1
|
Verdura S, Encinar JA, Gratchev A, Llop-Hernández À, López J, Serrano-Hervás E, Teixidor E, López-Bonet E, Martin-Castillo B, Micol V, Bosch-Barrera J, Cuyàs E, Menendez JA. Silibinin is a suppressor of the metastasis-promoting transcription factor ID3. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155493. [PMID: 38484626 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ID3 (inhibitor of DNA binding/differentiation-3) is a transcription factor that enables metastasis by promoting stem cell-like properties in endothelial and tumor cells. The milk thistle flavonolignan silibinin is a phytochemical with anti-metastatic potential through largely unknown mechanisms. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE We have mechanistically investigated the ability of silibinin to inhibit the aberrant activation of ID3 in brain endothelium and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models. METHODS Bioinformatic analyses were performed to investigate the co-expression correlation between ID3 and bone morphogenic protein (BMP) ligands/BMP receptors (BMPRs) genes in NSCLC patient datasets. ID3 expression was assessed by immunoblotting and qRT-PCR. Luciferase reporter assays were used to evaluate the gene sequences targeted by silibinin to regulate ID3 transcription. In silico computational modeling and LanthaScreen TR-FRET kinase assays were used to characterize and validate the BMPR inhibitory activity of silibinin. Tumor tissues from NSCLC xenograft models treated with oral silibinin were used to evaluate the in vivo anti-ID3 effects of silibinin. RESULTS Analysis of lung cancer patient datasets revealed a top-ranked positive association of ID3 with the BMP9 endothelial receptor ACVRL1/ALK1 and the BMP ligand BMP6. Silibinin treatment blocked the BMP9-induced activation of the ALK1-phospho-SMAD1/5-ID3 axis in brain endothelial cells. Constitutive, acquired, and adaptive expression of ID3 in NSCLC cells were all significantly downregulated in response to silibinin. Silibinin blocked ID3 transcription via BMP-responsive elements in ID3 gene enhancers. Silibinin inhibited the kinase activities of BMPRs in the micromolar range, with the lower IC50 values occurring against ACVRL1/ALK1 and BMPR2. In an in vivo NSCLC xenograft model, tumoral overexpression of ID3 was completely suppressed by systematically achievable oral doses of silibinin. CONCLUSIONS ID3 is a largely undruggable metastasis-promoting transcription factor. Silibinin is a novel suppressor of ID3 that may be explored as a novel therapeutic approach to interfere with the metastatic dissemination capacity of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verdura
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche 03202, Spain
| | - Alexei Gratchev
- Laboratory for Tumor Stromal Cell Biology, Institute of Carcinogenesis, Nikolaj Nikolajevich (N.N.) Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Moscow 115478, Russia
| | - Àngela Llop-Hernández
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain
| | - Júlia López
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain
| | - Eila Serrano-Hervás
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain
| | - Eduard Teixidor
- Precision Oncology Group (OncoGir-Pro), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain; Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain
| | - Eugeni López-Bonet
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain; Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital of Girona, Girona 17007, Spain
| | - Begoña Martin-Castillo
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain; Unit of Clinical Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain
| | - Vicente Micol
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Health Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE), Universitas Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche 03202, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Precision Oncology Group (OncoGir-Pro), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain; Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, 17007, Spain; Metabolism and Cancer Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona 17190, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Frangogiannis NG. TGF-β as a therapeutic target in the infarcted and failing heart: cellular mechanisms, challenges, and opportunities. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:45-56. [PMID: 38329809 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2316735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Myocardial fibrosis accompanies most cardiac conditions and can be reparative or maladaptive. Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β is a potent fibrogenic mediator, involved in repair, remodeling, and fibrosis of the injured heart. AREAS COVERED This review manuscript discusses the role of TGF-β in heart failure focusing on cellular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. TGF-β is activated in infarcted, remodeling and failing hearts. In addition to its fibrogenic actions, TGF-β has a broad range of effects on cardiomyocytes, immune, and vascular cells that may have both protective and detrimental consequences. TGF-β-mediated effects on macrophages promote anti-inflammatory transition, whereas actions on fibroblasts mediate reparative scar formation and effects on pericytes are involved in maturation of infarct neovessels. On the other hand, TGF-β actions on cardiomyocytes promote adverse remodeling, and prolonged activation of TGF-β signaling in fibroblasts stimulates progression of fibrosis and heart failure. EXPERT OPINION Understanding of the cell-specific actions of TGF-β is necessary to design therapeutic strategies in patients with myocardial disease. Moreover, to implement therapeutic interventions in the heterogeneous population of heart failure patients, mechanism-driven classification of both HFrEF and HFpEF patients is needed. Heart failure patients with prolonged or overactive fibrogenic TGF-β responses may benefit from cautious TGF-β inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
van der Mijn JC, Laursen KB, Fu L, Khani F, Dow LE, Nowak DG, Chen Q, Gross SS, Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. Novel genetically engineered mouse models for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8246. [PMID: 37217526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are important immunocompetent models for research into the roles of individual genes in cancer and the development of novel therapies. Here we use inducible CRISPR-Cas9 systems to develop two GEMMs which aim to model the extensive chromosome p3 deletion frequently observed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We cloned paired guide RNAs targeting early exons of Bap1, Pbrm1, and Setd2 in a construct containing a Cas9D10A (nickase, hSpCsn1n) driven by tetracycline (tet)-responsive elements (TRE3G) to develop our first GEMM. The founder mouse was crossed with two previously established transgenic lines, one carrying the tet-transactivator (tTA, Tet-Off) and one with a triple-mutant stabilized HIF1A-M3 (TRAnsgenic Cancer of the Kidney, TRACK), both driven by a truncated, proximal tubule-specific γ-glutamyltransferase 1 (ggt or γGT) promoter, to create triple-transgenic animals. Our results indicate that this model (BPS-TA) induces low numbers of somatic mutations in Bap1 and Pbrm1 (but not in Setd2), known tumor suppressor genes in human ccRCC. These mutations, largely restricted to kidneys and testis, induced no detectable tissue transformation in a cohort of 13 month old mice (N = 10). To gain insights into the low frequencies of insertions and deletions (indels) in BPS-TA mice we analyzed wild type (WT, N = 7) and BPS-TA (N = 4) kidneys by RNAseq. This showed activation of both DNA damage and immune response, suggesting activation of tumor suppressive mechanisms in response to genome editing. We then modified our approach by generating a second model in which a ggt-driven, cre-regulated Cas9WT(hSpCsn1) was employed to introduce Bap1, Pbrm1, and Setd2 genome edits in the TRACK line (BPS-Cre). The BPS-TA and BPS-Cre lines are both tightly controlled in a spatiotemporal manner with doxycycline (dox) and tamoxifen (tam), respectively. In addition, whereas the BPS-TA line relies on paired guide RNAs (gRNAs), the BPS-Cre line requires only single gRNAs for gene perturbation. In the BPS-Cre we identified increased Pbrm1 gene-editing frequencies compared to the BPS-TA model. Whereas we did not detect Setd2 edits in the BPS-TA kidneys, we found extensive editing of Setd2 in the BPS-Cre model. Bap1 editing efficiencies were comparable between the two models. Although no gross malignancies were observed in our study, this is the first reported GEMM which models the extensive chromosome 3p deletion frequently observed in kidney cancer patients. Further studies are required (1) to model more extensive 3p deletions, e.g. impacting additional genes, and (2) to increase the cellular resolution, e.g. by employing single-cell RNAseq to ascertain the effects of specific combinatorial gene inactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C van der Mijn
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian B Laursen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Paratus Sciences, Alexandria Bld. West, New York, USA
| | - Leiping Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Department of Biochemistry, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Dawid G Nowak
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Alrasheed NM, Alammari RB, Alshammari TK, Alamin MA, Alharbi AO, Alonazi AS, Bin Dayel AF, Alrasheed NM. α1A Adrenoreceptor blockade attenuates myocardial infarction by modulating the integrin-linked kinase/TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2023; 23:153. [PMID: 36964489 PMCID: PMC10037904 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03188-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial infarction (MI) is considered a public health problem. According to the World Health Organization, MI is a leading cause of death and comorbidities worldwide. Activation of the α1A adrenergic receptor is a contributing factor to the development of MI. Tamsulosin, an α1A adrenergic blocker, has gained wide popularity as a medication for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Limited evidence from previous studies has revealed the potential cardioprotective effects of tamsulosin, as its inhibitory effect on the α1A adrenoceptor protects the heart by acting on the smooth muscle of blood vessels, which results in hypotension; however, its effect on the infarcted heart is still unclear. The mechanisms of the expected cardioprotective effects mediated by tamsulosin are not yet understood. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a mediator of fibrosis, is considered an attractive therapeutic target for remodeling after MI. The role of α1A adrenoceptor inhibition or its relationships with integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and TGF-β/small mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad) signaling pathways in attenuating MI are unclear. The present study was designed to investigate whether tamsulosin attenuates MI by modulating an ILK-related TGF-β/Smad pathway. Methods Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, ISO, TAM, and ISO + TAM. ISO (150 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was injected on Days 20 and 21 to induce MI. Tamsulosin (0.8 mg/kg, orally) was administered for 21 days, prior to ISO injection for 2 consecutive days. Heart-to-body weight ratios and cardiac and fibrotic biomarker levels were subsequently determined. ILK, TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, and collagen III protein expression levels were determined using biomolecular methods. Results Tamsulosin significantly attenuated the relative heart-to-body weight index (p < 0.5) and creatine kinase-MB level (p < 0.01) compared with those in the ISO control group. While ISO resulted in superoxide anion production and enhanced oxidative damage, tamsulosin significantly prevented this damage through antioxidant defense mechanisms, increasing glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels (p < 0.05) and decreasing lipid peroxide oxidation levels (p < 0.01). The present data revealed that tamsulosin reduced TGF-β/p-Smad2/3 expression and enhanced ILK expression. Conclusion Tamsulosin may exert a cardioprotective effect by modulating the ILK-related TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. Thus, tamsulosin may be a useful therapeutic approach for preventing MI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-023-03188-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawal M. Alrasheed
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad B. Alammari
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Pharm D. Student, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahani K. Alshammari
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha A. Alamin
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer O. Alharbi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma S. Alonazi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Anfal F. Bin Dayel
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf M. Alrasheed
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University, P.O. Box 70474, Riyadh, 11567 Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Woźniak E, Broncel M, Niedzielski M, Woźniak A, Gorzelak-Pabiś P. The effect of lipid-lowering therapies on the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties of vascular endothelial cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280741. [PMID: 36753488 PMCID: PMC9907854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events can be prevented, or treated, using statin therapy, either alone or in combination with ezetimibe. Chronic inflammation, vascular proliferation, and the development of atherosclerosis are also influenced by 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC). The aim of the study was to compare the direct pleiotropic effects of two commonly-used statins (atorvastatin, rosuvastatin), ezetimibe, and their combinations, on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory IL1β, IL-18 and IL-23 and anti-inflammatory TGFβ, IL-35 (EBI3, IL-12 subunits), IL-10 and IL-37, in endothelial cells damaged by 25-OHC. It also analyzed IL-35 expression at the protein level. HUVECs were stimulated with atorvastatin (5 μM), rosuvastatin (10 μM), ezetimibe (1.22 μM), atorvastatin-ezetimibe (5 μM + 1.22 μM) or rosuvastatin-ezetimibe (10 μM + 1.22 μM), with or without pre-incubation with 10 μg/mL 25-OHC. mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. The protein level of IL-35 was analyzed by ELISA. In the pre-stimulated HUVECs, atorvastatin and rosuvastatin decreased mRNA expression of IL1β, IL-18, IL-23, TGFβ, IL35 and increased mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-37 compared to 25-OHC. Furthermore, only incubation with rosuvastatin and rosuvastatin-ezetimibe decreased IL-35 mRNA and protein levels. Ezetimibe down-regulated only IL1β. Treatment with rosuvastatin-ezetimibe and atorvastatin-ezetimibe reversed the effect of 25-OHC in IL1β, IL-18 and IL-35 mRNA expression. In conclusion, rosuvastatin has the strongest anti-inflammatory effects and is the best at reducing the effect of oxysterols. Both statins exert a greater anti-inflammatory effect than ezetimibe. The anti-inflammatory effect of the combination therapies appears to be based on the effects of the statins alone and not their combination with ezetimibe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Woźniak
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marlena Broncel
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Niedzielski
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Gorzelak-Pabiś
- Department of Internal Diseases and Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Tissue Immunopharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahmadi J, Hosseini E, Kargar F, Ghasemzadeh M. Stable CAD patients show higher levels of platelet-borne TGF-β1 associated with a superior pro-inflammatory state than the pro-aggregatory status; Evidence highlighting the importance of platelet-derived TGF-β1 in atherosclerosis. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2023; 55:102-115. [PMID: 36352058 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-022-02729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Activated platelets are involved in the atherogenic stage of atherosclerosis, while they can also progress it to atherothrombosis which may cause an ischemic state and organ failure. In general, coronary artery disease (CAD) is considered as common and severe clinical consequence of atherosclerosis, manifesting as a chronic inflammatory condition with the release of platelet mediators, among which the importance of platelet-borne TGF-β1 is not yet well understood. Hence, for the first time, this study aimed to examine platelet level of TGF-β1 (latent/mature) in CAD-patients and its association with the expression of platelet pro-inflammatory molecules. Platelet from stable CAD-patients candidate for CABG and healthy controls were subjected to flowcytometry analysis to evaluate P-selectin and CD40L expressions and PAC-1 binding. Platelet-borne and soluble TGF-β1, both mature/active and latent forms were also examined with western blotting. Higher expression levels of P-selectin and CD40L in patients with CAD than in controls were associated with comparable levels of PAC-1 binding in both groups. Platelet TGF-β1 levels were also significantly higher in patients, while their platelets showed clear bands of mature TGF-β1 that were barely visible in healthy individuals. Soluble TGF-β1 was also higher in patients. Significant correlations between mature/active TGF-β1 and platelet pro-inflammatory markers (P-selectin and CD40L) as well as common indicators of inflammation (CRP and ESR) were observed in CAD patients. In this study, given the insignificant changes in pro-aggregatory potentials in stable CAD, the pro-inflammatory state of platelets may be more involved in disease development and progression. Direct correlations between active platelet-borne TGF-β1 and pro-inflammatory markers with its presence in CAD-patients, which was almost absent in the platelets of healthy individuals, may also underscore the significant contribution of platelet-borne TGF-β1 to the pathogenesis of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ahmadi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehteramolsadat Hosseini
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faranak Kargar
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehran Ghasemzadeh
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. .,Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization Building, Next to the Milad Tower, Hemmat Exp. Way, P.O.Box:14665-1157, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li J, Li R, Tuleta I, Hernandez SC, Humeres C, Hanna A, Chen B, Frangogiannis NG. The role of endogenous Smad7 in regulating macrophage phenotype following myocardial infarction. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22400. [PMID: 35695814 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101956rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smad7 restrains TGF-β responses, and has been suggested to exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions that may involve effects on macrophages. Myocardial infarction triggers a macrophage-driven inflammatory response that not only plays a central role in cardiac repair, but also contributes to adverse remodeling and fibrosis. We hypothesized that macrophage Smad7 expression may regulate inflammation and fibrosis in the infarcted heart through suppression of TGF-β responses, or via TGF-independent actions. In a mouse model of myocardial infarction, infiltration with Smad7+ macrophages peaked 7 days after coronary occlusion. Myeloid cell-specific Smad7 loss in mice had no effects on homeostatic functions and did not affect baseline macrophage gene expression. RNA-seq predicted that Smad7 may promote TREM1-mediated inflammation in infarct macrophages. However, these alterations in the transcriptional profile of macrophages were associated with a modest and transient reduction in infarct myofibroblast infiltration, and did not affect dysfunction, chamber dilation, scar remodeling, collagen deposition, and macrophage recruitment. In vitro, RNA-seq and PCR arrays showed that TGF-β has profound effects on macrophage profile, attenuating pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine expression, modulating synthesis of matrix remodeling genes, inducing genes associated with sphingosine-1 phosphate activation and integrin signaling, and inhibiting cholesterol biosynthesis genes. However, Smad7 loss did not significantly affect TGF-β-mediated macrophage responses, modulating synthesis of only a small fraction of TGF-β-induced genes, including Itga5, Olfml3, and Fabp7. Our findings suggest a limited role for macrophage Smad7 in regulation of post-infarction inflammation and repair, and demonstrate that the anti-inflammatory effects of TGF-β in macrophages are not restrained by endogenous Smad7 induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruoshui Li
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Izabela Tuleta
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Silvia C Hernandez
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anis Hanna
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Bijun Chen
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bronx, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the phenotype and function of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells and vascular cells. Cardiac injury triggers the generation of bioactive TGFβ from latent stores, through mechanisms involving proteases, integrins and specialized extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Activated TGFβ signals through the SMAD intracellular effectors or through non-SMAD cascades. In the infarcted heart, the anti-inflammatory and fibroblast-activating actions of TGFβ have an important role in repair; however, excessive or prolonged TGFβ signalling accentuates adverse remodelling, contributing to cardiac dysfunction. Cardiac pressure overload also activates TGFβ cascades, which initially can have a protective role, promoting an ECM-preserving phenotype in fibroblasts and preventing the generation of injurious, pro-inflammatory ECM fragments. However, prolonged and overactive TGFβ signalling in pressure-overloaded cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts can promote cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In the atria, TGFβ-mediated fibrosis can contribute to the pathogenic substrate for atrial fibrillation. Overactive or dysregulated TGFβ responses have also been implicated in cardiac ageing and in the pathogenesis of diabetic, genetic and inflammatory cardiomyopathies. This Review summarizes the current evidence on the role of TGFβ signalling in myocardial diseases, focusing on cellular targets and molecular mechanisms, and discussing challenges and opportunities for therapeutic translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gerst F, Kemter E, Lorza-Gil E, Kaiser G, Fritz AK, Nano R, Piemonti L, Gauder M, Dahl A, Nadalin S, Königsrainer A, Fend F, Birkenfeld AL, Wagner R, Heni M, Stefan N, Wolf E, Häring HU, Ullrich S. The hepatokine fetuin-A disrupts functional maturation of pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2021; 64:1358-1374. [PMID: 33765181 PMCID: PMC8099843 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Neonatal beta cells carry out a programme of postnatal functional maturation to achieve full glucose responsiveness. A partial loss of the mature phenotype of adult beta cells may contribute to a reduction of functional beta cell mass and accelerate the onset of type 2 diabetes. We previously found that fetuin-A, a hepatokine increasingly secreted by the fatty liver and a determinant of type 2 diabetes, inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of human islets. Since fetuin-A is a ubiquitous fetal glycoprotein that declines peripartum, we examined here whether fetuin-A interferes with the functional maturity of beta cells. METHODS The effects of fetuin-A were assessed during in vitro maturation of porcine neonatal islet cell clusters (NICCs) and in adult human islets. Expression alterations were examined via microarray, RNA sequencing and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), proteins were analysed by western blotting and immunostaining, and insulin secretion was quantified in static incubations. RESULTS NICC maturation was accompanied by the gain of glucose-responsive insulin secretion (twofold stimulation), backed up by mRNA upregulation of genes governing beta cell identity and function, such as NEUROD1, UCN3, ABCC8 and CASR (Log2 fold change [Log2FC] > 1.6). An active TGFβ receptor (TGFBR)-SMAD2/3 pathway facilitates NICC maturation, since the TGFBR inhibitor SB431542 counteracted the upregulation of aforementioned genes and de-repressed ALDOB, a gene disallowed in mature beta cells. In fetuin-A-treated NICCs, upregulation of beta cell markers and the onset of glucose responsiveness were suppressed. Concomitantly, SMAD2/3 phosphorylation was inhibited. Transcriptome analysis confirmed inhibitory effects of fetuin-A and SB431542 on TGFβ-1- and SMAD2/3-regulated transcription. However, contrary to SB431542 and regardless of cMYC upregulation, fetuin-A inhibited beta cell proliferation (0.27 ± 0.08% vs 1.0 ± 0.1% Ki67-positive cells in control NICCs). This effect was sustained by reduced expression (Log2FC ≤ -2.4) of FOXM1, CENPA, CDK1 or TOP2A. In agreement, the number of insulin-positive cells was lower in fetuin-A-treated NICCs than in control NICCs (14.4 ± 1.2% and 22.3 ± 1.1%, respectively). In adult human islets fetuin-A abolished glucose responsiveness, i.e. 1.7- and 1.1-fold change over 2.8 mmol/l glucose in control- and fetuin-A-cultured islets, respectively. In addition, fetuin-A reduced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and suppressed expression of proliferative genes. Of note, in non-diabetic humans, plasma fetuin-A was negatively correlated (p = 0.013) with islet beta cell area. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our results suggest that the perinatal decline of fetuin-A relieves TGFBR signalling in islets, a process that facilitates functional maturation of neonatal beta cells. Functional maturity remains revocable in later life, and the occurrence of a metabolically unhealthy milieu, such as liver steatosis and elevated plasma fetuin-A, can impair both function and adaptive proliferation of beta cells. DATA AVAILABILITY The RNAseq datasets and computer code produced in this study are available in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO): GSE144950; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE144950.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Gerst
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany.
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Department of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Estela Lorza-Gil
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Kaiser
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Fritz
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rita Nano
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marie Gauder
- Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC) Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Biotechnology Center TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Department of General Pathology and Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Robert Wagner
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Department of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen (IDM), Tuebingen, Germany
- Internal Medicine IV, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hanna A, Humeres C, Frangogiannis NG. The role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109826. [PMID: 33160018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most myocardial pathologic conditions are associated with cardiac fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Although replacement fibrosis plays a reparative role after myocardial infarction, excessive, unrestrained or dysregulated myocardial ECM deposition is associated with ventricular dysfunction, dysrhythmias and adverse prognosis in patients with heart failure. The members of the Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β superfamily are critical regulators of cardiac repair, remodeling and fibrosis. TGF-βs are released and activated in injured tissues, bind to their receptors and transduce signals in part through activation of cascades involving a family of intracellular effectors the receptor-activated Smads (R-Smads). This review manuscript summarizes our knowledge on the role of Smad signaling cascades in cardiac fibrosis. Smad3, the best-characterized member of the family plays a critical role in activation of a myofibroblast phenotype, stimulation of ECM synthesis, integrin expression and secretion of proteases and anti-proteases. In vivo, fibroblast Smad3 signaling is critically involved in scar organization and exerts matrix-preserving actions. Although Smad2 also regulates fibroblast function in vitro, its in vivo role in rodent models of cardiac fibrosis seems more limited. Very limited information is available on the potential involvement of the Smad1/5/8 cascade in cardiac fibrosis. Dissection of the cellular actions of Smads in cardiac fibrosis, and identification of patient subsets with overactive or dysregulated myocardial Smad-dependent fibrogenic responses are critical for design of successful therapeutic strategies in patients with fibrosis-associated heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anis Hanna
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Claudio Humeres
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Frangogiannis N. Transforming growth factor-β in tissue fibrosis. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20190103. [PMID: 32997468 PMCID: PMC7062524 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 118.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of proteases, integrins, and specialized extracellular matrix molecules. Although fibroblasts are major targets of TGF-β, some fibrogenic actions may reflect activation of other cell types, including macrophages, epithelial cells, and vascular cells. TGF-β–driven fibrosis is mediated through Smad-dependent or non-Smad pathways and is modulated by coreceptors and by interacting networks. This review discusses the role of TGF-β in fibrosis, highlighting mechanisms of TGF-β activation and signaling, the cellular targets of TGF-β actions, and the challenges of therapeutic translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
TGFB1-Mediated Gliosis in Multiple Sclerosis Spinal Cords Is Favored by the Regionalized Expression of HOXA5 and the Age-Dependent Decline in Androgen Receptor Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235934. [PMID: 31779094 PMCID: PMC6928867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS) patients with a progressive form of the disease, spinal cord (SC) functions slowly deteriorate beyond age 40. We previously showed that in the SC of these patients, large areas of incomplete demyelination extend distance away from plaque borders and are characterized by a unique progliotic TGFB1 (Transforming Growth Factor Beta 1) genomic signature. Here, we attempted to determine whether region- and age-specific physiological parameters could promote the progression of SC periplaques in MS patients beyond age 40. An analysis of transcriptomics databases showed that, under physiological conditions, a set of 10 homeobox (HOX) genes are highly significantly overexpressed in the human SC as compared to distinct brain regions. Among these HOX genes, a survey of the human proteome showed that only HOXA5 encodes a protein which interacts with a member of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, namely SMAD1 (SMAD family member 1). Moreover, HOXA5 was previously found to promote the TGF-beta pathway. Interestingly, SMAD1 is also a protein partner of the androgen receptor (AR) and an unsupervised analysis of gene ontology terms indicates that the AR pathway antagonizes the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. Retrieval of promoter analysis data further confirmed that AR negatively regulates the transcription of several members of the TGF-beta/SMAD pathway. On this basis, we propose that in progressive MS patients, the physiological SC overexpression of HOXA5 combined with the age-dependent decline in AR ligands may favor the slow progression of TGFB1-mediated gliosis. Potential therapeutic implications are discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
Thalgott JH, Dos-Santos-Luis D, Hosman AE, Martin S, Lamandé N, Bracquart D, Srun S, Galaris G, de Boer HC, Tual-Chalot S, Kroon S, Arthur HM, Cao Y, Snijder RJ, Disch F, Mager JJ, Rabelink TJ, Mummery CL, Raymond K, Lebrin F. Decreased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1 Contributes to the Pathogenesis of Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia Type 2. Circulation 2019; 138:2698-2712. [PMID: 30571259 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.033062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia type 2 (HHT2) is an inherited genetic disorder characterized by vascular malformations and hemorrhage. HHT2 results from ACVRL1 haploinsufficiency, the remaining wild-type allele being unable to contribute sufficient protein to sustain endothelial cell function. Blood vessels function normally but are prone to respond to angiogenic stimuli, leading to the development of telangiectasic lesions that can bleed. How ACVRL1 haploinsufficiency leads to pathological angiogenesis is unknown. METHODS We took advantage of Acvrl1+/- mutant mice that exhibit HHT2 vascular lesions and focused on the neonatal retina and the airway system after Mycoplasma pulmonis infection, as physiological and pathological models of angiogenesis, respectively. We elucidated underlying disease mechanisms in vitro by generating Acvrl1+/- mouse embryonic stem cell lines that underwent sprouting angiogenesis and performed genetic complementation experiments. Finally, HHT2 plasma samples and skin biopsies were analyzed to determine whether the mechanisms evident in mice are conserved in humans. RESULTS Acvrl1+/- retinas at postnatal day 7 showed excessive angiogenesis and numerous endothelial "tip cells" at the vascular front that displayed migratory defects. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1; Flt-1) levels were reduced in Acvrl1+/- mice and HHT2 patients, suggesting similar mechanisms in humans. In sprouting angiogenesis, VEGFR1 is expressed in stalk cells to inhibit VEGFR2 (Flk-1, KDR) signaling and thus limit tip cell formation. Soluble VEGFR1 (sVEGFR1) is also secreted, creating a VEGF gradient that promotes orientated sprout migration. Acvrl1+/- embryonic stem cell lines recapitulated the vascular anomalies in Acvrl1+/- (HHT2) mice. Genetic insertion of either the membrane or soluble form of VEGFR1 into the ROSA26 locus of Acvrl1+/- embryonic stem cell lines prevented the vascular anomalies, suggesting that high VEGFR2 activity in Acvrl1+/- endothelial cells induces HHT2 vascular anomalies. To confirm our hypothesis, Acvrl1+/- mice were infected by Mycoplasma pulmonis to induce sustained airway inflammation. Infected Acvrl1+/- tracheas showed excessive angiogenesis with the formation of multiple telangiectases, vascular defects that were prevented by VEGFR2 blocking antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a key role of VEGFR1 in HHT2 pathogenesis and provide mechanisms explaining why HHT2 blood vessels respond abnormally to angiogenic signals. This supports the case for using anti-VEGF therapy in HHT2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy H Thalgott
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
| | - Damien Dos-Santos-Luis
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
| | - Anna E Hosman
- St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (A.E.H., S.K., R.J.S., F.D., J.J.M.)
| | - Sabrina Martin
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
| | - Noël Lamandé
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
| | - Diane Bracquart
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
| | - Samly Srun
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
| | - Georgios Galaris
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
| | - Hetty C de Boer
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
| | - Simon Tual-Chalot
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre of Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (S.T.-C., H.M.A., )
| | - Steven Kroon
- St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (A.E.H., S.K., R.J.S., F.D., J.J.M.)
| | - Helen M Arthur
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre of Life, Newcastle University, United Kingdom (S.T.-C., H.M.A., )
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden (Y.C.)
| | - Repke J Snijder
- St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (A.E.H., S.K., R.J.S., F.D., J.J.M.)
| | - Frans Disch
- St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (A.E.H., S.K., R.J.S., F.D., J.J.M.)
| | - Johannes J Mager
- St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands (A.E.H., S.K., R.J.S., F.D., J.J.M.)
| | - Ton J Rabelink
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
| | - Christine L Mummery
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (C.L.M.)
| | - Karine Raymond
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC Université Paris 06, INSERM UMR_S938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, France (K.R.)
| | - Franck Lebrin
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine (Nephrology), Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (J.H.T., G.G., H.C.d.B., T.J.R., K.R., F.L.)
- CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Collège de France, Paris (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- MEMOLIFE Laboratory of Excellence and PSL Research University, Paris, France (D.D.-S.-L., S.M., N.L., D.B., S.S., F.L.)
- CNRS UMR 7587, INSERM U979, Institut Langevin, ESPCI, Paris, France (F.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen B, Huang S, Su Y, Wu YJ, Hanna A, Brickshawana A, Graff J, Frangogiannis NG. Macrophage Smad3 Protects the Infarcted Heart, Stimulating Phagocytosis and Regulating Inflammation. Circ Res 2019; 125:55-70. [PMID: 31092129 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE TGF (transforming growth factor)-β is critically involved in myocardial injury, repair, and fibrosis, activating both Smad (small mothers against decapentaplegic)-dependent and non-Smad pathways. The in vivo role of TGF-β signaling in regulation of macrophage function is poorly understood. We hypothesized that in the infarcted myocardium, activation of TGF-β/Smad signaling in macrophages may regulate repair and remodeling. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of macrophage-specific TGF-β Smad3 signaling in a mouse model of myocardial infarction and to dissect the mechanisms mediating Smad-dependent modulation of macrophage function. METHODS AND RESULTS TGF-βs markedly activated Smad3 in macrophages, without affecting Smad-independent pathways. Phagocytosis rapidly and directly activated macrophage Smad3, in the absence of active TGF-β release. MyS3KO (myeloid cell-specific Smad3 knockout) mice had no baseline defects but exhibited increased late mortality and accentuated dilative postmyocardial infarction remodeling. Adverse outcome in infarcted MyS3KO mice was associated with perturbations in phagocytic activity, defective transition of macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, scar expansion, and accentuated apoptosis of border zone cardiomyocytes. In vitro, Smad3 null macrophages exhibited reduced expression of genes associated with eat-me signals, such as Mfge8 (milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor factor 8), and reduced capacity to produce the anti-inflammatory mediators IL (interleukin)-10 and TGF-β1, and the angiogenic growth factor VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). Mfge8 partly rescued the phagocytic defect of Smad3 null macrophages, without affecting inflammatory activity. Impaired anti-inflammatory actions of Smad3 null macrophages were associated with marked attenuation of phagocytosis-induced PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) expression. MyS3KO mice had no significant alterations in microvascular density and interstitial fibrosis in remodeling myocardial segments. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that Smad3 critically regulates function of infarct macrophages, by mediating acquisition of a phagocytic phenotype and by contributing to anti-inflammatory transition. Smad3-dependent actions in macrophages protect the infarcted heart from adverse remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bijun Chen
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Shuaibo Huang
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Ya Su
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Yi-Jin Wu
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Anis Hanna
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Adipong Brickshawana
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| | - Jonathan Graff
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas (J.G.)
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- From the Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY (B.C., S.H., Y.S., Y-J.W., A.H., A.B., N.G.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee B, Oh Y, Jo S, Kim TH, Ji JD. A dual role of TGF-β in human osteoclast differentiation mediated by Smad1 versus Smad3 signaling. Immunol Lett 2018; 206:33-40. [PMID: 30543834 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is highly expressed in the synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and is known as a cytokine that plays an important role in tissue repair and immune cell regulation. However, the role of TGF-β1 is still unclear in osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we examined the effect of TGF-β1 on osteoclast differentiation and the underlying mechanism using healthy human peripheral blood monocytes. TGF-β1 was found to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and decrease the expression of osteoclast-specific genes such as acid phosphatase 5, tartrate resistant and cathepsin K. Levels of NFAT1, an important transcription factor in osteoclastogenesis, were also reduced. In addition, TGF-β1 suppressed receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand-induced NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling. Inhibition of osteoclast differentiation by TGF-β1 was reversed by 1 μM SB431542 (an inhibitor of ALK4/5/7), which inhibited TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of SMAD1, but not that of SMAD3. TGF-β1 also restricted RANK expression, and this was partially reversed by 1 μM SB431542. In contrast, the inhibition of SMAD3 by SIS3 (an inhibitor of SMAD3) reduced the osteoclast formation. TGF-β1 has both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on human osteoclast differentiation, and that these opposing functions are mediated by SMAD1 and SMAD3 signaling, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bitnara Lee
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea; Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Nutrition, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Younseo Oh
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea; Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungsin Jo
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Jong Dae Ji
- Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Xu H, Sui F, Sun M, Guo G. Downregulated microRNA‐224 aggravates vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and vascular remodeling in acute coronary syndrome through activation of the TGF‐β/Smad pathway. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:2537-2551. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Ming Xu
- Department of CardiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| | - Feng‐Hua Sui
- Department of CardiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| | - Mei‐Hua Sun
- Department of PediatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| | - Gong‐Liang Guo
- Department of CardiologyChina‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Campbell CL, Phillips AT, Rico A, McGuire A, Aboellail TA, Quackenbush S, Olson KE, Schountz T. Involvement of Pro-Inflammatory Macrophages in Liver Pathology of Pirital Virus-Infected Syrian Hamsters. Viruses 2018; 10:v10050232. [PMID: 29724035 PMCID: PMC5977225 DOI: 10.3390/v10050232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New World arenaviruses cause fatal hemorrhagic disease in South America. Pirital virus (PIRV), a mammarenavirus hosted by Alston’s cotton rat (Sigmodon alstoni), causes a disease in Syrian golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) (biosafety level-3, BSL-3) that has many pathologic similarities to the South American hemorrhagic fevers (BSL-4) and, thus, is considered among the best small-animal models for human arenavirus disease. Here, we extend in greater detail previously described clinical and pathological findings in Syrian hamsters and provide evidence for a pro-inflammatory macrophage response during PIRV infection. The liver was the principal target organ of the disease, and signs of Kupffer cell involvement were identified in mortally infected hamster histopathology data. Differential expression analysis of liver mRNA revealed signatures of the pro-inflammatory response, hematologic dysregulation, interferon pathway and other host response pathways, including 17 key transcripts that were also reported in two non-human primate (NHP) arenavirus liver-infection models, representing both Old and New World mammarenavirus infections. Although antigen presentation may differ among rodent and NHP species, key hemostatic and innate immune-response components showed expression parallels. Signatures of pro-inflammatory macrophage involvement in PIRV-infected livers included enrichment of Ifng, Nfkb2, Stat1, Irf1, Klf6, Il1b, Cxcl10, and Cxcl11 transcripts. Together, these data indicate that pro-inflammatory macrophage M1 responses likely contribute to the pathogenesis of acute PIRV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Campbell
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Aaron T Phillips
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amber Rico
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Amanda McGuire
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Tawfik A Aboellail
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Sandra Quackenbush
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Ken E Olson
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| | - Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Identifying novel transcription factors involved in the inflammatory response by using binding site motif scanning in genomic regions defined by histone acetylation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184850. [PMID: 28922390 PMCID: PMC5602638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response to pathogenic challenge is a complex, multi-staged process involving thousands of genes. While numerous transcription factors that act as master regulators of this response have been identified, the temporal complexity of gene expression changes in response to pathogen-associated molecular pattern receptor stimulation strongly suggest that additional layers of regulation remain to be uncovered. The evolved pathogen response program in mammalian innate immune cells is understood to reflect a compromise between the probability of clearing the infection and the extent of tissue damage and inflammatory sequelae it causes. Because of that, a key challenge to delineating the regulators that control the temporal inflammatory response is that an innate immune regulator that may confer a selective advantage in the wild may be dispensable in the lab setting. In order to better understand the complete transcriptional response of primary macrophages to the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), we designed a method that integrates temporally resolved gene expression and chromatin-accessibility measurements from mouse macrophages. By correlating changes in transcription factor binding site motif enrichment scores, calculated within regions of accessible chromatin, with the average temporal expression profile of a gene cluster, we screened for transcriptional factors that regulate the cluster. We have validated our predictions of LPS-stimulated transcriptional regulators using ChIP-seq data for three transcription factors with experimentally confirmed functions in innate immunity. In addition, we predict a role in the macrophage LPS response for several novel transcription factors that have not previously been implicated in immune responses. This method is applicable to any experimental situation where temporal gene expression and chromatin-accessibility data are available.
Collapse
|
19
|
Mitrofan CG, Appleby SL, Nash GB, Mallat Z, Chilvers ER, Upton PD, Morrell NW. Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and BMP10 enhance tumor necrosis factor-α-induced monocyte recruitment to the vascular endothelium mainly via activin receptor-like kinase 2. J Biol Chem 2017. [PMID: 28646109 PMCID: PMC5566526 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.778506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins 9 and 10 (BMP9/BMP10) are circulating cytokines with important roles in endothelial homeostasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of BMP9 and BMP10 in mediating monocyte-endothelial interactions using an in vitro flow adhesion assay. Herein, we report that whereas BMP9/BMP10 alone had no effect on monocyte recruitment, at higher concentrations both cytokines synergized with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to increase recruitment to the vascular endothelium. The BMP9/BMP10-mediated increase in monocyte recruitment in the presence of TNFα was associated with up-regulated expression levels of E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM-1), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells. Using siRNAs to type I and II BMP receptors and the signaling intermediaries (Smads), we demonstrated a key role for ALK2 in the BMP9/BMP10-induced surface expression of E-selectin, and both ALK1 and ALK2 in the up-regulation of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1. The type II receptors, BMPR-II and ACTR-IIA were both required for this response, as was Smad1/5. The up-regulation of cell surface adhesion molecules by BMP9/10 in the presence of TNFα was inhibited by LDN193189, which inhibits ALK2 but not ALK1. Furthermore, LDN193189 inhibited monocyte recruitment induced by TNFα and BMP9/10. BMP9/10 increased basal IκBα protein expression, but did not alter p65/RelA levels. Our findings suggest that higher concentrations of BMP9/BMP10 synergize with TNFα to induce the up-regulation of endothelial selectins and adhesion molecules, ultimately resulting in increased monocyte recruitment to the vascular endothelium. This process is mediated mainly via the ALK2 type I receptor, BMPR-II/ACTR-IIA type II receptors, and downstream Smad1/5 signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia-Gabriela Mitrofan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Sarah L Appleby
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Gerard B Nash
- the Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Ziad Mallat
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Edwin R Chilvers
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Paul D Upton
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ and
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Frangogiannis NG. The role of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in the infarcted myocardium. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:S52-S63. [PMID: 28446968 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.11.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The adult mammalian heart has negligible regenerative capacity. Following myocardial infarction, sudden necrosis of cardiomyocytes triggers an intense inflammatory reaction that clears the wound from dead cells and matrix debris, while activating a reparative program. A growing body of evidence suggests that members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family critically regulate the inflammatory and reparative response following infarction. Although all three TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2 and -β3) are markedly upregulated in the infarcted myocardium, information on isoform-specific actions is limited. Experimental studies have suggested that TGF-β exerts a wide range of actions on cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular cells. The findings are often conflicting, reflecting the context-dependence of TGF-β-mediated effects; conclusions are often based exclusively on in vitro studies and on associative evidence. TGF-β has been reported to modulate cardiomyocyte survival responses, promote monocyte recruitment, inhibit macrophage pro-inflammatory gene expression, suppress adhesion molecule synthesis by endothelial cells, promote myofibroblast conversion and extracellular matrix synthesis, and mediate both angiogenic and angiostatic effects. This review manuscript discusses our understanding of the cell biological effects of TGF-β in myocardial infarction. We discuss the relative significance of downstream TGF-β-mediated Smad-dependent and -independent pathways, and the risks and challenges of therapeutic TGF-β targeting. Considering the high significance of TGF-β-mediated actions in vivo, study of cell-specific effects and dissection of downstream signaling pathways are needed in order to design safe and effective therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- The Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kelly A, Houston SA, Sherwood E, Casulli J, Travis MA. Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by TGFβ. Adv Immunol 2017; 134:137-233. [PMID: 28413021 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune regulation by cytokines is crucial in maintaining immune homeostasis, promoting responses to infection, resolving inflammation, and promoting immunological memory. Additionally, cytokine responses drive pathology in immune-mediated disease. A crucial cytokine in the regulation of all aspects of an immune response is transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ). Although best known as a crucial regulator of T cell responses, TGFβ plays a vital role in regulating responses mediated by virtually every innate and adaptive immune cell, including dendritic cells, B cells, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, and granulocytes. Here, we review our current knowledge of how TGFβ regulates the immune system, highlighting the multifunctional nature of TGFβ and how its function can change depending on location and context of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kelly
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie A Houston
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Sherwood
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Casulli
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Travis
- Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Manchester Immunology Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yang Z, Hou Y, Hao T, Rho HS, Wan J, Luan Y, Gao X, Yao J, Pan A, Xie Z, Qian J, Liao W, Zhu H, Zhou X. A Human Proteome Array Approach to Identifying Key Host Proteins Targeted by Toxoplasma Kinase ROP18. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:469-484. [PMID: 28087594 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.063602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma kinase ROP18 is a key molecule responsible for the virulence of Toxoplasma gondii; however, the mechanisms by which ROP18 exerts parasite virulence via interaction with host proteins remain limited to a small number of identified substrates. To identify a broader array of ROP18 substrates, we successfully purified bioactive mature ROP18 and used it to probe a human proteome array. Sixty eight new putative host targets were identified. Functional annotation analysis suggested that these proteins have a variety of functions, including metabolic process, kinase activity and phosphorylation, cell growth, apoptosis and cell death, and immunity, indicating a pleiotropic role of ROP18 kinase. Among these proteins, four candidates, p53, p38, UBE2N, and Smad1, were further validated. We demonstrated that ROP18 targets p53, p38, UBE2N, and Smad1 for degradation. Importantly, we demonstrated that ROP18 phosphorylates Smad1 Ser-187 to trigger its proteasome-dependent degradation. Further functional characterization of the substrates of ROP18 may enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of Toxoplasma infection and provide new therapeutic targets. Similar strategies could be used to identify novel host targets for other microbial kinases functioning at the pathogen-host interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoshou Yang
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yongheng Hou
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Taofang Hao
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hee-Sool Rho
- the §Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Jun Wan
- the ¶Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Yizhao Luan
- the ‖State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.,the **School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Gao
- ‡‡The Third Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; and
| | - Jianping Yao
- §§The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Aihua Pan
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi Xie
- the ‖State Key Lab of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jiang Qian
- the ¶Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Wanqin Liao
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| | - Heng Zhu
- the §Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205;
| | - Xingwang Zhou
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Na HS, Park MH, Song YR, Kim S, Kim HJ, Lee JY, Choi JI, Chung J. Elevated MicroRNA-128 in Periodontitis Mitigates Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Response via p38 Signaling Pathway in Macrophages. J Periodontol 2016; 87:e173-82. [PMID: 27240473 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2016.160033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from an inflammatory response to subgingival plaque bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. MicroRNA (miRNA) is a current focus in regulating the inflammatory processes. In this study, the inflammatory miRNA expression in gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis and of healthy individuals is compared, and its role in regulating the inflammatory response is examined. METHODS Gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis and healthy individuals were collected for miRNA microarray. THP-1 and CA9-22 cells were challenged with P. gingivalis, and miRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Target genes for miRNA were predicted using TargetScanHuman database, and miRNA gene expressions were reviewed using public databases. For the functional study, THP-1 cells were transfected with a miRNA-128 mimic, and target gene expression was compared with THP-1 cells challenged with P. gingivalis. For the tolerance test, THP-1 cells transfected with miRNA-128 mimic were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or paraformaldehyde (PFA)-fixed Escherichia coli. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein phosphorylation was determined by Western blot. RESULTS Gingival tissues from patients with periodontitis showed increased expression of miRNA-128, miRNA-34a, and miRNA-381 and decreased expression of miRNA-15b, miRNA-211, miRNA-372, and miRNA-656. THP-1 cells and CA9-22 cells challenged with P. gingivalis showed increased miRNA-128 expression. Among the predicted miRNA-128 target genes, several genes that are involved in MAPK signaling pathway showed similar gene expression pattern between P. gingivalis challenge and miRNA-128 mimic transfection. In THP-1 cells transfected with miRNA-128 mimic, TNF-α production was lower, and phosphorylation of p38 was inhibited when challenged with PMA or PFA-fixed E. coli. CONCLUSION miRNA-128 may be involved in mitigating the inflammatory response induced by P. gingivalis in periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sam Na
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Yu Ri Song
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Hyung-Joon Kim
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University
| | - Ju Youn Lee
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University
| | - Jeom-Il Choi
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University
| | - Jin Chung
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Yangsan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang M, Zhu M, Tang L, Zhu H, Lu Y, Xu B, Jiang J, Chen X. Polymorphisms of TGFβ-1 and TGFBR2 in relation to coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:873-8. [PMID: 27234600 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM TGF-β1 has been previously reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to assess whether functional gene polymorphisms of TGF-β1 and its key receptor TGF-β receptor type II (TGFBR2) contribute as risk factors to the onset and severity of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD). DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 605 patients who underwent angiography for suspected CAD were prospectively recruited to this study. Coronary stenosis severity was assessed by the number of narrowed coronary vessels and the Gensini score. Among them, 502 patients had documented CAD, and 103 patients without documented CAD served as non-CAD controls. All patients were genotyped for one TGF-β1 polymorphism (rs1800470 (+T29C)) and two TGFBR2 polymorphisms (rs6785385 (-3779A/G), rs764522 (-1444C/G)) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by direct sequencing. RESULTS No significant difference in the frequency for either polymorphism was found between CAD and control patients. Neither TGFBR2 rs6785385 (-3779A/G) nor rs764522 (-1444C/G) gene polymorphisms were associated with the severity of CAD (P>0.05). In male CAD patients, polymorphisms at TGF-β1 rs1800470 (+T29C) were, however, associated with the severity of CAD. The T allele frequency was significantly and positively correlated with the number of narrowed coronary arteries (three or more vessels: 49.3%, two vessels: 44.1%, one vessel: 36.9%) (P=0.039). Gensini scores in patients with the TT, CT, and CC genotype were 34.33±2.23, 32.06±4.79, and 26.90±3.83, respectively (P<0.05). In multiple linear regression analysis, the T allele of TGF-β1 polymorphism was independently correlated with the Gensini score (β=0.131). CONCLUSION TGF-β1 T29C gene polymorphism may be associated with severity of CAD in male patients. TGFBR2 polymorphisms may not determine the genetic susceptibility to CAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
| | - Lijiang Tang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Zhejiang Hospital, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
| | - Yifei Lu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China
| | - Baohui Xu
- Vascular Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jianjun Jiang
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, China; Department of Cardiology, Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province 317000, China; Enze Medical Research Center, Taizhou, Zhejiang Province 317000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chen S, Feng T, Vujić Spasić M, Altamura S, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Altenöder J, Weiss TS, Dooley S, Muckenthaler MU. Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1) Activates Hepcidin mRNA Expression in Hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13160-74. [PMID: 27129231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.691543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic hormone hepcidin is the master regulator of systemic iron homeostasis. Its expression level is adjusted to alterations in iron levels, inflammatory cues, and iron requirements for erythropoiesis. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) contributes to the iron-dependent control of hepcidin. In addition, TGF-β1 may stimulate hepcidin mRNA expression in murine hepatocytes and human leukocytes. However, receptors and downstream signaling proteins involved in TGF-β1-induced hepcidin expression are still unclear. Here we show that TGF-β1 treatment of mouse and human hepatocytes, as well as ectopic expression of TGF-β1 in mice, increases hepcidin mRNA levels. The hepcidin response to TGF-β1 depends on functional TGF-β1 type I receptor (ALK5) and TGF-β1 type II receptor (TβRII) and is mediated by a noncanonical mechanism that involves Smad1/5/8 phosphorylation. Interestingly, increasing availability of canonical Smad2/3 decreases TGF-β1-induced hepcidin regulation, whereas the BMP6-hepcidin signal was enhanced, indicating a signaling component stoichiometry-dependent cross-talk between the two pathways. Although ALK2/3-dependent hepcidin activation by BMP6 can be modulated by each of the three hemochromatosis-associated proteins: HJV (hemojuvelin), HFE (hemochromatosis protein), and TfR2 (transferrin receptor 2), these proteins do not control the ALK5-mediated hepcidin response to TGF-β1. TGF-β1 mRNA levels are increased in mouse models of iron overload, indicating that TGF-β1 may contribute to hepcidin synthesis under these conditions. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that a complex regulatory network involving TGF-β1 and BMP6 may control the sensing of systemic and/or hepatic iron levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Chen
- From the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, the Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany, the Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Teng Feng
- the Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maja Vujić Spasić
- From the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, the Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Sandro Altamura
- From the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, the Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- the Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jutta Altenöder
- the Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Center for Liver Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, University of Regensburg Hospital, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- the Department of Medicine II, Molecular Hepatology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,
| | - Martina U Muckenthaler
- From the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, University of Heidelberg, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany, the Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany, and
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ishikawa K, Sreekumar PG, Spee C, Nazari H, Zhu D, Kannan R, Hinton DR. αB-Crystallin Regulates Subretinal Fibrosis by Modulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:859-73. [PMID: 26878210 PMCID: PMC4822331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Subretinal fibrosis is an end stage of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, characterized by fibrous membrane formation after choroidal neovascularization. An initial step of the pathogenesis is an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium cells. αB-crystallin plays multiple roles in age-related macular degeneration, including cytoprotection and angiogenesis. However, the role of αB-crystallin in subretinal EMT and fibrosis is unknown. Herein, we showed attenuation of subretinal fibrosis after regression of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization and a decrease in mesenchymal retinal pigment epithelium cells in αB-crystallin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice. αB-crystallin was prominently expressed in subretinal fibrotic lesions in mice. In vitro, overexpression of αB-crystallin induced EMT, whereas suppression of αB-crystallin induced a mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Transforming growth factor-β2-induced EMT was further enhanced by overexpression of αB-crystallin but was inhibited by suppression of αB-crystallin. Silencing of αB-crystallin inhibited multiple fibrotic processes, including cell proliferation, migration, and fibronectin production. Bone morphogenetic protein 4 up-regulated αB-crystallin, and its EMT induction was inhibited by knockdown of αB-crystallin. Furthermore, inhibition of αB-crystallin enhanced monotetraubiquitination of SMAD4, which can impair its nuclear localization. Overexpression of αB-crystallin enhanced nuclear translocation and accumulation of SMAD4 and SMAD5. Thus, αB-crystallin is an important regulator of EMT, acting as a molecular chaperone for SMAD4 and as its potential therapeutic target for preventing subretinal fibrosis development in neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keijiro Ishikawa
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Christine Spee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hossein Nazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Danhong Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ram Kannan
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Macular Research Center, Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kzhyshkowska J, Gudima A, Moganti K, Gratchev A, Orekhov A. Perspectives for Monocyte/Macrophage-Based Diagnostics of Chronic Inflammation. Transfus Med Hemother 2016; 43:66-77. [PMID: 27226789 DOI: 10.1159/000444943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation underlies the development of the most dangerous cardiometabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes and its vascular complications. In contrast to acute inflammation induced by bacteria and viruses, chronic inflammation can be driven by abnormal reaction to endogenous factors, including Th2 cytokines, metabolic factors like advanced glycation end products (AGEs), modified lipoproteins, or hyperglycemia. The key innate immune cells that recognize these factors in blood circulation are monocytes. Inflammatory programming of monocytes which migrate into tissues can, in turn, result into generation of tissue macrophages with pathological functions. Therefore, determination of the molecular and functional phenotype of circulating monocytes is a very promising diagnostic tool for the identification of hidden inflammation, which can precede the development of the pathology. Here we propose a new test system for the identification of inflammatory programming of monocytes: surface biomarkers and ex vivo functional system. We summarize the current knowledge about surface biomarkers for monocyte subsets, including CD16, CCR2, CX3CR1, CD64, stabilin-1 and CD36, and their association with inflammatory human disorders. Furthermore, we present the design of an ex vivo monocyte-based test system with minimal set of parameters as a potential diagnostic tool for the identification of personalized inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany; Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexandru Gudima
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kondaiah Moganti
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexei Gratchev
- Laboratory for Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Grgurevic L, Christensen GL, Schulz TJ, Vukicevic S. Bone morphogenetic proteins in inflammation, glucose homeostasis and adipose tissue energy metabolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 27:105-18. [PMID: 26762842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bore morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily, a group of secreted proteins that regulate embryonic development. This review summarizes the effects of BMPs on physiological processes not exclusively linked to the musculoskeletal system. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of BMPs in inflammatory disorders, e.g. fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, anchylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis. Moreover, we discuss the role of BMPs in the context of vascular disorders, and explore the role of these signalling proteins in iron homeostasis (anaemia, hemochromatosis) and oxidative damage. The second and third parts of this review focus on BMPs in the development of metabolic pathologies such as type-2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. The pancreatic beta cells are the sole source of the hormone insulin and BMPs have recently been implicated in pancreas development as well as control of adult glucose homeostasis. Lastly, we review the recently recognized role of BMPs in brown adipose tissue formation and their consequences for energy expenditure and adiposity. In summary, BMPs play a pivotal role in metabolism beyond their role in skeletal homeostasis. However, increased understanding of these pleiotropic functions also highlights the necessity of tissue-specific strategies when harnessing BMP action as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lovorka Grgurevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tim J Schulz
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Slobodan Vukicevic
- University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, Laboratory for Mineralized Tissues, Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Variants of the Coagulation and Inflammation Genes Are Replicably Associated with Myocardial Infarction and Epistatically Interact in Russians. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144190. [PMID: 26658659 PMCID: PMC4675542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In spite of progress in cardiovascular genetics, data on genetic background of myocardial infarction are still limited and contradictory. This applies as well to the genes involved in inflammation and coagulation processes, which play a crucial role in the disease etiopathogenesis. Methods and Results In this study we found genetic variants of TGFB1, FGB and CRP genes associated with myocardial infarction in discovery and replication groups of Russian descent from the Moscow region and the Republic of Bashkortostan (325/185 and 220/197 samples, correspondingly). We also found and replicated biallelic combinations of TGFB1 with FGB, TGFB1 with CRP and IFNG with PTGS1 genetic variants associated with myocardial infarction providing a detectable cumulative effect. We proposed an original two-component procedure for the analysis of nonlinear (epistatic) interactions between the genes in biallelic combinations and confirmed the epistasis hypothesis for the set of alleles of IFNG with PTGS. The procedure is applicable to any pair of logical variables, e.g. carriage of two sets of alleles. The composite model that included three single gene variants and the epistatic pair has AUC of 0.66 both in discovery and replication groups. Conclusions The genetic impact of TGFB1, FGB, CRP, IFNG, and PTGS and/or their biallelic combinations on myocardial infarction was found and replicated in Russians. Evidence of epistatic interactions between IFNG with PTGS genes was obtained both in discovery and replication groups.
Collapse
|
30
|
Study of the activated macrophage transcriptome. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:575-80. [PMID: 26439118 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptome analysis is a powerful modern tool to study possible alterations of gene expression associated with human diseases. It turns out to be especially promising for evaluation of gene expression changes in immunopathology, as immune cells have flexible gene expression patterns that can be switched in response to infection, inflammatory stimuli and exposure to various cytokines. In particular, macrophage polarization towards pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes can be successfully studied using the modern transcriptome analysis approaches. The two mostly used techniques for transcriptome analysis are microarray and next generation sequencing. In this review we will provide an overview of known gene expression changes associated with immunopathology and discuss the advantage and limitations of different methods of transcriptome analysis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cui W, Zhou J, Dehne N, Brüne B. Hypoxia induces calpain activity and degrades SMAD2 to attenuate TGFβ signaling in macrophages. Cell Biosci 2015; 5:36. [PMID: 26146544 PMCID: PMC4491253 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Under inflammatory conditions or during tumor progression macrophages acquire distinct phenotypes, with factors of the microenvironment such as hypoxia and transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) shaping their functional plasticity. TGFβ is among the factors causing alternative macrophage activation, which contributes to tissue regeneration and thus, resolution of inflammation but may also provoke tumor progression. However, the signal crosstalk between TGFβ and hypoxia is ill defined. Results Exposing human primary macrophages to TGFβ elicited a rapid SMAD2/SMAD3 phosphorylation. This early TGFβ-signaling remained unaffected by hypoxia. However, with prolonged exposure periods to TGFβ/hypoxia the expression of SMAD2 declined because of decreased protein stability. In parallel, hypoxia increased mRNA and protein amount of the calpain regulatory subunit, with the further notion that TGFβ/hypoxia elicited calpain activation. The dual specific proteasome/calpain inhibitor MG132 and the specific calpain inhibitor 1 rescued SMAD2 degradation, substantiating the ability of calpain to degrade SMAD2. Decreased SMAD2 expression reduced TGFβ transcriptional activity of its target genes thrombospondin 1, dystonin, and matrix metalloproteinase 2. Conclusions Hypoxia interferes with TGFβ signaling in macrophages by calpain-mediated proteolysis of the central signaling component SMAD2. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13578-015-0026-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China ; Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jie Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 100875 Beijing, China
| | - Nathalie Dehne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|