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Forde AJ, Kolter J, Zwicky P, Baasch S, Lohrmann F, Eckert M, Gres V, Lagies S, Gorka O, Rambold AS, Buescher JM, Kammerer B, Lachmann N, Prinz M, Groß O, Pearce EJ, Becher B, Henneke P. Metabolic rewiring tunes dermal macrophages in staphylococcal skin infection. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg3517. [PMID: 37566679 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The skin needs to balance tolerance of colonizing microflora with rapid detection of potential pathogens. Flexible response mechanisms would seem most suitable to accommodate the dynamic challenges of effective antimicrobial defense and restoration of tissue homeostasis. Here, we dissected macrophage-intrinsic mechanisms and microenvironmental cues that tune macrophage signaling in localized skin infection with the colonizing and opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Early in skin infection, the cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) produced by γδ T cells and hypoxic conditions within the dermal microenvironment diverted macrophages away from a homeostatic M-CSF- and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α)-dependent program. This allowed macrophages to be metabolically rewired for maximal inflammatory activity, which requires expression of Irg1 and generation of itaconate, but not HIF-1α. This multifactorial macrophage rewiring program was required for both the timely clearance of bacteria and for the provision of local immune memory. These findings indicate that immunometabolic conditioning allows dermal macrophages to cycle between antimicrobial activity and protection against secondary infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron James Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Zwicky
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florens Lohrmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marleen Eckert
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vitka Gres
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- 1 Core Competence Metabolomics, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Gorka
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika S Rambold
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joerg M Buescher
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- 1 Core Competence Metabolomics, Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centre's BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department of Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology and Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centre's BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centre's BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Edward J Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Center for Integrative Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Sugisawa E, Takayama Y, Takemura N, Kondo T, Hatakeyama S, Kumagai Y, Sunagawa M, Tominaga M, Maruyama K. RNA Sensing by Gut Piezo1 Is Essential for Systemic Serotonin Synthesis. Cell 2020; 182:609-624.e21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Feuerstein R, Forde AJ, Lohrmann F, Kolter J, Ramirez NJ, Zimmermann J, Gomez de Agüero M, Henneke P. Resident macrophages acquire innate immune memory in staphylococcal skin infection. eLife 2020; 9:55602. [PMID: 32639232 PMCID: PMC7343389 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a common colonizer of healthy skin and mucous membranes. At the same time, S. aureus is the most frequent cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Dermal macrophages (Mφ) are critical for the coordinated defense against invading S. aureus, yet they have a limited life span with replacement by bone marrow derived monocytes. It is currently poorly understood whether localized S. aureus skin infections persistently alter the resident Mφ subset composition and resistance to a subsequent infection. In a strictly dermal infection model we found that mice, which were previously infected with S. aureus, showed faster monocyte recruitment, increased bacterial killing and improved healing upon a secondary infection. However, skin infection decreased Mφ half-life, thereby limiting the duration of memory. In summary, resident dermal Mφ are programmed locally, independently of bone marrow-derived monocytes during staphylococcal skin infection leading to transiently increased resistance against a second infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Feuerstein
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Aaron James Forde
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florens Lohrmann
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg and IMM-PACT Clinician Scientist Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kolter
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Neftali Jose Ramirez
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Zimmermann
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department for Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Gomez de Agüero
- Maurice Müller Laboratories (Department for Biomedical Research), Universitätsklinik für Viszerale Chirurgie und Medizin Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Stefano GB, Esch T, Kream RM. Potential Immunoregulatory and Antiviral/SARS-CoV-2 Activities of Nitric Oxide. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925679. [PMID: 32454510 PMCID: PMC7271680 DOI: 10.12659/msm.925679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) represents a key signaling molecule in multiple regulatory pathways underlying vascular, metabolic, immune, and neurological function across animal phyla. Our brief critical discussion is focused on the multiple roles of the NO signaling pathways in the maintenance of basal physiological states of readiness in diverse cell types mediating innate immunological functions and in the facilitation of proinflammatory-mediated adaptive immunological responses associated with viral infections. Prior studies have reinforced the critical importance of constitutive NO signaling pathways in the homeostatic maintenance of the vascular endothelium, and state-dependent changes in innate immunological responses have been associated with a functional override of NO-mediated inhibitory tone. Accordingly, convergent lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of NO signaling pathways, as well as canonical oxidative effects of inducible NO, may provide a permissive cellular environment for viral entry and replication. In immunologically compromised individuals, functional override and chronic rundown of inhibitory NO signaling systems promote aberrant expression of unregulated proinflammatory pathways resulting in widespread metabolic insufficiencies and structural damage to autonomous cellular and organ structures. We contend that restoration of normative NO tone via combined pharmaceutical, dietary, or complex behavioral interventions may partially reverse deleterious physiological conditions brought about by viral infection linked to unregulated adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- George B Stefano
- International Scientific Information, Inc., Melville, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Esch
- University Clinic for Integrative Health Care, Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health/School of Medicine, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
| | - Richard M Kream
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Center for Cognitive and Molecular Neuroscience, Prague, Czech Republic
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Feuerstein R, Gres V, Elias Perdigó N, Baasch S, Freudenhammer M, Elling R, Henneke P. Macrophages Are a Potent Source of Streptococcus-Induced IFN-β. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3416-3426. [PMID: 31732532 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-β essentially modulates the host response against mucocutaneous colonizers and potential pathogens, such as group B Streptococcus (GBS). It has been reported that the dominant signaling cascade driving IFN-β in macrophages (MΦ) in streptococcal infection is the cGAS-STING pathway, whereas conventional dendritic cells (DC) exploit endosomal recognition by intracellular TLRs. In this study, we revisited this issue by precisely monitoring the phenotypic dynamics in mixed mouse MΦ/DC cultures with GM-CSF, which requires snapshot definition of cellular identities. We identified four mononuclear phagocyte populations, of which two were transcriptionally and morphologically distinct MΦ-DC-like subsets, and two were transitional types. Notably, GBS induced a TLR7-dependent IFN-β signal only in MΦ-like but not in DC-like cells. IFN-β induction did not require live bacteria (i.e., the formation of cytolytic toxins), which are essential for IFN-β induction via cGAS-STING. In contrast to IFN-β, GBS induced TNF-α independently of TLR7. Subsequent to the interaction with streptococci, MΦ changed their immunophenotype and gained some typical DC markers and DC-like morphology. In summary, we identify IFN-β formation as part of the antistreptococcal repertoire of GM-CSF differentiated MΦ in vitro and in vivo and delineate their plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Feuerstein
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Vitka Gres
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Núria Elias Perdigó
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Sebastian Baasch
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Mirjam Freudenhammer
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and.,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Institute for Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and .,Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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6
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Intrinsic Maturational Neonatal Immune Deficiencies and Susceptibility to Group B Streptococcus Infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 30:973-989. [PMID: 28814408 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00019-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a normal member of the gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiota, group B Streptococcus (GBS) can also occasionally be the cause of highly invasive neonatal disease and is an emerging pathogen in both elderly and immunocompromised adults. Neonatal GBS infections are typically transmitted from mother to baby either in utero or during passage through the birth canal and can lead to pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis within the first few months of life. Compared to the adult immune system, the neonatal immune system has a number of deficiencies, making neonates more susceptible to infection. Recognition of GBS by the host immune system triggers an inflammatory response to clear the pathogen. However, GBS has developed several mechanisms to evade the host immune response. A comprehensive understanding of this interplay between GBS and the host immune system will aid in the development of new preventative measures and therapeutics.
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7
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Kim HY, Baik JE, Ahn KB, Seo HS, Yun CH, Han SH. Streptococcus gordonii induces nitric oxide production through its lipoproteins stimulating Toll-like receptor 2 in murine macrophages. Mol Immunol 2016; 82:75-83. [PMID: 28038357 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii, a Gram-positive commensal in the oral cavity, is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause endodontic and systemic infections resulting in infective endocarditis. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and lipoprotein are major virulence factors of Gram-positive bacteria that are preferentially recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) on immune cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of S. gordonii LTA and lipoprotein on the production of the representative inflammatory mediator nitric oxide (NO) by the mouse macrophages. Heat-killed S. gordonii wild-type and an LTA-deficient mutant (ΔltaS) but not a lipoprotein-deficient mutant (Δlgt) induced NO production in mouse primary macrophages and the cell line, RAW 264.7. S. gordonii wild-type and ΔltaS also induced the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) at the mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, the Δlgt mutant showed little effect under the same condition. Furthermore, S. gordonii wild-type and ΔltaS induced NF-κB activation, STAT1 phosphorylation, and IFN-β expression, which are important for the induction of iNOS gene expression, with little activation by Δlgt. S. gordonii wild-type and ΔltaS showed an increased adherence and internalization to RAW 264.7 cells compared to Δlgt. In addition, S. gordonii wild-type and ΔltaS, but not Δlgt, substantially increased TLR2 activation while none of these induced NO production in TLR2-deficient macrophages. Triton X-114-extracted lipoproteins from S. gordonii were sufficient to induce NO production. Collectively, we suggest that lipoprotein is an essential cell wall component of S. gordonii to induce NO production in macrophages through TLR2 triggering NF-κB and STAT1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Baik
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Bum Ahn
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Seong Seo
- Radiation Biotechnology Research Division, Advanced Radiation Technology Institute, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Heui Yun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hyun Han
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, DRI and BK21 Plus Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Kolter J, Feuerstein R, Spoeri E, Gharun K, Elling R, Trieu-Cuot P, Goldmann T, Waskow C, Chen ZJ, Kirschning CJ, Deshmukh SD, Henneke P. Streptococci Engage TLR13 on Myeloid Cells in a Site-Specific Fashion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2733-41. [PMID: 26873993 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Streptococci are common human colonizers with a species-specific mucocutaneous distribution. At the same time, they are among the most important and most virulent invasive bacterial pathogens. Thus, site-specific cellular innate immunity, which is predominantly executed by resident and invading myeloid cells, has to be adapted with respect to streptococcal sensing, handling, and response. In this article, we show that TLR13 is the critical mouse macrophage (MΦ) receptor in the response to group B Streptococcus, both in bone marrow-derived MΦs and in mature tissue MΦs, such as those residing in the lamina propria of the colon and the dermis, as well as in microglia. In contrast, TLR13 and its chaperone UNC-93B are dispensable for a potent cytokine response of blood monocytes to group B Streptococcus, although monocytes serve as the key progenitors of intestinal and dermal MΦs. Furthermore, a specific role for TLR13 with respect to MΦ function is supported by the response to staphylococci, where TLR13 and UNC-93B limit the cytokine response in bone marrow-derived MΦs and microglia, but not in dermal MΦs. In summary, TLR13 is a critical and site-specific receptor in the single MΦ response to β-hemolytic streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kolter
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhild Feuerstein
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyne Spoeri
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kourosh Gharun
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roland Elling
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Patrick Trieu-Cuot
- Institute Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Bactéries Pathogènes à Gram-Positif, CNRS ERL3526, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Tobias Goldmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Regeneration in Hematopoiesis and Animal Models of Hematopoiesis, Faculty of Medicine, Technical University, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Zhijian J Chen
- Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Carsten J Kirschning
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Medical Center, University of Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Sachin D Deshmukh
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Medical Center, University of Jena, 07747 Jena, Germany; and
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Eigenbrod T, Dalpke AH. Bacterial RNA: An Underestimated Stimulus for Innate Immune Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:411-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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10
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Feuerstein R, Seidl M, Prinz M, Henneke P. MyD88 in macrophages is critical for abscess resolution in staphylococcal skin infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:2735-45. [PMID: 25681348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When Staphylococcus aureus penetrates the epidermis and reaches the dermis, polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMLs) accumulate and an abscess is formed. However, the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate initiation and termination of inflammation in skin infection are incompletely understood. In human myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) deficiency, staphylococcal skin and soft tissue infections are a leading and potentially life-threatening problem. In this study, we found that MyD88-dependent sensing of S. aureus by dermal macrophages (Mϕ) contributes to both timely escalation and termination of PML-mediated inflammation in a mouse model of staphylococcal skin infection. Mϕs were key to recruit PML within hours in response to staphylococci, irrespective of bacterial viability. In contrast with bone marrow-derived Mϕs, dermal Mϕs did not require UNC-93B or TLR2 for activation. Moreover, PMLs, once recruited, were highly activated in an MyD88-independent fashion, yet failed to clear the infection if Mϕs were missing or functionally impaired. In normal mice, clearance of the infection and contraction of the PML infiltrate were accompanied by expansion of resident Mϕs in a CCR2-dependent fashion. Thus, whereas monocytes were dispensable for the early immune response to staphylococci, they contributed to Mϕ renewal after the infection was overcome. Taken together, MyD88-dependent sensing of staphylococci by resident dermal Mϕs is key for a rapid and balanced immune response, and PMLs are dependent on intact Mϕ for full function. Renewal of resident Mϕs requires both local control of bacteria and inflammatory monocytes entering the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhild Feuerstein
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Seidl
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Centre of Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; and
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Landwehr-Kenzel S, Henneke P. Interaction of Streptococcus agalactiae and Cellular Innate Immunity in Colonization and Disease. Front Immunol 2014; 5:519. [PMID: 25400631 PMCID: PMC4212683 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) is highly adapted to humans, where it is a normal constituent of the intestinal and vaginal flora. Yet, GBS has highly invasive potential and causes excessive inflammation, sepsis, and death at the beginning of life, in the elderly and in diabetic patients. Thus, GBS is a model pathobiont that thrives in the healthy host, but has not lost its potential virulence during coevolution with mankind. It remains incompletely understood how the innate immune system contains GBS in the natural niches, the intestinal and genital tracts, and which molecular events underlie breakdown of mucocutaneous resistance. Newborn infants between days 7 and 90 of life are at risk of a particularly striking sepsis manifestation (late-onset disease), where the transition from colonization to invasion and dissemination, and thus from health to severe sepsis is typically fulminant and not predictable. The great majority of late-onset sepsis cases are caused by one clone, GBS ST17, which expresses HvgA as a signature virulence factor and adhesin. In mice, HvgA promotes the crossing of both the mucosal and the blood–brain barrier. Expression levels of HvgA and other GBS virulence factors, such as pili and toxins, are regulated by the upstream two-component control system CovR/S. This in turn is modulated by acidic epithelial pH, high glucose levels, and during the passage through the mouse intestine. After invasion, GBS has the ability to subvert innate immunity by mechanisms like glycerinaldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase-dependent induction of IL-10 and β-protein binding to the inhibitory phagocyte receptors sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 5 and 14. On the host side, sensing of GBS nucleic acids and lipopeptides by both Toll-like receptors and the inflammasome appears to be critical for host resistance against GBS. Yet, comprehensive models on the interplay between GBS and human immune cells at the colonizing site are just emerging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybille Landwehr-Kenzel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Henneke
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany ; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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Müller S, Faulhaber A, Sieber C, Pfeifer D, Hochberg T, Gansz M, Deshmukh SD, Dauth S, Brix K, Saftig P, Peters C, Henneke P, Reinheckel T. The endolysosomal cysteine cathepsins L and K are involved in macrophage-mediated clearance of Staphylococcus aureus and the concomitant cytokine induction. FASEB J 2013; 28:162-75. [PMID: 24036885 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-232272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine cathepsins are endolysosomal cysteine proteases highly expressed in macrophages; however, their individual contributions to the elimination of bacteria and bacteria-induced cytokine production by macrophages are unknown. We assessed the contribution of cysteine cathepsins to macrophage defense pathways against Staphylococcus aureus by using chemical inhibitors and by infecting primary bone marrow-derived macrophages deficient in 1 of 7 major macrophage-expressed endolysosomal cysteine proteases. We show that cysteine cathepsins are involved in the phagocytosis and killing of S. aureus. Cathepsin L was identified as an executor of nonoxidative killing. Moreover, microarray data revealed cysteine cathepsins to be important for the maximal induction of certain proinflammatory genes, such as IL6, in response to S. aureus. Cysteine cathepsin's contribution to IL6 production was dependent on phagocytosis, and cathepsin K was identified to be a critical protease in this process. Analysis of macrophages with impaired trafficking of endolysosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the acidic compartment revealed that they were not involved in cathepsin-dependent IL6 induction. Because IL6 production was completely dependent on the TLR-adaptor protein myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), it appears that other TLRs are involved. In summary, lysosomal cysteine proteases are functionally linked to the complex bactericidal and inflammatory activities of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Müller
- 1Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Stefan-Meier Str. 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Neonatal immune adaptation of the gut and its role during infections. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:270301. [PMID: 23737810 PMCID: PMC3659470 DOI: 10.1155/2013/270301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is engaged in a relationship with a dense and complex microbial ecosystem, the microbiota. The establishment of this symbiosis is essential for host physiology, metabolism, and immune homeostasis. Because newborns are essentially sterile, the first exposure to microorganisms and environmental endotoxins during the neonatal period is followed by a crucial sequence of active events leading to immune tolerance and homeostasis. Contact with potent immunostimulatory molecules starts immediately at birth, and the discrimination between commensal bacteria and invading pathogens is essential to avoid an inappropriate immune stimulation and/or host infection. The dysregulation of these tight interactions between host and microbiota can be responsible for important health disorders, including inflammation and sepsis. This review summarizes the molecular events leading to the establishment of postnatal immune tolerance and how pathogens can avoid host immunity and induce neonatal infections and sepsis.
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The pore-forming toxin β hemolysin/cytolysin triggers p38 MAPK-dependent IL-10 production in macrophages and inhibits innate immunity. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002812. [PMID: 22829768 PMCID: PMC3400567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of invasive bacterial infections in human newborns and immune-compromised adults. The pore-forming toxin (PFT) β hemolysin/cytolysin (βh/c) is a major virulence factor for GBS, which is generally attributed to its cytolytic functions. Here we show βh/c has immunomodulatory properties on macrophages at sub-lytic concentrations. βh/c-mediated activation of p38 MAPK drives expression of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, and inhibits both IL-12 and NOS2 expression in GBS-infected macrophages, which are critical factors in host defense. Isogenic mutant bacteria lacking βh/c fail to activate p38-mediated IL-10 production in macrophages and promote increased IL-12 and NOS2 expression. Furthermore, targeted deletion of p38 in macrophages increases resistance to invasive GBS infection in mice, associated with impaired IL-10 induction and increased IL-12 production in vivo. These data suggest p38 MAPK activation by βh/c contributes to evasion of host defense through induction of IL-10 expression and inhibition of macrophage activation, a new mechanism of action for a PFT and a novel anti-inflammatory role for p38 in the pathogenesis of invasive bacterial infection. Our studies suggest p38 MAPK may represent a new therapeutic target to blunt virulence and improve clinical outcome of invasive GBS infection. Our studies show β hemolysin/cytolysin (βh/c) from Group B Streptococcus (GBS), inhibits the activation of macrophages and the innate immune response to GBS. We show that βh/c triggers activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) in GBS-infected macrophages leading to expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 and the suppression of genes required for effective anti-bacterial immunity. Furthermore, mice deficient in MAPK activation, specifically in macrophages, show increased resistance to invasive GBS infection. Our data describe a new role for a PFT in the evasion of host immunity that may have significant impact on the pathogenesis of invasive bacterial infections, and suggest targeting the signaling pathways triggered by PFTs in immune cells could increase innate immunity and host resistance.
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