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Sun W, Gao C, Hartana CA, Osborn MR, Einkauf KB, Lian X, Bone B, Bonheur N, Chun TW, Rosenberg ES, Walker BD, Yu XG, Lichterfeld M. Phenotypic signatures of immune selection in HIV-1 reservoir cells. Nature 2023; 614:309-317. [PMID: 36599977 PMCID: PMC9908552 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05538-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) reservoir cells persist lifelong despite antiretroviral treatment1,2 but may be vulnerable to host immune responses that could be exploited in strategies to cure HIV-1. Here we used a single-cell, next-generation sequencing approach for the direct ex vivo phenotypic profiling of individual HIV-1-infected memory CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood and lymph nodes of people living with HIV-1 and receiving antiretroviral treatment for approximately 10 years. We demonstrate that in peripheral blood, cells harbouring genome-intact proviruses and large clones of virally infected cells frequently express ensemble signatures of surface markers conferring increased resistance to immune-mediated killing by cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, paired with elevated levels of expression of immune checkpoint markers likely to limit proviral gene transcription; this phenotypic profile might reduce HIV-1 reservoir cell exposure to and killing by cellular host immune responses. Viral reservoir cells harbouring intact HIV-1 from lymph nodes exhibited a phenotypic signature primarily characterized by upregulation of surface markers promoting cell survival, including CD44, CD28, CD127 and the IL-21 receptor. Together, these results suggest compartmentalized phenotypic signatures of immune selection in HIV-1 reservoir cells, implying that only small subsets of infected cells with optimal adaptation to their anatomical immune microenvironment are able to survive during long-term antiretroviral treatment. The identification of phenotypic markers distinguishing viral reservoir cells may inform future approaches for strategies to cure and eradicate HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Sun
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin B Einkauf
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaodong Lian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin Bone
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tae-Wook Chun
- National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric S Rosenberg
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xu G Yu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Infectious Disease Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Sjaastad FV, Huggins MA, Lucas ED, Skon-Hegg C, Swanson W, Martin MD, Salgado OC, Xu J, Pierson M, Dileepan T, Kucaba TA, Hamilton SE, Griffith TS. Reduced T Cell Priming in Microbially Experienced "Dirty" Mice Results from Limited IL-27 Production by XCR1+ Dendritic Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:2149-2159. [PMID: 36426978 PMCID: PMC10065988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Successful vaccination strategies offer the potential for lifelong immunity against infectious diseases and cancer. There has been increased attention regarding the limited translation of some preclinical findings generated using specific pathogen-free (SPF) laboratory mice to humans. One potential reason for the difference between preclinical and clinical findings lies in maturation status of the immune system at the time of challenge. In this study, we used a "dirty" mouse model, where SPF laboratory mice were cohoused (CoH) with pet store mice to permit microbe transfer and immune system maturation, to investigate the priming of a naive T cell response after vaccination with a peptide subunit mixed with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid and agonistic anti-CD40 mAb. Although this vaccination platform induced robust antitumor immunity in SPF mice, it failed to do so in microbially experienced CoH mice. Subsequent investigation revealed that despite similar numbers of Ag-specific naive CD4 and CD8 T cell precursors, the expansion, differentiation, and recall responses of these CD4 and CD8 T cell populations in CoH mice were significantly reduced compared with SPF mice after vaccination. Evaluation of the dendritic cell compartment revealed reduced IL-27p28 expression by XCR1+ dendritic cells from CoH mice after vaccination, correlating with reduced T cell expansion. Importantly, administration of recombinant IL-27:EBI3 complex to CoH mice shortly after vaccination significantly boosted Ag-specific CD8 and CD4 T cell expansion, further implicating the defect to be T cell extrinsic. Collectively, our data show the potential limitation of exclusive use of SPF mice when testing vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Sjaastad
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Matthew A Huggins
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cara Skon-Hegg
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Whitney Swanson
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Oscar C Salgado
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Julie Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mark Pierson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Sara E Hamilton
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; and
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
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3
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Zhang ZZ, Wang T, Wang XF, Zhang YQ, Song SX, Ma CQ. Improving the ability of CAR-T cells to hit solid tumors: Challenges and strategies. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:106036. [PMID: 34920118 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy is a late-model of immune cell therapy that has been shown to be effective in refractory/recurrent B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Compared with the traditional anti-tumor methods, CAR-T cell therapy has the advantages of higher specificity, stronger lethality and longer-lasting efficacy. Although CAR-T cells have made significant progress in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, diverse difficulties remain in the treatment of solid tumors, including immune escape due to tumor antigen heterogeneity, preventing entry or limiting the persistence of CAR-T cells by physical or cytokine barriers and along with other immunosuppressive molecule and cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Otherwise, the intracellular signaling of CAR also impact on CAR-T cells persistence. Appropriate modification of intracellular costimulatory molecular signal in the structure of CAR or coexpression of CAR and cytokines can provide a way to enhance CAR-T cells activity. Additionally, CAR-T cells dysfunction due to T cell exhaustion is associated with multi-factors, especially transcription factors, such as c-Jun, NR4A. Engineering CAR-T cells to coexpress or knockout transcription factors in favor of TCM memory CAR-T cells differentiation was proved to prolonged the survival of CAR-T cells. Finally, combination of CAR-T cells with oncolytic viruses, nanoparticles or immune checkpoint inhibitors provides an effective measure to improve CAR-T cells function. Here, we discuss all of these advances and challenges and review promising strategies for treating solid tumors. In particular, we also highlight that CAR-T cells have enormous potential to be used in combination with other immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Wang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China
| | - Shu-Xia Song
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China.
| | - Cui-Qing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Immune Mechanism and Intervention for Serious Diseases in Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050017, Heibei, China.
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4
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Abstract
Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes comprise a mixture of naive and memory cells. Generation and survival of these T-cell subsets is under strict homeostatic control and reflects contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and certain cytokines. Naive T cells arise in the thymus via T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent positive selection to self-peptide/MHC complexes and are then maintained in the periphery through self-MHC interaction plus stimulation via interleukin-7 (IL-7). By contrast, memory T cells are largely MHC-independent for their survival but depend strongly on stimulation via cytokines. Whereas typical memory T cells are generated in response to foreign antigens, some arise spontaneously through contact of naive precursors with self-MHC ligands; we refer to these cells as memory-phenotype (MP) T cells. In this review, we discuss the generation and homeostasis of naive T cells and these two types of memory T cells, focusing on their relative interaction with MHC ligands and cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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5
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B7-CD28 co-stimulation modulates central tolerance via thymic clonal deletion and Treg generation through distinct mechanisms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6264. [PMID: 33293517 PMCID: PMC7722925 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating thymic central tolerance and prevention of autoimmunity are not fully understood. Here we show that B7-CD28 co-stimulation and B7 expression by specific antigen-presenting cell (APC) types are required for clonal deletion and for regulatory T (Treg) cell generation from endogenous tissue-restricted antigen (TRA)-specific thymocytes. While B7-CD28 interaction is required for both clonal deletion and Treg induction, these two processes differ in their CD28 signaling requirements and in their dependence on B7-expressing dendritic cells, B cells, and thymic epithelial cells. Meanwhile, defective thymic clonal deletion due to altered B7-CD28 signaling results in the accumulation of mature, peripheral TRA-specific T cells capable of mediating destructive autoimmunity. Our findings thus reveal a function of B7-CD28 co-stimulation in shaping the T cell repertoire and limiting autoimmunity through both thymic clonal deletion and Treg cell generation.
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6
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Sjaastad FV, Kucaba TA, Dileepan T, Swanson W, Dail C, Cabrera-Perez J, Murphy KA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Polymicrobial Sepsis Impairs Antigen-Specific Memory CD4 T Cell-Mediated Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1786. [PMID: 32903436 PMCID: PMC7435018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who survive sepsis display prolonged immune dysfunction and heightened risk of secondary infection. CD4 T cells support a variety of cells required for protective immunity, and perturbations to the CD4 T cell compartment can decrease overall immune system fitness. Using the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) mouse model of sepsis, we investigated the impact of sepsis on endogenous Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells generated in C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with attenuated Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) expressing the I-Ab-restricted 2W1S epitope (Lm-2W). The number of 2W1S-specific memory CD4 T cells was significantly reduced on day 2 after sepsis induction, but recovered by day 14. In contrast to the transient numerical change, the 2W1S-specific memory CD4 T cells displayed prolonged functional impairment after sepsis, evidenced by a reduced recall response (proliferation and effector cytokine production) after restimulation with cognate Ag. To define the extent to which the observed functional impairments in the memory CD4 T cells impacts protection to secondary infection, B6 mice were infected with attenuated Salmonella enterica-2W (Se-2W) 30 days before sham or CLP surgery, and then challenged with virulent Se-2W after surgery. Pathogen burden was significantly higher in the CLP-treated mice compared to shams. Similar reductions in functional capacity and protection were noted for the endogenous OVA323-specific memory CD4 T cell population in sepsis survivors upon Lm-OVA challenge. Our data collectively show CLP-induced sepsis alters the number and function of Ag-specific memory CD4 T cells, which contributes (in part) to the characteristic long-lasting immunoparalysis seen after sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances V Sjaastad
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Thamotharampillai Dileepan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Whitney Swanson
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Cody Dail
- Medical Student Summer Research Program in Infection and Immunity, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Katherine A Murphy
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Ph.D. Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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7
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Panneton V, Chang J, Witalis M, Li J, Suh W. Inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator: Signaling mechanisms in T follicular helper cells and beyond. Immunol Rev 2019; 291:91-103. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Panneton
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Jinsam Chang
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Mariko Witalis
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Joanna Li
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Woong‐Kyung Suh
- IRCM (Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal) Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Molecular Biology Program University of Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
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8
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Signal Transduction Via Co-stimulatory and Co-inhibitory Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1189:85-133. [PMID: 31758532 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9717-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated antigen-specific stimulation is essential for initiating T-cell activation. However, signaling through the TCR alone is not sufficient for inducing an effective response. In addition to TCR-mediated signaling, signaling through antigen-independent co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory receptors is critically important not only for the full activation and functional differentiation of T cells but also for the termination and suppression of T-cell responses. Many studies have investigated the signaling pathways underlying the function of each molecular component. Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory receptors have no kinase activity, but their cytoplasmic region contains unique functional motifs and potential phosphorylation sites. Engagement of co-stimulatory receptors leads to recruitment of specific binding partners, such as adaptor molecules, kinases, and phosphatases, via recognition of a specific motif. Consequently, each co-stimulatory receptor transduces a unique pattern of signaling pathways. This review focuses on our current understanding of the intracellular signaling pathways provided by co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules, including B7:CD28 family members, immunoglobulin, and members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily.
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9
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Singh MD, Ni M, Sullivan JM, Hamerman JA, Campbell DJ. B cell adaptor for PI3-kinase (BCAP) modulates CD8 + effector and memory T cell differentiation. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2429-2443. [PMID: 30093532 PMCID: PMC6122975 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Singh et al. show that expression of B cell adaptor for PI3-kinase (BCAP) is induced upon T cell activation and that this helps control effector and memory CD8+ T cell differentiation. CD8+ T cells respond to signals via the T cell receptor (TCR), costimulatory molecules, and immunoregulatory cytokines by developing into diverse populations of effector and memory cells. The relative strength of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling early in the T cell response can dramatically influence downstream effector and memory T cell differentiation. We show that initial PI3K signaling during T cell activation results in up-regulation of the signaling scaffold B cell adaptor for PI3K (BCAP), which further potentiates PI3K signaling and promotes the accumulation of CD8+ T cells with a terminally differentiated effector phenotype. Accordingly, BCAP-deficient CD8+ T cells have attenuated clonal expansion and altered effector and memory T cell development following infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Thus, induction of BCAP serves as a positive feedback circuit to enhance PI3K signaling in activated CD8+ T cells, thereby acting as a molecular checkpoint regulating effector and memory T cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Singh
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Minjian Ni
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenna M Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Jessica A Hamerman
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Immunology Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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10
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Wakamatsu E, Omori H, Ohtsuka S, Ogawa S, Green JM, Abe R. Regulatory T cell subsets are differentially dependent on CD28 for their proliferation. Mol Immunol 2018; 101:92-101. [PMID: 29909367 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is thought that CD28 plays a crucial role in the maintenance of regulatory T cell (Treg) pool size through promoting the development and proliferation of these cells. However, recently we found that the dependency on CD28 co-stimulation for their development is different between Treg subsets, thymus-derived Tregs (tTregs, CD28-dependent) and peripherally-derived Tregs (pTregs, CD28-independent), suggesting that CD28 may also have differential influences on the homeostasis of each Treg subset. Here, we demonstrated that both Treg subsets were reduced in secondary lymphoid organs of CD28 deficient mice, and that this reduction was due to impaired proliferation in both Treg subsets by the intrinsic CD28 defect. However, we found that the massive proliferation of both Treg subsets under lymphopenic condition was regulated by CD28, whereas the proliferative activity of tTregs but not pTregs in the steady state was dependent on CD28. Also, experiments using mutant CD28 knock-in mice revealed that proliferation of pTregs under lymphopenic condition required only the Lck-NFκB pathway of CD28, whereas tTregs required an additional unknown pathway. These findings indicate that the dependency on CD28 for proliferation in each Treg subset differs depending on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Wakamatsu
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan; Department of Immunology, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan
| | - Hiroki Omori
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shizuka Ohtsuka
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ogawa
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Jonathan M Green
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2669 Yamazaki, Noda City, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan.
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11
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Gunay G, Sardan Ekiz M, Ferhati X, Richichi B, Nativi C, Tekinay AB, Guler MO. Antigenic GM3 Lactone Mimetic Molecule Integrated Mannosylated Glycopeptide Nanofibers for the Activation and Maturation of Dendritic Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16035-16042. [PMID: 28445638 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b04094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of dendritic cells to coordinate innate and adaptive immune responses makes them essential targets for vaccination strategies. Presentation of specific antigens by dendritic cells is required for the activation of the immune system against many pathogens and tumors, and nanoscale materials can be functionalized for active targeting of dendritic cells. In this work, we integrated an immunogenic, carbohydrate melanoma-associated antigen-mimetic GM3-lactone molecule into mannosylated peptide amphiphile nanofibers to target dendritic cells through DC-SIGN receptor. Based on morphological and functional analyses, when dendritic cells were treated with peptide nanofiber carriers, they showed significant increase in antigen internalization and a corresponding increase in the surface expression of the activation and maturation markers CD86, CD83 and HLA-DR, in addition to exhibiting a general morphology consistent with dendritic cell maturation. These results indicate that mannosylated peptide amphiphile nanofiber carriers are promising candidates to target dendritic cells for antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Gunay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Melis Sardan Ekiz
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Cristina Nativi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence , Sesto Fiorentino, Florence 50019, Italy
| | - Ayse B Tekinay
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, National Nanotechnology Research Center (UNAM), Bilkent University , Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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12
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Roncagalli R, Cucchetti M, Jarmuzynski N, Grégoire C, Bergot E, Audebert S, Baudelet E, Menoita MG, Joachim A, Durand S, Suchanek M, Fiore F, Zhang L, Liang Y, Camoin L, Malissen M, Malissen B. The scaffolding function of the RLTPR protein explains its essential role for CD28 co-stimulation in mouse and human T cells. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2437-2457. [PMID: 27647348 PMCID: PMC5068240 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In two complementary papers, Casanova, Malissen, and collaborators report the discovery of human RLTPR deficiency, the first primary immunodeficiency of the human CD28 pathway in T cells. Together, the two studies elucidate the largely (but not completely) overlapping roles of RLTPR in CD28 signaling in T and B cells of humans and mice. The RLTPR cytosolic protein, also known as CARMIL2, is essential for CD28 co-stimulation in mice, but its importance in human T cells and mode of action remain elusive. Here, using affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry analysis, we showed that RLTPR acts as a scaffold, bridging CD28 to the CARD11/CARMA1 cytosolic adaptor and to the NF-κB signaling pathway, and identified proteins not found before within the CD28 signaling pathway. We further demonstrated that RLTPR is essential for CD28 co-stimulation in human T cells and that its noncanonical pleckstrin-homology domain, leucine-rich repeat domain, and proline-rich region were mandatory for that task. Although RLTPR is thought to function as an actin-uncapping protein, this property was dispensable for CD28 co-stimulation in both mouse and human. Our findings suggest that the scaffolding role of RLTPR predominates during CD28 co-stimulation and underpins the similar function of RLTPR in human and mouse T cells. Along that line, the lack of functional RLTPR molecules impeded the differentiation toward Th1 and Th17 fates of both human and mouse CD4+ T cells. RLTPR was also expressed in both human and mouse B cells. In the mouse, RLTPR did not play, however, any detectable role in BCR-mediated signaling and T cell-independent B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Margot Cucchetti
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Jarmuzynski
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Elise Bergot
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Audebert
- CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Baudelet
- CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marisa Goncalves Menoita
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Anais Joachim
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Durand
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | | | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Lichen Zhang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Luc Camoin
- CRCM, Marseille Protéomique, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France .,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France .,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
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13
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Dobbins J, Gagnon E, Godec J, Pyrdol J, Vignali DAA, Sharpe AH, Wucherpfennig KW. Binding of the cytoplasmic domain of CD28 to the plasma membrane inhibits Lck recruitment and signaling. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra75. [PMID: 27460989 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The T cell costimulatory receptor CD28 is required for the full activation of naïve T cells and for the development and maintenance of Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. We showed that the cytoplasmic domain of CD28 was bound to the plasma membrane in resting cells and that ligand binding to CD28 resulted in its release. Membrane binding by the CD28 cytoplasmic domain required two clusters of basic amino acid residues, which interacted with the negatively charged inner leaflet of the plasma membrane. These same clusters of basic residues also served as interaction sites for Lck, a Src family kinase critical for CD28 function. This signaling complex was further stabilized by the Lck-mediated phosphorylation of CD28 Tyr(207) and the subsequent binding of the Src homology 2 (SH2) domain of Lck to this phosphorylated tyrosine. Mutation of the basic clusters in the CD28 cytoplasmic domain reduced the recruitment to the CD28-Lck complex of protein kinase Cθ (PKCθ), which serves as a key effector kinase in the CD28 signaling pathway. Consequently, mutation of either a basic cluster or Tyr(207) impaired CD28 function in mice as shown by the reduced thymic differentiation of FoxP3(+) Treg cells. On the basis of these results, we propose a previously undescribed model for the initiation of CD28 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dobbins
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Etienne Gagnon
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jernej Godec
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jason Pyrdol
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Esensten JH, Helou YA, Chopra G, Weiss A, Bluestone JA. CD28 Costimulation: From Mechanism to Therapy. Immunity 2016; 44:973-88. [PMID: 27192564 PMCID: PMC4932896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of the CD28 receptor on T cells provides a critical second signal alongside T cell receptor (TCR) ligation for naive T cell activation. Here, we discuss the expression, structure, and biochemistry of CD28 and its ligands. CD28 signals play a key role in many T cell processes, including cytoskeletal remodeling, production of cytokines, survival, and differentiation. CD28 ligation leads to unique epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-translational changes in T cells that cannot be recapitulated by TCR ligation alone. We discuss the function of CD28 and its ligands in both effector and regulatory T cells. CD28 is critical for regulatory T cell survival and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. We outline the roles that CD28 and its family members play in human disease and we review the clinical efficacy of drugs that block CD28 ligands. Despite the centrality of CD28 and its family members and ligands to immune function, many aspects of CD28 biology remain unclear. Translation of a basic understanding of CD28 function into immunomodulatory therapeutics has been uneven, with both successes and failures. Such real-world results might stem from multiple factors, including complex receptor-ligand interactions among CD28 family members, differences between the mouse and human CD28 families, and cell-type specific roles of CD28 family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H Esensten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Ynes A Helou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gaurav Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Rheumatology Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Immunologic memory is the adaptive immune system's powerful ability to remember a previous antigen encounter and react with accelerated vigor upon antigen re-exposure. It provides durable protection against reinfection with pathogens and is the foundation for vaccine-induced immunity. Unlike the relatively restricted immunologic purview of memory B cells and CD8 T cells, the field of CD4 T-cell memory must account for multiple distinct lineages with diverse effector functions, the issue of lineage commitment and plasticity, and the variable distribution of memory cells within each lineage. Here, we discuss the evidence for lineage-specific CD4 T-cell memory and summarize the known factors contributing to memory-cell generation, plasticity, and long-term maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Gasper
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Melba Marie Tejera
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences; Comparative Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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16
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Cabrera-Perez J, Condotta SA, James BR, Kashem SW, Brincks EL, Rai D, Kucaba TA, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Alterations in antigen-specific naive CD4 T cell precursors after sepsis impairs their responsiveness to pathogen challenge. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:1609-20. [PMID: 25595784 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients surviving the acute stages of sepsis develop compromised T cell immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Little is known about the decreased CD4 T cell function after sepsis. We tracked the loss and recovery of endogenous Ag-specific CD4 T cell populations after cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis and analyzed the CD4 T cell response to heterologous infection during or after recovery. We observed that the sepsis-induced early loss of CD4 T cells was followed by thymic-independent numerical recovery in the total CD4 T cell compartment. Despite this numerical recovery, we detected alterations in the composition of naive CD4 T cell precursor pools, with sustained quantitative reductions in some populations. Mice that had experienced sepsis and were then challenged with epitope-bearing, heterologous pathogens demonstrated significantly reduced priming of recovery-impaired Ag-specific CD4 T cell responses, with regard to both magnitude of expansion and functional capacity on a per-cell basis, which also correlated with intrinsic changes in Vβ clonotype heterogeneity. Our results demonstrate that the recovery of CD4 T cells from sepsis-induced lymphopenia is accompanied by alterations to the composition and function of the Ag-specific CD4 T cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cabrera-Perez
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Britnie R James
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sakeen W Kashem
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Erik L Brincks
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Deepa Rai
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242; Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Department of Urology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455; and Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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17
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Malissen B, Grégoire C, Malissen M, Roncagalli R. Integrative biology of T cell activation. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:790-7. [PMID: 25137453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells mediated by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) requires the interaction of dozens of proteins, and its malfunction has pathological consequences. Our major focus is on new developments in the systems-level understanding of the TCR signal-transduction network. To make sense of the formidable complexity of this network, we argue that 'fine-grained' methods are needed to assess the relationships among a few components that interact on a nanometric scale, and those should be integrated with high-throughput '-omic' approaches that simultaneously capture large numbers of parameters. We illustrate the utility of this integrative approach with the transmembrane signaling protein Lat, which is a key signaling hub of the TCR signal-transduction network, as a connecting thread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France. [4] Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [5] INSERM US012, Marseille, France. [6] CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- 1] Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France. [2] INSERM U1104, Marseille, France. [3] CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
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18
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Boomer JS, Deppong CM, Shah DD, Bricker TL, Green JM. Cutting edge: A double-mutant knockin of the CD28 YMNM and PYAP motifs reveals a critical role for the YMNM motif in regulation of T cell proliferation and Bcl-xL expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3465-9. [PMID: 24639356 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD28 is a critical regulator of T cell function, augmenting proliferation, cytokine secretion, and cell survival. Our previous work using knockin mice expressing point mutations in CD28 demonstrated that the distal proline motif was primarily responsible for much of CD28 function, whereas in marked contrast to prior studies, mutation of the PI3K-binding motif had little discernible effect. In this study, we examined the phenotype of mice in which both motifs are simultaneously mutated. We found that mutation of the PYAP motif unmasks a critical role for the proximal tyrosine motif in regulating T cell proliferation and expression of Bcl-xL but not cytokine secretion. In addition, we demonstrated that, although function is more severely impaired in the double mutant than in either single mutant, there remained residual CD28-dependent responses, definitively establishing that additional motifs can partially mediate CD28 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Boomer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
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19
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Park SH, Cho G, Park SG. NF-κB Activation in T Helper 17 Cell Differentiation. Immune Netw 2014; 14:14-20. [PMID: 24605076 PMCID: PMC3942503 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.1.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD28/T cell receptor ligation activates the NF-κB signaling cascade during CD4 T cell activation. NF-κB activation is required for cytokine gene expression and activated T cell survival and proliferation. Recently, many reports showed that NF-κB activation is also involved in T helper (Th) cell differentiation including Th17 cell differentiation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on NF-κB activation pathway and its effect on Th17 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Heon Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Gabi Cho
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - Sung-Gyoo Park
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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20
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Abstract
T cell activation is a key event in the adaptive immune response and vital to the generation of both cellular and humoral immunity. Activation is required not only for effective CD4 T cell responses but also to provide help for B cells and the generation of cytotoxic T cell responses. Unsurprisingly, impaired T cell activation results in infectious pathology, whereas dysregulated activation can result in autoimmunity. The decision to activate is therefore tightly regulated and the CD28/CTLA-4 pathway represents this apical decision point at the molecular level. In particular, CTLA-4 (CD152) is an essential checkpoint control for autoimmunity; however, the molecular mechanism(s) by which CTLA-4 achieves its regulatory function are not well understood, especially how it functionally intersects with the CD28 pathway. In this chapter, we review the established molecular and cellular concepts relating to CD28 and CTLA-4 biology, and attempt to integrate these by discussing the transendocytosis of ligands as a new model of CTLA-4 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blagoje Soskic
- School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiezheng Hou
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David M Sansom
- UCL Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Campus, London, United Kingdom.
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21
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Liang Y, Cucchetti M, Roncagalli R, Yokosuka T, Malzac A, Bertosio E, Imbert J, Nijman IJ, Suchanek M, Saito T, Wülfing C, Malissen B, Malissen M. The lymphoid lineage-specific actin-uncapping protein Rltpr is essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of regulatory T cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:858-66. [PMID: 23793062 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although T cell activation can result from signaling via T cell antigen receptor (TCR) alone, physiological T cell responses require costimulation via the coreceptor CD28. Through the use of an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-mutagenesis screen, we identified a mutation in Rltpr. We found that Rltpr was a lymphoid cell-specific, actin-uncapping protein essential for costimulation via CD28 and the development of regulatory T cells. Engagement of TCR-CD28 at the immunological synapse resulted in the colocalization of CD28 with both wild-type and mutant Rltpr proteins. However, the connection between CD28 and protein kinase C-θ and Carma1, two key effectors of CD28 costimulation, was abrogated in T cells expressing mutant Rltpr, and CD28 costimulation did not occur in those cells. Our findings provide a more complete model of CD28 costimulation in which Rltpr has a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France
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22
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Ertelt JM, Buyukbasaran EZ, Jiang TT, Rowe JH, Xin L, Way SS. B7-1/B7-2 blockade overrides the activation of protective CD8 T cells stimulated in the absence of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:367-76. [PMID: 23744647 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although T cell activation has been classically described to require distinct, positive stimulation signals that include B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) costimulation, overriding suppression signals that avert immune-mediated host injury are equally important. How these opposing stimulation and suppression signals work together remains incompletely defined. Our recent studies demonstrate that CD8 Teff activation in response to cognate peptide stimulation is actively suppressed by the Foxp3(+) subset of CD4 cells, called Tregs. Here, we show that the elimination of Treg suppression does not bypass the requirement for positive B7-1/B7-2 costimulation. The expansion, IFN-γ cytokine production, cytolytic, and protective features of antigen-specific CD8 T cells stimulated with purified cognate peptide in Treg-ablated mice were each neutralized effectively by CTLA-4-Ig that blocks B7-1/B7-2. In turn, given the efficiency whereby CTLA-4-Ig overrides the effects of Treg ablation, the role of Foxp3(+) cell-intrinsic CTLA-4 in mitigating CD8 Teff activation was also investigated. With the use of mixed chimera mice that contain CTLA-4-deficient Tregs exclusively after the ablation of WT Foxp3(+) cells, a critical role for Treg CTLA-4 in suppressing the expansion, cytokine production, cytotoxicity, and protective features of peptide-stimulated CD8 T cells is revealed. Thus, the activation of protective CD8 T cells requires positive B7-1/B7-2 costimulation even when suppression by Tregs and in particular, Treg-intrinsic CTLA-4 is circumvented.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Ertelt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7017, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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