contains the largest percentage of NK cells. Accordingly, NK cells are implicated in many immunological responses within the lung, including innate effector functions as well as initiation of the adaptive immune response. In this article, we review the characteristics of NK cells, current models of NK maturation and cell activation, migration of NKs to the lung, and effector functions of NKs in cancer and infection in the airways. Specific emphasis is placed on the functional significance of NKs in cancer immunosurveillance. Therapeutic modulation of NK cells appears to be a challenging but promising approach to limit cancer, inflammation, and infection in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Rose Hesker
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
| | - Alexander Sasha Krupnick
- Department of Surgery and The Alvin Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St Louis, MO
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Lin C, Song H, Huang C, Yao E, Gacayan R, Xu SM, Chuang PT. Alveolar type II cells possess the capability of initiating lung tumor development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53817. [PMID: 23285300 PMCID: PMC3527621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying cells of tumor origin is a fundamental question in tumor biology. Answers to this central question will not only advance our understanding of tumor initiation and progression but also have important therapeutic implications. In this study, we aimed to uncover the cells of origin of lung adenocarcinoma, a major subtype of non-small cell lung cancer. To this end, we developed new mouse models of lung adenocarcinoma that enabled selective manipulation of gene activity in surfactant associated protein C (SPC)-expressing cells, including alveolar type II cells and bronchioalveolar stem cells (BASCs) that reside at the bronchioalveolar duct junction (BADJ). Our findings showed that activation of oncogenic Kras alone or in combination with the removal of the tumor suppressor p53 in SPC+ cells resulted in development of alveolar tumors. Similarly, sustained EGF signaling in SPC+ cells led to alveolar tumors. By contrast, BASCs failed to proliferate or produce tumors under these conditions. Importantly, in a mouse strain in which Kras/p53 activity was selectively altered in type II cells but not BASCs, alveolar tumors developed while BADJs retained normal architecture. These results confirm and extend previous findings and support a model in which lung adenocarcinoma can initiate in alveolar type II cells. Our results establish the foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which lung cancer initiates and progresses in a specific lung cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuwen Lin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Hai Song
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Yao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rhodora Gacayan
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pao-Tien Chuang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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The therapeutic function of the chemokine RANTES on the H22 hepatoma ascites model. Mol Cell Biochem 2012; 367:93-102. [PMID: 22547199 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at analyzing the therapeutic function of the chemokine RANTES on the H22 hepatoma ascites model and preliminarily explore the mechanism of RANTES in malignant ascites to provide an important reference for applying chemokines in anti-tumor therapy. The murine H22 hepatoma ascites model was used. Three treatment groups were analyzed: a RANTES treatment group, an IL-2 control group, and an NS control group. Two regimens of early treatment and late treatment were designed, and the therapeutic effect of RANTES on malignant ascites was studied by measuring changes in mouse body weight and abdominal circumference and observing the survival time. The expression of TNF-α, IFN-γ, TGF-β1, and MCP-1 in mouse ascites was detected by ELISA, and the chemotactic function of RANTES on B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes was analyzed by flow cytometry. In the early and late treatment regimens, RANTES could effectively inhibit the increase in mouse body weight and abdominal circumference in the murine H22 hepatoma ascites model. The secretion of TNF-α and IFN-γ, which had anti-tumor effects, was higher in the RANTES treatment group than in the control groups (P < 0.05), whereas the secretion of TGF-β1 and MCP-1, which promoted tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, was lower than in the control groups (P < 0.05). RANTES had chemotactic effects on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes; therefore, the percentage of CD3, CD4, and CD8 in the mouse ascites in the RANTES treatment group was significantly higher than in the NS control and IL-2 treatment groups, and the CD4/CD8 ratio was also significantly higher. RANTES can effectively inhibit the increase in body weight and abdominal circumference and significantly extend survival time in mice in the H22 hepatoma ascites model.
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