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Zhao S, Zhang Q, Wang X, Li W, Juma S, Berquist R, Zhang J, Yang K. Development and performance of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) assay for detecting Schistosoma haematobium DNA in urine samples. Heliyon 2023; 9:e23031. [PMID: 38144328 PMCID: PMC10746445 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid diagnosis of urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium requires an accurate and timely assay, especially for low-intensity S. haematobium infection cases and in non-endemic areas. The mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) gene fragment of S. haematobium was selected as detection target as this short fragment, which can be rapidly sequenced and yet possess good diagnostic resolution. A pair of primers and a fluorescent probe were designed according to the principle of recombinase-aided amplification (RAA), which was subsequently optimized and applied as an S. haematobium-specific RAA assay. Its diagnostic performance was validated for sensitivity and specificity in comparison to microscopy-based egg counting after urine filtration. The RAA assay could detect as little as 10 copies/μL of S. haematobium recombinant plasmid, and no cross-reactions were observed with S. mansoni, S. japonicum, Ancylostoma duodenale, Clonorchis sinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, or Ascaris lumbricoides. This test can be conducted at 39 °C and the whole RAA reaction can be completed within 20 min. The validation of the RAA assay showed that it had 100 % consistency with urine-egg microscopy, as it does not require an elaborate reading tool, is simple to use, and should be useful for field diagnostics and point-of-care applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 904th Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of PLA, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214044, China
| | - Xinyao Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saleh Juma
- Ministry of Health of Zanzibar, P.O. Box 236, Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanzania
| | - Robert Berquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly with the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jianfeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Key Laboratory on Technology for Parasitic Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on the Molecular Biology of Parasites, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
- Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown on Schistosoma host Oncomelania hupensis density in Wuhan. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106224. [PMID: 34757041 PMCID: PMC8575659 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snails that host the parasitic worm Schistosoma were once controlled or eliminated in Wuhan, China. However, safety measures associated with the outbreak of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) halted snail detection and extermination efforts. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on urban schistosomiasis transmission remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate snail density and the associated risk of a schistosomiasis outbreak in Wuhan. METHODS The density and infection status of snails were monitored by global positioning system satellites, and outbreak risk was calculated by adjusting the Kaiser model. SigmaPlot was used to create a three-dimensional risk matrix. RESULTS The living snail frame occurrence rate was 1.48%, and the average living snail density was 0.054/0.11 m2 in 2020, indicating an increase relative to the respective 2019 values (0.019/0.11 m2). No infectious snails were observed in the survey area. The possibility, harmfulness, and uncontrollability indicator values were 0.842, 0.870, and 0.866, respectively. The areas at greatest risk were the northern bank of Tianxingzhou and the Tianxingzhou and Hongshan districts overall. The existing snail sites in the northern bank of Tianxingzhou exhibited the highest risk scores, followed by those in Pak Sha Chau, with the highest risk score found in Yangsiji Village. The events likely to occur in Hongshan District were also likely to have high severity. CONCLUSIONS During the COVID-19 outbreak, the risk of schistosomiasis increased due to snail colonies returning to their sites of origin in Wuhan, suggesting a need for strengthened infection control and prevention measures.
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The usefulness of indirect diagnostic tests for Schistosoma haematobium infection after repeated rounds of mass treatment with praziquantel in Mpwapwa and Chakechake districts in Tanzania. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 90:132-137. [PMID: 31693938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indirect diagnostic tests are used to assess the disease burden and to monitor the impact of different interventions in areas endemic for urinary schistosomiasis. This study was performed to assess their accuracy in the diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis among primary school children in low and moderate transmission areas in the districts of Mpwapwa and Chakechake, respectively. METHODS School children were interviewed regarding their history of haematuria and participation in treatment campaigns. Urine samples were collected and inspected for macro-haematuria (visual haematuria) and tested for micro-haematuria using urine reagent strips and Schistosoma haematobium eggs by urine filtration method. RESULTS The prevalence of S. haematobium was 6.8% in Mtera Dam area and 38.7% in Uwandani Shehia. In Mtera Dam area, a history of haematuria and visual haematuria had low sensitivity (<60%) with high specificity (>90%). The urine reagent strips had high sensitivity and specificity (≥75%). In Uwandani Shehia, a history of haematuria had high sensitivity and specificity (>60%). Visual haematuria had low sensitivity (<50%) but high specificity (>80%). The urine reagent strips maintained high performance in all parameters assessed. CONCLUSIONS The study findings suggest that urine reagent strips will continue to serve as a very useful adjunct test for monitoring the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in endemic areas.
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