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Kwon IS, Hwang YN, Park JH, Na HH, Kwon TH, Park JS, Kim KC. Metallothionein Family Proteins as Regulators of Zinc Ions Synergistically Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Cannabidiol in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16621. [PMID: 38068944 PMCID: PMC10705991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a chemical obtained from Cannabis sativa; it has therapeutic effects on anxiety and cognition and anti-inflammatory properties. Although pharmacological applications of CBD in many types of tumors have recently been reported, the mechanism of action of CBD is not yet fully understood. In this study, we perform an mRNA-seq analysis to identify the target genes of CBD after determining the cytotoxic concentrations of CBD using an MTT assay. CBD treatment regulated the expression of genes related to DNA repair and cell division, with metallothionein (MT) family genes being identified as having highly increased expression levels induced by CBD. It was also found that the expression levels of MT family genes were decreased in colorectal cancer tissues compared to those in normal tissues, indicating that the downregulation of MT family genes might be highly associated with colorectal tumor progression. A qPCR experiment revealed that the expression levels of MT family genes were increased by CBD. Moreover, MT family genes were regulated by CBD or crude extract but not by other cannabinoids, suggesting that the expression of MT family genes was specifically induced by CBD. A synergistic effect between CBD and MT gene transfection or zinc ion treatment was found. In conclusion, MT family genes as novel target genes could synergistically increase the anticancer activity of CBD by regulating the zinc ions in human colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seo Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea; (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.N.)
| | - Yu-Na Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea; (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.N.)
| | - Ju-Hee Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea; (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.N.)
| | - Han-Heom Na
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea; (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.N.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyung Kwon
- Chuncheon Bioindustry Foundation, Chuncheon 24232, Kangwon, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Korean Pharmacopuncture Institute, Seoul 07525, Republic of Korea;
| | - Keun-Cheol Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea; (I.-S.K.); (Y.-N.H.); (J.-H.P.); (H.-H.N.)
- Kangwon Center for System Imaging, Chuncheon 24341, Kangwon, Republic of Korea
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2
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Johnson BM, Pham TA, Young KJ, Bantis LE, Sun W, Kasi A. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Treatment Timing does not Impact Survival in Stage 4 Colon Cancer Treatment: A Retrospective Study. Kans J Med 2022; 15:273-277. [PMID: 36042840 PMCID: PMC9409940 DOI: 10.17161/kjm.vol15.15975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colon cancer impacts the lives of Kansans and those across the United States. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as panitumumab and cetuximab, have gained popularity as first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer despite their toxicities and have been used by clinicians in later lines of therapy. EGFR inhibitors have been proven to be an efficacious first-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer, but no study has investigated outcomes comparing EGFR inhibitors as first-line treatment to its use as second- or third-line treatment. This study investigated EGFR inhibitor therapy estimated overall survival when used as first-, second-, and third-line treatment for stage 4 colon cancer. Methods A retrospective review was done for patients with stage 4 colon cancer who underwent EGFR inhibitor treatment at a large academic center from November 2007 to August 2021. The patients were stratified into five groups by the line in which they received the EGFR inhibitor treatment. A log-rank test was used to analyze the groups, and the median survival for each group was determined. Results A total of 68 patients were reviewed; 18 received first-line, 23 received second-line, 18 received third-line, 6 received fourth-line, and 3 received sixth-line treatment with an EGFR inhibitor. Fourth- and sixth-line therapies were excluded due to small patient size. There was no significant difference in estimated survival time between any of the lines. Median survival of the therapies was found. Conclusions There was no statistical difference in survival between the first-, second-, or third-line groups, which may provide justification for its use as a second- or third-line therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braden M Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Tony A Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Kate J Young
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Leonidas E Bantis
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Weijing Sun
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anup Kasi
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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3
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Wei PL, Lin JC, Hung CS, Makondi PT, Batzorig U, Chang TC, Huang CY, Chang YJ. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) suppresses CRC proliferation and metastasis through abolished EGF/EGFR signaling pathway. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:34-46. [PMID: 34975297 PMCID: PMC8692109 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.64850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased significantly in the past decade. Early diagnosis and new therapeutics are still urgently needed for CRC in clinical practice. Human α-defensin 6 (HD6) plays a defense role against microbes in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the role and mechanism of HD6 in CRC is still unresolved. Specimens from CRC patients with higher HD6 showed better outcomes. Overexpressed HD6 in CRC cells caused a reduction of cell proliferative, migratory, and invasive ability in vitro and in vivo. HD6-overexpressed caused S phase arrest through changes in cyclin-A and B and CDK2 levels. In addition, serpine-1 may be negatively regulated by HD6 altering the translocation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK), and p38. Higher HD6 and lower serpine-1 levels in CRC patients reflected better outcomes. Finally, we found that HD6 interacts directly with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) by co-immunoprecipitated assay. EGF treatment caused an increase of the level of serpine-1 and pEGFR levels and then increased growth activity in HD6 overexpressing cells. Together, our study shows that HD6 may compete with EGF to bind to EGFR and interrupt cancer progression in CRC. We believe these findings may give new insights for HD6 in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cancer Research Center and Translational Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Chun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Hung
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Uyanga Batzorig
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Cheng Chang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Yu Huang
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jia Chang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Effect of Cetuximab-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticles on the Cytotoxicity and Phenotypic Evolution of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030567. [PMID: 33499047 PMCID: PMC7865832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is estimated to be overexpressed in 60~80% of colorectal cancer (CRC), which is associated with a poor prognosis. Anti-EGFR targeted monoclonal antibodies (cetuximab and panitumumab) have played an important role in the treatment of metastatic CRC. However, the therapeutic response of anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies is limited due to multiple resistance mechanisms. With the discovery of new functions for gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), we hypothesize that cetuximab-conjugated AuNPs (cetuximab-AuNPs) will not only improve the cytotoxicity for cancer cells, but also introduce expression change of the related biomarkers on cancer cell surface. In this contribution, we investigated the size-dependent cytotoxicity of cetuximab-AuNPs to CRC cell line (HT-29), while also monitored the expression of cell surface biomarkers in response to treatment with cetuximab and cetuximab-AuNPs. AuNPs with the size of 60 nm showed the highest impact for cell cytotoxicity, which was tested by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Three cell surface biomarkers including epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-3 (HER-3) were found to be expressed at higher heterogeneity when cetuximab was conjugated to AuNPs. Both surface-enhanced Raman scattering/spectroscopy (SERS) and flow cytometry demonstrated the correlation of cell surface biomarkers in response to the drug treatment. We thus believe this study provides powerful potential for drug-conjugated AuNPs to enhance cancer prognosis and therapy.
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5
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Pavlenko E, Cabron AS, Arnold P, Dobert JP, Rose-John S, Zunke F. Functional Characterization of Colon Cancer-Associated Mutations in ADAM17: Modifications in the Pro-Domain Interfere with Trafficking and Maturation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092198. [PMID: 31060243 PMCID: PMC6539446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies in the Western world and is associated with elevated expression and activity of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGF-R). The metalloproteinase ADAM17 is involved in EGF-R activation by processing EGF-R ligands from membrane-bound pro-ligands. Underlining the link between colon cancer and ADAM17, genetic intestinal cancer models in ADAM17-deficient mice show a reduced tumor burden. In this study, we characterize point mutations within the ADAM17 gene found in the tissue of colon cancer patients. In order to shed light on the role of ADAM17 in cancer development, as well as into the mechanisms that regulate maturation and cellular trafficking of ADAM17, we here perform overexpression studies of four ADAM17 variants located in the pro-, membrane-proximal- and cytoplasmic-domain of the ADAM17 protein in ADAM10/17-deficient HEK cells. Interestingly, we found a cancer-associated point mutation within the pro-domain of ADAM17 (R177C) to be most impaired in its proteolytic activity and trafficking to the cell membrane. By comparing this variant to an ADAM17 construct lacking the entire pro-domain, we discovered similar functional limitations and propose a crucial role of the pro-domain for ADAM17 maturation, cellular trafficking and thus proteolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egor Pavlenko
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Cabron
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Jan Philipp Dobert
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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6
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Atkinson CJ, Kawamata F, Liu C, Ham S, Győrffy B, Munn AL, Wei MQ, Möller A, Whitehall V, Wiegmans AP. EGFR and Prion protein promote signaling via FOXO3a-KLF5 resulting in clinical resistance to platinum agents in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:725-737. [PMID: 30478887 PMCID: PMC6441932 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) supports colorectal cancer progression via oncogenic signaling. Anti-EGFR therapy is being investigated as a clinical option for colorectal cancer, and an observed interaction between EGFR and Prion protein has been detected in neuronal cells. We hypothesized that PrPC expression levels may regulate EGFR signaling and that detailed understanding of this signaling pathway may enable identification of resistance mechanisms and new actionable targets in colorectal cancer. We performed molecular pathway analysis following knockdown of PrPC or inhibition of EGFR signaling via gefitinib to identify changes in expression of key signaling proteins that determine cellular sensitivity or resistance to cisplatin. Expression of these proteins was examined in matched primary and metastatic patient samples and was correlated for resistance to therapy and progression of disease. Utilizing three colorectal cancer cell lines, we observed a correlation between high expression of PrPC and resistance to cisplatin. Investigation of molecular signaling in a resistant cell line revealed that PrPC contributed to signaling via colocalization with EGFR, which could be overcome by targeting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK). We revealed that the level of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5), a target downstream of p38 MAPK, was predictive for cell line and patient response to platinum agents. Further, high KLF5 expression was observed in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer. Our study indicates that the EGFR to KLF5 pathway is predictive of patient progression on platinum-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Atkinson
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Futoshi Kawamata
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.,Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Sunyoung Ham
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Alan L Munn
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Ming Q Wei
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Andreas Möller
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Vicki Whitehall
- Conjoint Gastroenterology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Adrian P Wiegmans
- Tumour Microenvironment Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
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7
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Zhao X, May A, Lou E, Subramanian S. Genotypic and phenotypic signatures to predict immune checkpoint blockade therapy response in patients with colorectal cancer. Transl Res 2018; 196. [PMID: 29518351 PMCID: PMC5949270 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade therapy (ICBT) has resulted in extended overall survival for some patients with certain types of cancer, most prominently including colorectal cancer (CRC) associated with microsatellite instability (MSI). However, most patients with CRC whose phenotypes have microsatellite stability (MSS) are unresponsive to ICBT. In efforts to understand the responsiveness of CRC tumors to ICBT, genotypic and phenotypic signatures of CRC tumors are now being investigated. The MSI and MSS classification has been clinically validated as helpful in predicting response vs nonresponse to ICBT in patients with CRC. Other potential predictive markers include mutational and neoantigen loads, T-cell receptor diversity, and the immune score system, all of which have mechanistic connections to ICBT response. These novel predictive signatures could provide unprecedented insights into patients with CRC associated with MSS. Clinical trials or prospective cohort studies using standardized methodologies for biomarker quantification should be illuminating. Further validation of these novel predictive signatures will be essential to tailoring treatment of patients whose CRC is most likely to respond to ICBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianda Zhao
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Audre May
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Emil Lou
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Subbaya Subramanian
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
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8
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Schmidt S, Schumacher N, Schwarz J, Tangermann S, Kenner L, Schlederer M, Sibilia M, Linder M, Altendorf-Hofmann A, Knösel T, Gruber ES, Oberhuber G, Bolik J, Rehman A, Sinha A, Lokau J, Arnold P, Cabron AS, Zunke F, Becker-Pauly C, Preaudet A, Nguyen P, Huynh J, Afshar-Sterle S, Chand AL, Westermann J, Dempsey PJ, Garbers C, Schmidt-Arras D, Rosenstiel P, Putoczki T, Ernst M, Rose-John S. ADAM17 is required for EGF-R-induced intestinal tumors via IL-6 trans-signaling. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1205-1225. [PMID: 29472497 PMCID: PMC5881468 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schmidt et al. show that loss of the membrane-bound metalloprotease ADAM17 led to impaired intestinal cancer development in the murine APCmin/+ model, which also depended on IL-6 trans-signaling via the soluble IL-6R and could be blocked by the specific IL-6 trans-signaling inhibitor sgp130Fc. Colorectal cancer is treated with antibodies blocking epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), but therapeutic success is limited. EGF-R is stimulated by soluble ligands, which are derived from transmembrane precursors by ADAM17-mediated proteolytic cleavage. In mouse intestinal cancer models in the absence of ADAM17, tumorigenesis was almost completely inhibited, and the few remaining tumors were of low-grade dysplasia. RNA sequencing analysis demonstrated down-regulation of STAT3 and Wnt pathway components. Because EGF-R on myeloid cells, but not on intestinal epithelial cells, is required for intestinal cancer and because IL-6 is induced via EGF-R stimulation, we analyzed the role of IL-6 signaling. Tumor formation was equally impaired in IL-6−/− mice and sgp130Fc transgenic mice, in which only trans-signaling via soluble IL-6R is abrogated. ADAM17 is needed for EGF-R–mediated induction of IL-6 synthesis, which via IL-6 trans-signaling induces β-catenin–dependent tumorigenesis. Our data reveal the possibility of a novel strategy for treatment of colorectal cancer that could circumvent intrinsic and acquired resistance to EGF-R blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmidt
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Neele Schumacher
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeanette Schwarz
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simone Tangermann
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Unit of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Schlederer
- Department of Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Linder
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Knösel
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth S Gruber
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Surgery and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Oberhuber
- Department of Experimental and Laboratory Animal Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Bolik
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ateequr Rehman
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anupam Sinha
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philipp Arnold
- Anatomisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Cabron
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Friederike Zunke
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Adele Preaudet
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Nguyen
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Peter J Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dirk Schmidt-Arras
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tracy Putoczki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute and La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts Universität Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Multipoint Kras oncogene mutations potentially indicate mucinous carcinoma on the entire spectrum of mucinous ovarian neoplasms. Oncotarget 2018; 7:82097-82103. [PMID: 27888800 PMCID: PMC5347677 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Kras mutation is a common phenomenon in many human neoplasms. We aimed to assess the Kras mutational status along the histological continuum from normal ovaries to the development of benign, borderline and malignant ovarian mucinous neoplasms. We analyzed 41 cases of malignant, 10 cases of borderline, 7 cases of benign mucinous ovarian tumors and 7 cases of normal ovarian tissue. The prevalence of Kras mutations in the normal ovary was 0.00% (n=0/7), while the prevalence in benign, borderline and malignant mucinous neoplasms was 57.14% (n=4/7), 90.00% (n=9/10) and 75.61% (n=31/41), respectively. Multiple Kras mutations were detected in 6 cases of mucinous carcinoma, including 5 double mutations with G13D/V14I (n=1), G12V/G13S (n=1), G12D/G13S (n=3) and one triple mutation with A11V/G13N/V14I (n=1). We identified six cases with 3 novel Kras mutations not previously described in the COSMIC database, which included A11V (n=3) and V14I (n=2) in mucinous carcinomas, and A11T (n=1) in a mucinous borderline tumor. In conclusion, Kras mutation appears to be one of the imperative events in the ovarian mucinous adenoma–borderline tumor–carcinoma sequence, as increased numbers of Kras mutations have been shown to be the strongest predictor of unequivocal malignancy in ovarian mucinous neoplasms.
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10
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Srivatsa S, Paul MC, Cardone C, Holcmann M, Amberg N, Pathria P, Diamanti MA, Linder M, Timelthaler G, Dienes HP, Kenner L, Wrba F, Prager GW, Rose-John S, Eferl R, Liguori G, Botti G, Martinelli E, Greten FR, Ciardiello F, Sibilia M. EGFR in Tumor-Associated Myeloid Cells Promotes Development of Colorectal Cancer in Mice and Associates With Outcomes of Patients. Gastroenterology 2017; 153:178-190.e10. [PMID: 28400195 PMCID: PMC5766132 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are the first-line therapy for patients with metastatic colorectal tumors without RAS mutations. However, EGFR inhibitors are ineffective in these patients, and tumor level of EGFR does not associate with response to therapy. We screened human colorectal tumors for EGFR-positive myeloid cells and investigated their association with patient outcome. We also performed studies in mice to evaluate how EGFR expression in tumor cells and myeloid cells contributes to development of colitis-associated cancer and ApcMin-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent analyses of 116 colorectal tumor biopsies to determine levels of EGFR in tumor and stroma; we also collected information on tumor stage and patient features and outcomes. We used the Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests to correlate tumor levels of EGFR with tumor stage, and the Kaplan-Meier method to estimate patients' median survival time. We performed experiments in mice lacking EGFR in intestinal epithelial cells (Villin-Cre; Egfrf/f and Villin-CreERT2; Egfrf/f mice) or myeloid cells (LysM-Cre; Egfrf/f mice) on a mixed background. These mice were bred with ApcMin/+ mice; colitis-associated cancer and colitis were induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS), with or without azoxymethane (AOM), respectively. Villin-CreERT2 was activated in developed tumors by administration of tamoxifen to mice. Littermates that expressed full-length EGFR were used as controls. Intestinal tissues were collected; severity of colitis, numbers and size of tumors, and intestinal barrier integrity were assessed by histologic, immunohistochemical, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry analyses. RESULTS We detected EGFR in myeloid cells in the stroma of human colorectal tumors; myeloid cell expression of EGFR associated with tumor metastasis and shorter patient survival time. Mice with deletion of EGFR from myeloid cells formed significantly fewer and smaller tumors than the respective EGFR-expressing controls in an ApcMin/+ background as well as after administration of AOM and DSS. Deletion of EGFR from intestinal epithelial cells did not affect tumor growth. Furthermore, tamoxifen-induced deletion of EGFR from epithelial cells of established intestinal tumors in mice given AOM and DSS did not reduce tumor size. EGFR signaling in myeloid cells promoted activation of STAT3 and expression of survivin in intestinal tumor cells. Mice with deletion of EGFR from myeloid cells developed more severe colitis after DSS administration, characterized by increased intestinal inflammation and intestinal barrier disruption, than control mice or mice with deletion of EGFR from intestinal epithelial cells. EGFR-deficient myeloid cells in the colon of DSS-treated LysM-Cre; Egfrf/f mice had reduced expression of interleukin 6 (IL6), and epithelial STAT3 activation was reduced compared with controls. Administration of recombinant IL6 to LysM-Cre; Egfrf/f mice given DSS protected them from weight loss and restored epithelial proliferation and STAT3 activation, compared with administration of DSS alone to these mice. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of EGFR in myeloid cells from the colorectal tumor stroma associates with tumor progression and reduced survival time of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Deletion of EGFR from myeloid cells, but not intestinal epithelial cells, protects mice from colitis-induced intestinal cancer and ApcMin-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis. Myeloid cell expression of EGFR increases activation of STAT3 and expression of survivin in intestinal epithelial cells and expression of IL6 in colon tissues. These findings indicate that expression of EGFR by myeloid cells of the colorectal tumor stroma, rather than the cancer cells themselves, contributes to tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriram Srivatsa
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mariel C Paul
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Cardone
- Università degli Studi della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Holcmann
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Amberg
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulina Pathria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela A Diamanti
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Markus Linder
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Timelthaler
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans P Dienes
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research LBI-CR, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Animal Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Wrba
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald W Prager
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Medical Faculty, Olshausenstraße 40, Kiel, Germany
| | - Robert Eferl
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale Foundation, Via M Semmola, Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute, G. Pascale Foundation, Via M Semmola, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Università degli Studi della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Florian R Greten
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, Frankfurt, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Università degli Studi della Campania L. Vanvitelli, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Via Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Lubner SJ, Uboha NV, Deming DA. Primary and acquired resistance to biologic therapies in gastrointestinal cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 2017; 8:499-512. [PMID: 28736637 PMCID: PMC5506279 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.01.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Improvements in the understanding of cancer biology have led to therapeutic advances in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. Drugs which target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathways have led the way in colon cancer. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as bevacizumab, ramucirumab, cetuximab, and panitumumab, have improved progression free survival and overall survival (OS) for colorectal cancers and were quickly adopted. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) has demonstrated significant benefit for gastroesophageal cancers and in the setting of HER2 amplification, trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy has become the standard of care. However, responses have not been as durable nor as robust as once hoped. Mechanisms of resistance for each of these biologic compounds have been hypothesized and are in the process of being better elucidated. This review will approach the innate and acquired mechanisms of resistance of the above compounds. Additionally, we will explore some ongoing clinical trials to capitalize on the mechanisms of resistance in the hopes of retaining the promise of targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam J Lubner
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Nataliya V Uboha
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
| | - Dustin A Deming
- Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Section, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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12
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Liu Y, Meucci S, Sheng L, Keilholz U. Meta-analysis of the mutational status of circulation tumor cells and paired primary tumor tissues from colorectal cancer patients. Oncotarget 2017; 8:77928-77941. [PMID: 29100436 PMCID: PMC5652825 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As predictive markers for anti-EGFR therapy, KRAS and BRAF mutations are routinely detected in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, but seldom in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). Detecting mutations in CTCs could help explain mutational differences between tumor cells at local sites and distant metastases, thereby improving treatment outcomes. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare KRAS and BRAF mutations in paired CTCs and primary tumors from CRC patients, to detect any possible discordance. A total of 244 CRC patients from nine studies were included. Our subgroup meta-analysis demonstrated that the total odds ratio for mutations in CTCs was only 55% of that in primary tumors in the stage IV subgroup. We also found low heterogeneity among studies and differences in mutations between CTCs and primary tumors in the stage IV subgroup (I2 = 0%, P = 0.01). We observed a higher frequency of KRAS mutations in CTCs than in primary tumors at early stages (I + II), a similar frequency in stage III, and a lower frequency in stage IV. There were also differences among the Epcam-targeted CTC enrichment, PCR-based mutation profiling, and ≥ 3 CTCs enriched (I2 = 0%, P = 0.03) subgroups. These finding indicate mutational discordance between CTCs and primary CRCs, particularly in the stage IV and KRAS subgroups. We suggest large-sample studies stratified by clinical stage and KRAS subtype are urgently warranted to accurately evaluate mutational variations in CTCs compared to primary and metastatic CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Surgical Department of Colorectal Cancer, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Labor AG Keilholz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Meucci
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Labor AG Keilholz, Berlin, Germany
| | - Liming Sheng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ulrich Keilholz
- Charité Comprehensive Cancer Center, Labor AG Keilholz, Berlin, Germany
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13
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78495111110.3390/cancers9050052" />
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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14
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Wee P, Wang Z. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Cell Proliferation Signaling Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9050052. [PMID: 28513565 PMCID: PMC5447962 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9050052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 966] [Impact Index Per Article: 138.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is commonly upregulated in cancers such as in non-small-cell lung cancer, metastatic colorectal cancer, glioblastoma, head and neck cancer, pancreatic cancer, and breast cancer. Various mechanisms mediate the upregulation of EGFR activity, including common mutations and truncations to its extracellular domain, such as in the EGFRvIII truncations, as well as to its kinase domain, such as the L858R and T790M mutations, or the exon 19 truncation. These EGFR aberrations over-activate downstream pro-oncogenic signaling pathways, including the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK MAPK and AKT-PI3K-mTOR pathways. These pathways then activate many biological outputs that are beneficial to cancer cell proliferation, including their chronic initiation and progression through the cell cycle. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms that regulate EGFR signal transduction, including the EGFR structure and its mutations, ligand binding and EGFR dimerization, as well as the signaling pathways that lead to G1 cell cycle progression. We focus on the induction of CYCLIN D expression, CDK4/6 activation, and the repression of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor proteins (CDKi) by EGFR signaling pathways. We also discuss the successes and challenges of EGFR-targeted therapies, and the potential for their use in combination with CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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15
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De Rosa M, Rega D, Costabile V, Duraturo F, Niglio A, Izzo P, Pace U, Delrio P. The biological complexity of colorectal cancer: insights into biomarkers for early detection and personalized care. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:861-886. [PMID: 27803741 PMCID: PMC5076770 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16659790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer has been ranked the third and second most prevalent of all cancers in men and women, respectively, and it represents the fourth most common cause of cancer deaths. In 2012, there were 1.4 million estimated cases of colorectal cancer worldwide, and 700,000 estimated deaths, which implies significant impact on public health, especially in economically-developed countries. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of tumors, although this has been accompanied by decreased mortality, due to more appropriate and available information, earlier diagnosis, and improvements in treatment. Colorectal cancers are characterized by great genotypic and phenotypic heterogeneity, including tumor microenvironment and interactions between healthy and cancer cells. All of these traits confer a unique peculiarity to each tumor, which can thus be considered as an individual disease. Well conducted molecular and clinical characterization of each colorectal cancer is essential with a view to the implementation of precision oncology, and thus personalized care. This last aims at standardization of therapeutic plans chosen according to the genetic background of each specific neoplasm, to increase overall survival and reduce treatment side effects. Thus, prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers assume a critical role in the characterization of colorectal cancer and in the determination of the most appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Rega
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Costabile
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Duraturo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonello Niglio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples ‘Federico II ’, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ugo Pace
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Delrio
- Colorectal Surgical Oncology-Abdominal Oncology Department, Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale’ IRCCS, I-80131 Naples, Italy
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16
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Holcmann M, Sibilia M. Mechanisms underlying skin disorders induced by EGFR inhibitors. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e1004969. [PMID: 27308503 PMCID: PMC4905346 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1004969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that is frequently mutated or overexpressed in a large number of tumors such as carcinomas or glioblastoma. Inhibitors of EGFR activation have been successfully established for the therapy of some cancers and are more and more frequently being used as first or later line therapies. Although the side effects induced by inhibitors of EGFR are less severe than those observed with classic cytotoxic chemotherapy and can usually be handled by out-patient care, they may still be a cause for dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment that can reduce the effectiveness of antitumor therapy. The mechanisms underlying these cutaneous side effects are only partly understood. Important questions, such as the reasons for the correlation between the intensity of the side effects and the efficiency of treatment with EGFR inhibitors, remain to be answered. Optimized adjuvant strategies to accompany anti-EGFR therapy need to be found for optimal therapeutic application and improved quality of life of patients. Here, we summarize current literature on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the cutaneous side effects induced by EGFR inhibitors and provide evidence that keratinocytes are probably the optimal targets for adjuvant therapy aimed at alleviating skin toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Holcmann
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Sibilia
- Institute of Cancer Research; Department of Medicine I; Medical University of Vienna; Comprehensive Cancer Center ; Vienna, Austria
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17
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Raskov H, Pommergaard HC, Burcharth J, Rosenberg J. Colorectal carcinogenesis-update and perspectives. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:18151-18164. [PMID: 25561783 PMCID: PMC4277953 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i48.18151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a very common malignancy in the Western World and despite advances in surgery, chemotherapy and screening, it is still the second leading cause of cancer deaths in this part of the world. Numerous factors are found important in the development of CRC including colonocyte metbolism, high risk luminal environment, inflammation, as well as lifestyle factors such as diet, tobacco, and alchohol consumption. In recent years focus has turned towards the genetics and molecular biology of CRC and several interesting and promising correlations and pathways have been discovered. The major genetic pathways of CRC are the Chromosome Instability Pathway representing the pathway of sporadic CRC through the K-ras, APC, and P53 mutations, and the Microsatellite Instability Pathway representing the pathway of hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer through mutations in mismatch repair genes. To identify early cancers, screening programs have been initiated, and the leading strategy has been the use of faecal occult blood testing followed by colonoscopy in positive cases. Regarding the treatment of colorectal cancer, significant advances have been made in the recent decade. The molecular targets of CRC include at least two important cell surface receptors: the epidermal growth factor receptor and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor. The genetic and molecular knowledge of CRC has widen the scientific and clinical perspectives of diagnosing and treatment. However, despite significant advances in the understanding and treatment of CRC, results from targeted therapy are still not convincing. Future studies will determine the role for this new treatment modality.
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18
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Lou YF, Zou ZZ, Chen PJ, Huang GB, Li B, Zheng DQ, Yu XR, Luo XY. Combination of gefitinib and DNA methylation inhibitor decitabine exerts synergistic anti-cancer activity in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97719. [PMID: 24874286 PMCID: PMC4038521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the treatment of human colon cancer, the chemotherapy efficacy against colon cancer is still unsatisfactory. In the present study, effects of concomitant inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and DNA methyltransferase were examined in human colon cancer cells. We demonstrated that decitabine (a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor) synergized with gefitinib (an EGFR inhibitor) to reduce cell viability and colony formation in SW1116 and LOVO cells. However, the combination of the two compounds displayed minimal toxicity to NCM460 cells, a normal human colon mucosal epithelial cell line. The combination was also more effective at inhibiting the AKT/mTOR/S6 kinase pathway. In addition, the combination of decitabine with gefitinib markedly inhibited colon cancer cell migration. Furthermore, gefitinib synergistically enhanced decitabine-induced cytotoxicity was primarily due to apoptosis as shown by Annexin V labeling that was attenuated by z-VAD-fmk, a pan caspase inhibitor. Concomitantly, cell apoptosis resulting from the co-treatment of gefitinib and decitabine was accompanied by induction of BAX, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP, along with reduction of Bcl-2 compared to treatment with either drug alone. Interestingly, combined treatment with these two drugs increased the expression of XIAP-associated factor 1 (XAF1) which play an important role in cell apoptosis. Moreover, small interfering RNA (siRNA) depletion of XAF1 significantly attenuated colon cancer cells apoptosis induced by the combination of the two drugs. Our findings suggested that gefitinib in combination with decitabine exerted enhanced cell apoptosis in colon cancer cells were involved in mitochondrial-mediated pathway and induction of XAF1 expression. In conclusion, based on the observations from our study, we suggested that the combined administration of these two drugs might be considered as a novel therapeutic regimen for treating colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-feng Lou
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Zheng-zhi Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pin-jia Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Guo-bin Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Donghua Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - De-qing Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Donghua Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiu-rong Yu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
| | - Xiao-yong Luo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Luoyang Central Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Luoyang, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Fakih M. Targeted therapies in colorectal cancer: the dos, don'ts, and future directions. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:239-44. [PMID: 23997936 PMCID: PMC3712299 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Fakih
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1500 E Duarte St, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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