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Golzari-Sorkheh M, Liyanage I, Reed MA, Weaver DF. Alzheimer's Disease and COVID-19 Pathogenic Overlap: Implications for Drug Repurposing. Can J Neurol Sci 2024; 51:161-172. [PMID: 36991574 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2023.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 continues, a safe, cost-effective treatment strategy demands continued inquiry. Chronic neuroinflammatory disorders may appear to be of little relevance in this regard; often indolent and progressive disorders characterized by neuroinflammation (such as Alzheimer's disease (AD)) are fundamentally dissimilar in etiology and symptomology to COVID-19's rapid infectivity and pathology. However, the two disorders share extensive pathognomonic features, including at membrane, cytoplasmic, and extracellular levels, culminating in analogous immunogenic destruction of their respective organ parenchyma. We hypothesize that these mechanistic similarities may extent to therapeutic targets, namely that it is conceivable an agent against AD's immunopathy may have efficacy against COVID-19 and vice versa. It is notable that while extensively investigated, no agent has yet demonstrated significant therapeutic efficacy against AD's cognitive and memory declines. Yet this very failure has driven the development of numerous agents with strong mechanistic potential and clinical characteristics. Having already approved for clinical trials, these agents may be an expedient starting point in the urgent search for an effective COVID-19 therapy. Herein, we review the overlapping Alzheimer's/ COVID-19 targets and theorize several initial platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Imindu Liyanage
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark A Reed
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Hiremath J, Renu S, Tabynov K, Renukaradhya GJ. Pulmonary inflammatory response to influenza virus infection in pigs is regulated by DAP12 and macrophage M1 and M2 phenotypes. Cell Immunol 2020; 352:104078. [PMID: 32164997 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We delineated the expression of DAP12 (DNAX-Activating Protein) and its associated receptors, TREM-1, TREM-2 and MDL-1 in pig alveolar monocyte/macrophages (AMM) that have attained M1 or M2 phenotypes. Pig AMM stimulated in vitro with IFN-γ and IL-4 induced the expression of M1 (TNFα and iNOS) and M2 (ARG1 and no MMR) phenotypic markers, respectively. In influenza virus infected pigs at seven days post-infection, in addition to substantial modulations in the M1 and M2 markers expression, DAP12, TREM-1 and MDL-1 were downregulated in AMM. Thus, DAP12 signaling promoted the anti-inflammatory pathway in AMM of influenza virus infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA; ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sankar Renu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kaissar Tabynov
- Kazakh National Agrarian University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan and Research Institute of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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Awogbindin IO, Olaleye DO, Farombi EO. Mechanistic perspective of the oxido-immunopathologic resolution property of kolaviron in mice influenza pneumonitis. APMIS 2017; 125:184-196. [PMID: 28116826 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Implicated in influenza-associated pathology are innate defence overzealousness and unabated secretion of oxidative tissue-sensitive antimicrobial agents. At different time points, mice were pre-treated with kolaviron (400 mg/kg), a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and subsequently challenged with 2 LD50 influenza A/H3N2/Perth/16/09 virus. After euthanasia at day 6, blood, lungs, liver and spleen were collected and processed for biochemical, immunohistochemical and flow cytometric assessment of redo-inflammatory imbalance, cytokine storm indices and T helper 1 host response. Previously kolaviron was reported to delay mortality onset, improve morbidity and attenuate myeloperoxidase activity and nitric oxide production with minimal impact on viral clearance. This study additionally confirmed nitric oxide, but not hydrogen peroxide, as the major culprit implicated in influenza virus-induced oxido-pathology. Systemic effect of the sustained inflammation and nitrosative stress was more prominent in the spleen and lung than in the liver of mice infected with A/H3N2/Perth/16/09. Influential to immunopathology was heightened pulmonary expression of IL-1β, RANTES, IL-10, MCP-1, NF-κB, iNOS and COX-2. However, kolaviron combated the influenza-established nitrative stress, reversed the elicited cytokine storm and restored the oxidized environment to a reductive milieu. Our data also suggest that kolaviron administration early in infection may foster CD4+ response. These data indicate that kolaviron may confer disease-dwindling properties during acute influenza infection via a system-wide protective approach involving multiple targets especially at the early stage of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David O Olaleye
- Department of Virology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
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Lee WWL, Teo TH, Lum FM, Andiappan AK, Amrun SN, Rénia L, Rötzschke O, Ng LFP. Virus infection drives IL-2 antibody complexes into pro-inflammatory agonists in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37603. [PMID: 27886209 PMCID: PMC5122839 DOI: 10.1038/srep37603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of IL-2/JES6-1 Ab complex (IL-2 Ab Cx) has been considered as a potential therapeutic for inflammatory diseases due to its selective expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in mice. Here, IL-2 Ab Cx was explored as a therapeutic agent to reduce joint inflammation induced by chikungunya virus, an alphavirus causing debilitating joint disease globally. Virus-infected mice treated with IL-2 Ab Cx exhibited exacerbated joint inflammation due to infiltration of highly activated CD4+ effector T cells (Teffs). Virus infection led to upregulation of CD25 on the Teffs, rendering them sensitive towards IL2 Ab Cx. Ready responsiveness of Teffs to IL-2 was further demonstrated in healthy human donors, suggesting that the use of IL-2 Ab Cx in humans is not suitable. Changes in IL-2 sensitivity during active virus infection could change the responsive pattern towards the IL-2 Ab Cx, resulting in the expansion of pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy W L Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Teck-Hui Teo
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Fok-Moon Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Anand K Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Siti Naqiah Amrun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rötzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore (A*STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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Tavares LP, Teixeira MM, Garcia CC. The inflammatory response triggered by Influenza virus: a two edged sword. Inflamm Res 2016; 66:283-302. [PMID: 27744631 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-016-0996-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a relevant respiratory tract pathogen leading to a great number of deaths and hospitalizations worldwide. Secondary bacterial infections are a very common cause of IAV associated morbidity and mortality. The robust inflammatory response that follows infection is important for the control of virus proliferation but is also associated with lung damage, morbidity and death. The role of the different components of immune response underlying protection or disease during IAV infection is not completely elucidated. Overall, in the context of IAV infection, inflammation is a 'double edge sword' necessary to control infection but causing disease. Therefore, a growing number of studies suggest that immunomodulatory strategies may improve disease outcome without affecting the ability of the host to deal with infection. This review summarizes recent aspects of the inflammatory responses triggered by IAV that are preferentially involved in causing severe pulmonary disease and the anti-inflammatory strategies that have been suggested to treat influenza induced immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristiana C Garcia
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios e do Sarampo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Avenida Brasil, 4365, 21040360, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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DAP12 Inhibits Pulmonary Immune Responses to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 2016; 84:1879-86. [PMID: 27068093 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00222-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that is inhaled into the lungs and can lead to life-threatening meningoencephalitis in immunocompromised patients. Currently, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the mammalian immune response to respiratory cryptococcal challenge remain poorly defined. DAP12, a signaling adapter for multiple pattern recognition receptors in myeloid and natural killer (NK) cells, has been shown to play both activating and inhibitory roles during lung infections by different bacteria and fungi. In this study, we demonstrate that DAP12 plays an important inhibitory role in the immune response to C. neoformans Infectious outcomes in DAP12(-/-) mice, including survival and lung fungal burden, are significantly improved compared to those in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice. We find that eosinophils and macrophages are decreased while NK cells are increased in the lungs of infected DAP12(-/-) mice. In contrast to WT NK cells, DAP12(-/-) NK cells are able to repress C. neoformans growth in vitro Additionally, DAP12(-/-) macrophages are more highly activated than WT macrophages, with increased production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and CCL5/RANTES and more efficient uptake and killing of C. neoformans These findings suggest that DAP12 acts as a brake on the pulmonary immune response to C. neoformans by promoting pulmonary eosinophilia and by inhibiting the activation and antifungal activities of effector cells, including NK cells and macrophages.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common causative organism in community-acquired pneumonia responsible for millions of deaths every year. DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa is an adaptor molecule for different myeloid expressed receptors involved in innate immunity. DESIGN Animal study. SETTING University research laboratory. SUBJECTS DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa-deficient (dap12) and wild-type mice. INTERVENTIONS Mice were intranasally infected with S. pneumoniae. In addition, ex vivo responsiveness of alveolar macrophages was examined. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS dap12 alveolar macrophages released more tumor necrosis factor-α upon stimulation with S. pneumoniae and displayed increased phagocytosis of this pathogen compared with wild-type cells. After infection with S. pneumoniae via the airways, dap12 mice demonstrated reduced bacterial outgrowth in the lungs together with delayed dissemination to distant body sites relative to wild-type mice. This favorable response in dap12 mice was accompanied by reduced lung inflammation and an improved survival. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa impairs host defense during pneumococcal pneumonia at the primary site of infection at least in part by inhibiting phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages.
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Pulmonary M. tuberculosis infection delays Th1 immunity via immunoadaptor DAP12-regulated IRAK-M and IL-10 expression in antigen-presenting cells. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:670-83. [PMID: 24172845 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of mycobacteria with the host leads to retarded expression of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immunity in the lung. However, the immune mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using in vivo and in vitro models of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection, we find the immunoadaptor DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to be critically involved in this process. Upon infection of APCs, DAP12 is required for IRAK-M (interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase M) expression, which in turn induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) and an immune-suppressed phenotype of APCs, thus leading to suppressed Th1 cell activation. Lack of DAP12 reduces APC IL-10 production and increases their Th1 cell-activating capability, resulting in expedited Th1 responses and enhanced protection. On the other hand, adoptively transferred DAP12-competent APCs suppress Th1 cell activation within DAP12-deficient hosts, and blockade of IL-10 aborts the ability of DAP12-competent APCs to suppress Th1 activation. Our study identifies the DAP12/IRAK-M/IL-10 to be a novel molecular pathway in APCs exploited by mycobacterial pathogens, allowing infection a foothold in the lung.
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Reber A, Katz J. Immunological assessment of influenza vaccines and immune correlates of protection. Expert Rev Vaccines 2013; 12:519-36. [PMID: 23659300 DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the primary public health tool in reducing the ever-present burden of influenza and its complications. In seeking more immunogenic, more effective and more broadly cross-protective influenza vaccines, the landscape of influenza vaccines is rapidly expanding, both in near-term advances and next-generation vaccine design. Although the first influenza vaccines were licensed over 60 years ago, the hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titer is currently the only universally accepted immune correlate of protection against influenza. However, hemagglutination-inhibition titers appear to be less effective at predicting protection in populations at high risk for severe influenza disease; older adults, young children and those with certain medical conditions. The lack of knowledge and validated methods to measure alternate immune markers of protection against influenza remain a substantial barrier to the development of more immunogenic, broadly cross-reactive and effective influenza vaccines. Here, the authors review the knowledge of immune effectors of protection against influenza and discuss assessment methods for a broader range of immunological parameters that could be considered in the evaluation of traditional or new-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Reber
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Loss of DAP12 and FcRγ drives exaggerated IL-12 production and CD8(+) T cell response by CCR2(+) Mo-DCs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76145. [PMID: 24155889 PMCID: PMC3796521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dap12 and FcRγ, the two transmembrane ITAM-containing signaling adaptors expressed in dendritic cells (DC), are implicated in the regulation of DC function. Several activating and adhesion receptors including integrins require these chains for their function in triggering downstream signaling and effector pathways, however the exact role(s) for Dap12 and FcRγ remains elusive as their loss can lead to both attenuating and enhancing effects. Here, we report that mice congenitally lacking both Dap12 and FcRγ chains (DF) show a massively enhanced effector CD8+ T cell response to protein antigen immunization or West Nile Virus (WNV) infection. Thus, immunization of DF mice with MHCI-restricted OVA peptide leads to accumulation of IL-12-producing monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DC) in draining lymph nodes, followed by vastly enhanced generation of antigen-specific IFNγ-producing CD8+ T cells. Moreover, DF mice show increased viral clearance in the WNV infection model. Depletion of CCR2+ monocytes/macrophages in vivo by administration anti-CCR2 antibodies or clodronate liposomes completely prevents the exaggerated CD8+ T cell response in DF mice. Mechanistically, we show that the loss of Dap12 and FcRγ-mediated signals in Mo-DC leads to a disruption of GM-CSF receptor-induced STAT5 activation resulting in upregulation of expression of IRF8, a transcription factor. Consequently, Dap12- and FcRγ-deficiency exacerbates GM-CSF-driven monocyte differentiation and production of inflammatory Mo-DC. Our data suggest a novel cross-talk between DC-ITAM and GM-CSF signaling pathways, which controls Mo-DC differentiation, IL-12 production, and CD8+ T cell responses.
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Hasenberg M, Stegemann-Koniszewski S, Gunzer M. Cellular immune reactions in the lung. Immunol Rev 2012; 251:189-214. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mike Hasenberg
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
| | | | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Imaging; University of Duisburg/Essen; University Hospital; Essen; Germany
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12
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2012; 25:718-28. [PMID: 23147811 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0b013e32835af239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Damjanovic D, Small CL, Jeyananthan M, McCormick S, Xing Z. Immunopathology in influenza virus infection: Uncoupling the friend from foe. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Martinez NE, Sato F, Kawai E, Omura S, Chervenak RP, Tsunoda I. Regulatory T cells and Th17 cells in viral infections: implications for multiple sclerosis and myocarditis. Future Virol 2012; 7:593-608. [PMID: 23024699 DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In immune-mediated diseases, Treg and proinflammatory Th17 cells have been suggested to play either suppressor (beneficial) or effector (detrimental) roles, respectively. Tissue damage in viral infections can be caused by direct viral replication or immunopathology. Viral replication can be enhanced by anti-inflammatory responses and suppressed by proinflammatory responses. However, Tregs could suppress proinflammatory responses, reducing immunopathology, while Th17 cell-induced inflammation may enhance immunopathology. Here, the roles of Treg and Th17 cells depend on whether tissue damage is caused by direct virus replication or immunopathology, which differ depending on the virus, disease stage and host immune background. Although the precise mechanisms of tissue damage in multiple sclerosis and myocarditis are unclear, both viral replication and immune effector cells have been proposed to cause pathogenesis. Personalized medicine that alters the balance between Treg and Th17 cells may ameliorate viral pathology during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Martinez
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Molecular & Tumor Virology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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