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Reyes MSG, Palharini RSA, Monteiro FF, Ayala S, Undurraga EA. Prevalence and Distribution of Salmonella in Water Bodies in South America: A Systematic Review. Microorganisms 2025; 13:489. [PMID: 40142382 PMCID: PMC11944343 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms13030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2025] [Revised: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/20/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
The presence of Salmonella in rivers, lakes, or beaches in South America represents a challenge to public health and aquatic ecosystems. This review explores the distribution, prevalence, and the main factors contributing to the survival and spread of Salmonella, including wastewater discharge, agricultural runoff, and climatic variables such as high temperatures and precipitation. These factors also facilitate the distribution of multidrug-resistant strains in water. The review is based on bibliographic searches in various databases, focusing on Salmonella species, South American countries, and types of water bodies. Predominant serovars include S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium, with S. Typhi and S. Panama frequently detected in Chile, S. Enteritidis in Argentina, and S. Typhimurium in Brazil. Less common serovars, including S. Dublin and S. Paratyphi B, were identified, along with subspecies such as diarizonae and houtenae. These findings highlight the role of environmental, physicochemical, and anthropogenic factors influencing Salmonella dynamics. The review identifies research gaps, advocating for further studies to better understand the interactions between Salmonella, climate change, and human activity. Strengthening surveillance and mitigation strategies is crucial to protect water resources and public health in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makarena Sofia Gonzalez Reyes
- Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, RM, Chile;
| | - Rayana Santos Araujo Palharini
- Departamento de Prevención de Riesgos y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Santiago 8330383, RM, Chile
| | - Felipe Ferreira Monteiro
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas e Climáticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil;
| | - Salvador Ayala
- Centro de Epidemiología y Políticas de Salud (CEPS), Universidad Del Desarrollo, Las Condes, Santiago 7610658, RM, Chile;
| | - Eduardo A. Undurraga
- Escuela de Gobierno, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Macul, Santiago 7820436, RM, Chile;
- Research Center for Integrated Disaster Risk Management (CIGIDEN), Macul, Santiago 7820436, RM, Chile
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Hyeon JY, Helal ZH, Polkowski R, Vyhnal K, Mishra N, Kim J, Risatti GR, Lee DH. Genomic Features of Salmonella enterica Subspecies houtenae Serotype 45:g,z51:- Isolated from Multiple Abdominal Abscesses of an African Fat-Tailed Gecko, United States, 2020. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1322. [PMID: 34827260 PMCID: PMC8614954 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (S. houtenae) is a common subspecies in reptiles and has been implicated as a source of serious and life-threatening diseases in humans. Although occurrence and significance of S. houtenae infections have been extensively studied, the genetic features of S. houtenae have remained unknown due to a lack of available high-quality genome sequences. We obtained the complete genome sequence of S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- strain 20-369 isolated from multiple abdominal abscesses of an African fat-tailed gecko (Hemitheconyx caudicinctus) using Nanopore and Illumina sequencing technologies and generated the 4.65Mbp complete genome sequence of the S. houtenae str. 20-369. We annotated and analyzed the genome sequence with the aim to gain a deeper understanding of the genome characteristics associated with its pathogenicity. Overall, this study found several interesting genomic features such as pseudogene formation, virulence gene profile, and novel genomic islands. This study provides basis for an understanding possible genetic mechanism underlying pathogenicity of S. houtenae 45:g,z51:- as well as a high-quality genome reference for future comparison studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Hyeon
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Zeinab H. Helal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Robert Polkowski
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Kristin Vyhnal
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Junwon Kim
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
| | - Guillermo R. Risatti
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
- Connecticut Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA; (J.-Y.H.); (Z.H.H.); (K.V.); (N.M.); (J.K.); (G.R.R.)
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Castañeda-Ruelas GM, Burgeño-Román A, Jiménez-Edeza M. Genetics and physiology of Salmonella houtenae isolated from a river in Mexico provides insight into the aquatic habitat influence on its adaptation and pathogenesis. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 83:104326. [PMID: 32320826 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. houtenae (IV) is a non-enteric subspecies of the genus Salmonella and has recently been implicated in extraintestinal diseases in humans. In Mexico, its reported that rivers are a reservoir of Salmonella houtenae, however, detailed information about the virulence and infective capacity of this bacterium are limited. Here, we present the high-quality genome draft of Salmonella houtenae str. CFSAN039533 isolated from a river in Culiacan, Mexico. In addition, its virulence, antimicrobial resistance profile and the use of carbon sources for its primary metabolism are analyzed. The genome sequence of CFSAN03953 strain comprises 4.74-Mb which contains 4266 protein coding genes and 77 tRNA genes. The strain belongs to the Marine serotype (48: g, z51: -), and showed several virulence genes related to the SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-5 and fimbriae genes. The strain exhibited a susceptible phenotype, which contrasted with the resistance genes of aminoglycosides family identified into the genome. Carbon source degradation evaluation along with the genomic analysis, indicated that the strain can use a relatively broad spectrum of compounds related to the central metabolic pathways. This study provides information on the genetics and physiology of Salmonella houtenae that confirms its ability to survive and adapt to the environment. In addition, its pathogenic potential and infective capacity towards warm-blooded hosts are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria M Castañeda-Ruelas
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Microbiológico, Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Areli Burgeño-Román
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Microbiológico, Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Maribel Jiménez-Edeza
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Diagnóstico Microbiológico, Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico.
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