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Na K, Oh BC, Jung Y. Multifaceted role of CD14 in innate immunity and tissue homeostasis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 74:100-107. [PMID: 37661484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
CD14 is a co-receptor of Toll-like receptor (TLR)- 4, with a critical role in innate immune responses. CD14 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharides, pathogen-, and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby facilitating inflammatory immune responses. In addition to its well-established association with TLR4, CD14 is also implicated in TLR4-independent signaling, which leads to the apoptotic death of differentiated dendritic cells and activation of the noncanonical inflammasome pathway. CD14 also has a role beyond that of the immune responses. It contributes to tissue homeostasis by promoting the clearance of various apoptotic cells via recognizing externalized phosphatidylinositol phosphates. CD14 also has context-dependent roles, particularly in barrier tissues that include the skin and gastrointestinal tract. For example, CD14+ dendritic cells in the skin can induce immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive responses. In the gastrointestinal system, CD14 is involved in producing inflammatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease and maintaining of intestinal integrity. This review focuses on the multifaceted roles of CD14 in innate immunity and its potential regulatory functions in barrier tissues characterized by rapid cell renewal. By providing insights into the diverse functions of CD14, this review offers potential therapeutic implications for this versatile molecule in immune modulation and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhee Na
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea.
| | - YunJae Jung
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea; Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, the Republic of Korea.
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Mulakala BK, Smith KM, Snider MA, Ayers A, Honan MC, Greenwood SL. Use of milk proteins as biomarkers of changes in the rumen metaproteome of Holstein cows fed low-fiber, high-starch diets. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:9630-9643. [PMID: 37210363 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dietary levels of undegraded neutral detergent fiber (uNDF240) and rumen-fermentable starch (RFS) can affect the rumen microbiome and milk composition. The objective of the study is to investigate the use of milk proteins as biomarkers of rumen microbial activity through a comparative evaluation of the rumen microbial and milk protein profiles produced by Holstein cows fed diets with varying contents of physically effective uNDF240 (peuNDF240) and RFS. Eight ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows were included in a larger study as part of a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 4 28-d periods to assess 4 diets varying in peuNDF240 and RFS content. For this experiment, cows received one of 2 dietary treatments: (1) low-peuNDF240, high-RFS (LNHR) diet or (2) high-peuNDF240, low-RFS (HNLR) diet. Within each period, rumen fluid samples were collected from each cow on d 26 (1400 h) and d 27 (0600 h and 1000 h), and milk samples were collected from each cow on d 25 (2030 h), d 26 (0430 h, 1230 h, and 2030 h), and d 27 (0430 h and 1230 h). Microbial proteins were isolated from each rumen fluid sample. For milk samples, milk proteins were fractionated, and the whey fraction was subsequently isolated. Isolated proteins within each rumen fluid or milk sample were isobarically labeled and analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Product ion spectra acquired from rumen fluid samples were searched using SEQUEST against 71 composite databases. In contrast, product ion spectra acquired from milk samples were searched against the Bos taurus database. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4 to assess the effect of diet and time of sampling. To increase stringency, the false discovery rate-adjusted P-value (PFDR) was also calculated to account for multiple comparisons. Using the mixed procedure, a total of 129 rumen microbial proteins were quantified across 24 searched microbial species. Of these, the abundance of 14 proteins across 9 microbial species was affected due to diet and diet × time interaction, including 7 proteins associated with energetics pathways. Among the 159 quantified milk proteins, the abundance of 21 proteins was affected due to the diet and diet × time interaction. The abundance of 19 of these milk proteins was affected due to diet × time interactions. Of these, 16 proteins had the disparity across diets at the 0430 h sampling time, including proteins involved in host defense, nutrient synthesis, and transportation, suggesting that biological shifts resulting from diet-induced rumen changes are not diurnally uniform across milkings. The concentration of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) was statistically higher in the milk from the cows fed with the LNHR diet, which was numerically confirmed with an ELISA. Further, as determined by ELISA, the LPL concentration was significantly higher in the milk from the cows fed with the LNHR diet at 0430 h sampling point, suggesting that LPL concentration may indicate dietary carbohydrate-induced ruminal changes. The results of this study suggest that diet-induced rumen changes can be reflected in milk in a diurnal pattern, further highlighting the need to consider sampling time points for using milk proteins as a representative biomarker of rumen microbial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Mulakala
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - K M Smith
- William H. Miner Agricultural Research Institute, Chazy, NY 12921
| | - M A Snider
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Department of Agriculture, Southeast Missouri State University, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701
| | - A Ayers
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - M C Honan
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405; Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S L Greenwood
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405.
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Oboh-Imafidon MA, Torbit SM, Jacob S, Schroeter MN, Tucker AR, Ojurongbe O, Thomas BN. Severity of Schistosoma haematobium co-infection with malaria in school-children is potentially modulated by host CD14 gene variants. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:199. [PMID: 37684680 PMCID: PMC10486024 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schistosomiasis remains a chronic disease of global importance, especially in many rural areas of the world where co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum is common. It is critical to decipher the role of single or co-infected disease scenarios on immune system regulation in such individuals and how such co-infections can either ameliorate or complicate immune response and the consequent disease outcome. First, 10 ml of urine samples, collected between 10:00 am and 2:00 pm, was filtered for diagnosis of schistosomiasis, while egg count, indicative of disease severity, was determined by microscopy. Furthermore, genomic DNA samples extracted from dried blood spots collected on filter paper from one hundred and forty-four Schistosoma haematobium-infected school-children was tested for P. falciparum parasite positivity by an allele-specific nested-PCR analysis of merozoite surface protein (msp)-1 and -2 genes and a real-time PCR assay. In addition, among P. falciparum parasite-positive individuals, we carried out a Taqman SNP genotyping assay to extrapolate the effect of host CD14 (-159 C/T; rs2569190) genetic variants on schistosome egg count. RESULTS Of the 144 individuals recruited, P. falciparum parasite positivity with msp-1 gene were 34%, 43% and 55% for MAD20, RO33 and K1 alleles respectively. Of the co-infected individuals, CD14 genetic variants ranged from 18.8% vs 21.5%, 33.3% vs 44.4%, 9.7% vs 11.8% for single versus schistosome co-infection for the wild type (CC), heterozygous (CT) and mutant (TT) variants respectively. Though the mean egg count for co-infected individuals with CD14 wild type (33.7 eggs per 10 ml of urine) and heterozygote variants (37.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine) were lower than that of schistosome infection alone (52.48 and 48.08 eggs/10 ml of urine respectively), it lacked statistical significance (p-value 0.12 and 0.29), possibly reflecting the benefit of the CD14 activation in schistosome plus malaria co-infection and not schistosome infection alone. In addition, the lower mean egg count in co-infected individuals reveal the benefit of downstream Th1 immune response mitigated by CD14 innate activation that is absent in schistosome infection alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A Oboh-Imafidon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Sabrina M Torbit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Swathi Jacob
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Marissa N Schroeter
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Ashley R Tucker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (CERID), Humboldt-Bayer Foundation Research Hub, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - Bolaji N Thomas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, 153 Lomb Memorial Drive, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA.
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Sharygin D, Koniaris LG, Wells C, Zimmers TA, Hamidi T. Role of CD14 in human disease. Immunology 2023; 169:260-270. [PMID: 36840585 PMCID: PMC10591340 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell surface antigen CD14 is primarily understood to act as a co-receptor for toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate innate immunity responses to pathogens and tissue injury in macrophages and monocytes. However, roles for CD14 are increasingly being uncovered in disease responses in epithelial and endothelial cells. Consistent with these broader functions, CD14 expression is altered in a variety of non-immune cell types in response to a several of disease states. Moreover, soluble CD14 activated by factors from both pathogens and tissue damage may initiate signalling in a variety of non-immune cells. This review examined the current understanding CD14 in innate immunity as well as its potential functions in nonimmune cells and associated human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sharygin
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts institute of technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Clark Wells
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tewfik Hamidi
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Sanz G, Pérez E, Jiménez-Marín A, Mompart F, Morera L, Barbancho M, Llanes D, Garrido JJ. Molecular cloning, chromosomal location, and expression analysis of porcine CD14. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 31:738-47. [PMID: 17169425 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2006.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 10/31/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
CD14 is a membrane-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein that binds lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and enables LPS-dependent responses in a variety of cells. In this study a cDNA containing the porcine CD14 coding sequence has been cloned and its complete sequence determined. The amino acid sequence deduced from pig CD14 cDNA encodes a 373 amino acid polypeptide that exhibits 75%, 72%, 69%, 66%, 57% and 56% similarity to CD14 from cow, horse, human, rabbit, mouse and rat, respectively. Structural analysis showed that the porcine CD14 is a membrane glycoprotein with a GPI-anchor site and an extracellular domain containing 11 leucine-rich repeats. In addition, the LPS-binding regions identified in the human CD14 are highly conserved in the N-terminal domain of the porcine sequence. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to locate the CD14 gene on the pig chromosome 2, band q28. Expression analysis revealed that porcine CD14 transcripts were detected in all tissues and cells examined, suggesting that the expression of porcine CD14 gene is not restricted to myeloid cell lineage. Finally, we report that LPS stimulation significantly up-regulated CD14 gene expression in porcine alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Sanz
- Unidad de Marcadores Genéticos Moleculares, Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Bliss SK, Zhang Y, Denkers EY. Murine Neutrophil Stimulation by Toxoplasma gondii Antigen Drives High Level Production of IFN-γ-Independent IL-12. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.4.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Successful immunity to Toxoplasma gondii requires a strong cell-mediated immune response. Neutrophils possess the ability to rapidly migrate into tissues in response to microbial stimuli. Therefore, we sought to determine whether murine neutrophils could respond to T. gondii by producing immunoregulatory cytokines. We show that murine neutrophils produce high levels of IL-12 and low, but significant, levels of TNF-α when stimulated with T. gondii Ag. Both cytokines are produced in the absence of IFN-γ. Production of IL-12 does not require TNFR p55, and release of TNF-α occurs independently of IL-12. We show that there is an influx of neutrophils into the peritoneal cavity that peaks at ∼8 h in response to injection of live tachyzoites and that this is correlated with increased transcription of IL-12 p40. Our results establish that murine neutrophils possess the ability to produce immunoregulatory cytokines during T. gondii infection and suggest that this response may be important in early host defense and in triggering cell-mediated immunity to the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Bliss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Yin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Eric Y. Denkers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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Haziot A, Hijiya N, Schultz K, Zhang F, Gangloff SC, Goyert SM. CD14 Plays No Major Role in Shock Induced by Staphylococcus aureus but Down-Regulates TNF-α Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent in vitro studies have suggested that CD14, a major receptor for LPS, may also be a receptor for cell wall components of Gram-positive bacteria and thus play a role in Gram-positive shock. To analyze the in vivo role of CD14 in responses to Gram-positive bacteria, CD14-deficient and control mice were injected with Staphylococcus aureus, and the effects on lethality, bacterial clearance, and production of cytokines were analyzed. Survival of CD14-deficient and control mice did not differ significantly after administration of various doses of either unencapsulated or encapsulated S. aureus; furthermore, mice in both groups displayed similar symptoms of shock. In addition, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6 were readily detectable in the serum of CD14-deficient mice injected with live or antibiotic-killed S. aureus. Surprisingly, the serum concentration of TNF-α in CD14-deficient mice was at least threefold higher than in control mice after injection of either unencapsulated or encapsulated S. aureus, suggesting that CD14 down-regulates TNF-α. A similar increase in serum TNF-α occurred when CD14-deficient animals were injected with gentamicin-killed bacteria even though no symptoms of shock were observed. These studies indicate that CD14, in contrast to its key function in responses to the Gram-negative bacterium, Escherichia coli 0111, does not play a prominent role in septic shock induced by S. aureus, and that the symptoms of S. aureus shock are not due solely to TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Haziot
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Naoki Hijiya
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Karine Schultz
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Fan Zhang
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Sophie C. Gangloff
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Sanna M. Goyert
- North Shore University Hospital/New York University School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
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Medvedev AE, Flo T, Ingalls RR, Golenbock DT, Teti G, Vogel SN, Espevik T. Involvement of CD14 and Complement Receptors CR3 and CR4 in Nuclear Factor-κB Activation and TNF Production Induced by Lipopolysaccharide and Group B Streptococcal Cell Walls. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.9.4535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of CD14 and complement receptors type 3 (CR3) and 4 (CR4) in mediating TNF release and NF-κB activation induced by LPS and cell wall preparations from group B streptococci type III (GBS). LPS and GBS caused TNF secretion from human monocytes in a CD14-dependent manner, and soluble CD14, LPS binding protein, or their combination potentiated both LPS- and GBS-induced activities. Blocking of either CD14 or CD18, the common β-subunit of CR3 and CR4, decreased GBS-induced TNF release, while LPS-mediated TNF production was inhibited by anti-CD14 mAb only. Chinese hamster ovary cell transfectants (CHO) that express human CD14 (CHO/CD14) responded to both LPS and GBS with NF-κB translocation, which was inhibited by anti-CD14 mAb and enhanced by LPS binding protein. While LPS showed fast kinetics of NF-κB activation in CHO/CD14 cells, a slower NF-κB response was induced by GBS. LPS also activated NF-κB in CHO cells transfected with either human CR3 or CR4 cDNA, although responses were delayed and weaker than those of CHO/CD14 cells. In contrast to LPS, GBS failed to induce NF-κB in CHO/CR3 or CHO/CR4 cells. Both C3H/OuJ (Lpsn) and C3H/HeJ (Lpsd) mouse peritoneal macrophages responded to GBS with TNF production and NF-κB translocation, whereas LPS was active only in C3H/OuJ macrophages. Thus, LPS and GBS differentially involve CD14 and CR3 or CR4 for signaling NF-κB activation in CHO cells and TNF release in human monocytes, and engage a different set of receptors and/or intracellular signaling pathways in mouse macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei E. Medvedev
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Trude Flo
- †Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Robin R. Ingalls
- ‡The Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- ‡The Maxwell Finland Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Giuseppe Teti
- §Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Terje Espevik
- †Institute of Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Haziot A, Lin XY, Zhang F, Goyert SM. Cutting Edge: The Induction of Acute Phase Proteins by Lipopolysaccharide Uses a Novel Pathway That Is CD14-Independent. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.6.2570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
LPS (endotoxin) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α) are potent inducers of acute phase proteins (APP). Since LPS induces high levels of these cytokines after its interaction with CD14, a protein expressed on the surface of monocytes and neutrophils, it has been assumed that CD14 mediates the LPS induction of APP expression. To test this hypothesis, CD14-deficient and control mice were injected with low doses of LPS, and the expression of several APP that are normally up-regulated by LPS was measured. CD14-deficient mice showed no alteration in the induction of APP, including serum amyloid A, LPS-binding protein, fibrinogen, or ceruloplasmin; in contrast, C3H/HeJ mice, which carry a mutation in the Lps gene, do not up-regulate the expression of these proteins. These studies show that the up-regulation of APP by LPS utilizes a non-CD14 receptor and requires a functional Lps gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Haziot
- Division of Molecular Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xing Y. Lin
- Division of Molecular Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Fan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Sanna M. Goyert
- Division of Molecular Medicine, North Shore University Hospital, NYU School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
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