Correlation between the type of bcr-abl transcripts and blood cell counts in chronic myeloid leukemia - a possible influence of mdr1 gene expression

Advancements in leukemia management: Bridging diagnosis, prognosis and nanotechnology (Review)

Leukemia is a cancer that starts in blood stem cells in the bone marrow. Today, the proper diagnosis and prognosis of leukemia are essential in mitigating the morbidity and mortality associated with this malignancy. The advent of novel biomarkers, particularly those related to minimal residual disease, has paved the way for personalized therapeutic strategies and enables the quantitative assessment of patient responses to treatment regimens. Novel diagnostic and targeted drug delivery may be helpful for the improved management of leukemia. Genetic clinical parameters, such as chromosomal abnormalities, are crucial in diagnosing and guiding treatment decisions. These genetic markers also provide valuable prognostic information, helping to predict patient outcomes and tailor personalized treatment plans. In the present review, the studies on the diagnostic and prognostic parameters of leukemia were analyzed. The prognosis of leukemia was investigated in most of the studies, and the remaining were performed on diagnosis. The clinical and laboratory prognostic parameters were the most common, followed by diagnostic hematological parameters, diagnostic blood parameter studies, and diagnostic immunological parameters. Clinical and laboratory prognostic and hematologic parameters were the most extensively studied. The methods used to diagnose and prognose the leukemia cases in these studies were predominantly clinical hematology. Numerous surface proteins and receptors, including CD45, CD27, CD29, CD38, CD27, CD123, CD56 and CD25, react similarly in various kinds of leukemia, which are ideal for targeted drug delivery. Drug delivery to leukemia cells encounters several significant obstacles, including heterogeneity, that hinder the effectiveness of treatment. Nanocarriers play a critical role in targeted drug delivery for leukemia by enhancing the precision of treatments directed at surface proteins and receptors. Additionally, they can be functionalized with targeting drugs and antibodies to target specific tissues and cells.

A review on characterization of BCR - ABL transcript variants for molecular monitoring of chronic myeloid leukemia phenotypes

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative growth of human pluripotent stem cells which is estimated to occur at a rate of 1/100000 populations every year worldwide. A characteristic feature of this disease is the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome genotype, which results from the reciprocal translocation between human chromosomes 9 and 22. Two types of major genotypes are involved, which consequently result in two major types of expressed fusion mRNA transcripts: b3a2 and b2a2, i.e. major breakpoint segments (happening after exon 13 & after exon 14) of the BCR gene on chromosome 22 fuze with the ABL1 gene breakpoint (happening after exon 2) on chromosome 9, forming two genotypes coding for two transcripts: b3a2 (e14a2) and b2a2 (e13a2). The protein 'p210 BCR-ABL1', a protein which characteristically exhibits a high tyrosine kinase activity which is followed by the activation of various cellular processes that lead to increased cellular proliferation and cancer, is coded by both major BCR - ABL1 mRNA transcripts. Recent developments in the treatment of CML through molecular monitoring of the disease have managed to reduce patient morbidity and mortality. Advanced molecular techniques are aimed at detecting BCR-ABL1 transcript levels to monitor treatment response. Transcript typing is necessary to detect minimal residual disease and to achieve molecular response by helping to provide selective therapy based on the type of transcript identified, as transcript type is correlated with the disease course.The purpose of this review is to discuss: the role of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene in the pathogenesis of CML; the role of BCR-ABL1 transcript characterization in the molecular monitoring of CML therapy; the association of BCR - ABL1 transcript types with different CML phenotypes, molecular responses, and treatment responses; and the laboratory techniques employed to detect and characterize BCR - ABL1 transcripts.

Association between the BCR-ABL gene transcripts and the laboratory hematological profile

Objective: This study describes the hematological parameters associated with the BCR-ABL gene transcripts in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Methods: We reviewed the results of 100 detectable patients for one of the BCR-ABL gene transcripts. The eligibility criteria were based on the presence of one of the leukemic transcripts (b2a2, b3a2, and b2a2/b3a2) and complete epidemiological and hematological data. The data were obtained from the LabMaster computerized system. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the medians of the quantitative variables between the transcripts of the BCR-ABL gene and the chi-square test to compare the qualitative ones, adopting the p-value with a level of significance less than or equal to 0.05. Results: Forty-five patients (45%) presented the b2a2 transcript, 24 (24%) the b3a2 transcript and 31 (31%) a b2a2/b3a2 coexpression. Individuals who expressed the b3a2 transcript had higher leukocyte counts and platelet levels, but we found no differences compared with individuals who expressed the other transcript. Conclusion: In this study, the BCR-ABL gene transcripts did not influence the hematological parameters of patients with CML.

Characteristics of BCR-ABL gene variants in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia

Background

Depending on breakpoints of rearrangement different types of BCR–ABL fusion protein can be generated in patients of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The aim of this study is to observe frequencies of major transcripts in CML patients by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and their hematological features at the time of presentation.

Materials and methods

This cross sectional study was performed at Molecular Lab of Riphah International University, Islamabad from January to June 2019. Consecutive peripheral blood samples of 70 newly diagnosed CML patients in chronic phase were analyzed by RT-PCR to detect different BCR–ABL transcripts. Routine blood cell counts were assessed by an automated hematology analyzer.

Results

All samples expressed typical BCR–ABL rearrangement. Expression of either e14a2 or e13a2 transcript was detected in 38 (54%) and 30 (43%) patients, respectively. Coexpression of e13a2 + e14a2 was found in 2 (3%) patients. The mean total leukocyte count was higher in group expressing e13a2 (P = 0.01). Higher mean platelet count was noted in patients with e14a2 transcript, but this difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.1). The association of male gender was observed with the group exhibiting e14a2 (P = 0.01). There was no statistically significant association between transcript type and different ranges of age, hemoglobin levels, and platelet and total leukocyte counts (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

e14a2 transcript was most common transcript in CML patients. Patients exhibiting e13a2 subgroup presented with significantly higher mean white blood cell count at the time of presentation. Significantly higher proportion of male patients was found to express e14a2 transcript over e13a2.

Assessment of BCR-ABL1 Fusion Transcripts and Their Association with Response to Imatinib Treatment in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients

Objectives: BCR-ABL1 fusion transcripts with contrasting data on response to imatinib therapy have been reported from different parts of the world. Hence, the present study aimed to determine the frequencies of transcripts and their association with response to imatinib therapy in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients. Methods: A total of 170 (76 follow-up and 94 imatinib-resistant) CML samples were included in the study. BCR-ABL1 fusion transcripts and expression status were analyzed in all cases using multiplex reverse transcriptase PCyR and real-time PCyR. Sanger sequencing was used for tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutation screening in imatinib mesylate-resistant patients. Results: Of 170 CML patients, 36.36% showed b2a2, 63.53% had b3a2, and 2.94% had b2a2 + b3a2 isoforms. Mean platelet counts and blasts were significantly lower in b2a2 carriers (P = 0.0092; P ≤ 0.0001). Patients with b2a2 transcript were found to be more in responders group (both hematological and cytogenetic), whereas b3a2 patients were more in partial responders group and death (P = 0.763; P = 0.309). In follow-up patients, mean baseline BCR-ABL1 expression levels are significantly higher in b2a2 versus b3a2 carriers (P = 0.0351). Of 94 imatinib-resistant patients, 36 (38.29%) had acquired TKD mutations. Among 36 patients, mean BCR-ABL1 levels are significantly higher in b2a2 and b2a2 + b3a2 group (P = 0.0002; P ≤ 0.0001). TKD mutation frequency was more in b3a2 (61.11%) compared to other types. With respect to follow-up status in 36 patients, 17 patients died while 19 were on imatinib higher doses or 2nd-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Of 17 patients, 41.66% had b2a2 transcript and 54.54% had b3a2 transcript. Conclusion: Patients with b3a2 transcripts might be associated with poor response and worse prognosis in CML with imatinib treatment.

Serum Estrogen and its Soluble Receptor Levels in Egyptian Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: A Case–Control Study

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a clonal myeloproliferative disorder. CML cells contain a BCR-ABL gene, not typically found in normal cells that produce a protein (BCR-ABL) causing CML cells to proliferate. CML occurs in three phases: chronic, accelerated and blast crisis. Disease staging is primarily based on percent of blasts in the blood and bone marrow. Most cases of CML are diagnosed in chronic phase (CP). The major objective in CML clinical management is to prevent progression from chronic to accelerated and blast crisis phases. While earlier treatments, such as cytoreductive chemo- and interferon therapies increased overall survival rates among patients, the advent of tyrosine-kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have changed the CML treatment landscape. Despite the widespread use of these therapies, there have also been associated side effects that could potentially affect its use. Also it is necessary to avoid all deaths and complications related to the treatment, by limiting as much as possible the side-effects of the treatment while ensuring the compliance of the patients. The aim of this work was to measure the serum estrogen and its soluble receptor levels in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in order to extrapolate their possible clinical significance. The present study included 40 (20 males and 20 females) healthy volunteers clinically free from any disease, 40 (20 males and 20 females) patients of newly diagnosed CML. Blood samples were collected from all subjects and the level of serum estrogen (E2) and serum soluble estrogen receptor (ER) were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of serum E2 (pg/ml) in both male and female patients groups with CML was significantly higher than in control group. The level of serum ER (ng/ml) in both male and female patients groups with CML was significantly lower than in control group. Estimating the serum level of E2 and soluble ER is of informative diagnostic value. Estimation serum level of E2 and soluble ER in patients with CML is of value in deciding use of antiestrogen as therapeutic target in treatment protocol.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12288-021-01451-8.

Comparison of BCR-ABL Transcript Variants Between Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia and Leukaemia Cell Lines

BACKGROUND/AIM

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of breakpoint cluster region-Abelson murine leukemia (BCR-ABL1) gene fusion as a hallmark that is expressed as two major transcripts b2a2 and b3a2. The aim of this study was to compare the BCR-ABL transcripts in the blood cells of patients with CML, and in chemoresistant and chemosensitive CML cell lines to validate their use as a good method to elucidate CML biology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twelve patients with CML and CML cell lines (K562, K562-LUCENA and FEPS) were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate gene expression of BCR-ABL transcripts.

RESULTS

All patients had the same expression levels of b2a2 and b3a3 transcripts, however, CML cell lines presented only b3a2 expression. There were no significant differences in absolute b3a2 expression between patients and CML cell lines.

CONCLUSION

CML cell lines provide a good in vitro alternative in that they have the same BCR-ABL expression as patients.

Association of BCR/ABL transcript variants with different blood parameters and demographic features in Iraqi chronic myeloid leukemia patients

Background

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by the presence of BCR‐ABL fusion gene (GenBank accession NC_000022.11). In the vast majority of CML patients, the typical subtype of BCR‐ABL transcript are b3a2, b2a2 or both. The aim of this study was to determine the different subtypes of BCR‐ABL transcript and their impact on the demographic and hematological parameters in Iraqi patients with CML.

Methods

One hundred patients with chronic phase CML (11 newly diagnosed and 89 imatinib‐resistant) were enrolled in this study. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted from leukocytes, and complementary DNA was created using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique. A multiplex polymerase chain reaction with four specific primers was used to determine the BCR‐ABL fusion subtypes in each patient.

Results

Male to female ratio was 1.38:1. Fifty‐nine patients expressed b3a2 transcript, whereas 39 of the remaining cases were positive for b2a2 variant. One case expressed b2a3 transcript, while the last case coexpressed the two subtypes of mRNA b3a2/b2a2. Male and female were significantly associated with b3a2 and b2a2 subtypes, respectively. The b3a2 subtype showed higher total leukocyte count than b2a2 subgroup, while b2a2 variant demonstrated significantly elevated platelet counts compared to those with b3a2 transcript. A significantly higher plateletcrit percentage (PCT%) was found in patients with b2a2 transcript whereas.

Conclusions

The testified Iraqi group expressed M‐BCR‐ABL type with preponderance of b3a2 over b2a2 subtype. There was a gender‐skewed distribution in BCR‐ABL transcript types with b3a2 transcript more prevalent in males. The type of BCR‐ABL transcript is reflected by different leukocyte and platelet counts at diagnosis, which might represent a distinct phenotype and disease biology.

Prognostic Implication of BCR-ABL Fusion Transcript Variants in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) Treated with Imatinib. A First of Its Kind Study on CML Patients of Kashmir

Background: The prognostic significance of the common BCR-ABL transcripts like e13a2 (b2a2) and e14a2 (b3a2) in Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has been reported from patients treated with different tyrosine kinase inhibitors but its impact on clinical response and overall survival remains still unexplored. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of different transcript types in a cohort of CML patients treated with imatinib. Methods: A total 42 confirmed cases of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients were recruited into our cohort study and a multiplex Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction technique (RT-PCR) was used to detect 3 main transcript types ‘e1a2’, ‘e13a2’, and ‘e14a2’ found in CML. Results: Only two types of transcripts e13a2 (b2a2) and e14a2 (b3a2) were detected in our CML patients and none had the e1a2 type. All the patients were RT-PCR positive for either e13a2 or e14a2 fusion transcript demonstrating 100% concordance with their Ph+ve cytogenetic status at baseline. TLC count (range of 201-600x103/μl) and platelet count (range of 201-900x103/μl) at baseline were found to be associated more with the e14a2 (b3a2) than the e13a2 (b2a2) transcript type (p-value: 0.001). The two transcripts found did not relate significantly towards sex, age-group or indicated spleen size ranges as well as percentage ranges of blast cells. Conclusion: We conclude that there is no overall prognostic implication of either the e13a2 or the e14a2 transcript type across the spectrum of indicated clinical parameters evaluated. Even the overall survival analysis of the two transcript types revealed no prognostic association whatsoever.

Current trends in molecular diagnostics of chronic myeloid leukemia

Nearly 1.5 million people worldwide suffer from chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), characterized by the genetic translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11.2), involving the fusion of the Abelson oncogene (ABL1) with the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) gene. Early onset diagnosis coupled to current therapeutics allow for a treatment success rate of 90, which has focused research on the development of novel diagnostics approaches. In this review, we present a critical perspective on current strategies for CML diagnostics, comparing to gold standard methodologies and with an eye on the future trends on nanotheranostics.

Colorimetric assessment of BCR-ABL1 transcripts in clinical samples via gold nanoprobes

Gold nanoparticles functionalized with thiolated oligonucleotides (Au-nanoprobes) have been used in a range of applications for the detection of bioanalytes of interest, from ions to proteins and DNA targets. These detection strategies are based on the unique optical properties of gold nanoparticles, in particular, the intense color that is subject to modulation by modification of the medium dieletric. Au-nanoprobes have been applied for the detection and characterization of specific DNA sequences of interest, namely pathogens and disease biomarkers. Nevertheless, despite its relevance, only a few reports exist on the detection of RNA targets. Among these strategies, the colorimetric detection of DNA has been proven to work for several different targets in controlled samples but demonstration in real clinical bioanalysis has been elusive. Here, we used a colorimetric method based on Au-nanoprobes for the direct detection of the e14a2 BCR-ABL fusion transcript in myeloid leukemia patient samples without the need for retro-transcription. Au-nanoprobes directly assessed total RNA from 38 clinical samples, and results were validated against reverse transcription-nested polymerase chain reaction (RT-nested PCR) and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The colorimetric Au-nanoprobe assay is a simple yet reliable strategy to scrutinize myeloid leukemia patients at diagnosis and evaluate progression, with obvious advantages in terms of time and cost, particularly in low- to medium-income countries where molecular screening is not routinely feasible. Graphical abstract Gold nanoprobe for colorimetric detection of BCR-ABL1 fusion transcripts originating from the Philadelphia chromosome.

Natural course and biology of CML

Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder arising in the haemopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment. This disease is characterised by a reciprocal t(9;22) chromosomal translocation, resulting in the formation of the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome containing the BCR-ABL1 gene. As such, diagnosis and monitoring of disease involves detection of BCR-ABL1. It is the BCR-ABL1 protein, in particular its constitutively active tyrosine kinase activity, that forges the pathogenesis of CML. This aberrant kinase signalling activates downstream targets that reprogram the cell to cause uncontrolled proliferation and results in myeloid hyperplasia and 'indolent' symptoms of chronic phase (CP) CML. Without successful intervention, the disease will progress into blast crisis (BC), resembling an acute leukaemia. This advanced disease stage takes on an aggressive phenotype and is almost always fatal. The cell biology of CML is also centred on BCR-ABL1. The presence of BCR-ABL1 can explain virtually all the cellular features of the leukaemia (enhanced cell growth, inhibition of apoptosis, altered cell adhesion, growth factor independence, impaired genomic surveillance and differentiation). This article provides an overview of the clinical and cell biology of CML, and highlights key findings and unanswered questions essential for understanding this disease.

Incidence of BCR-ABL transcript variants in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: Their correlation with presenting features, risk scores and response to treatment with imatinib mesylate

Context:

The exact role of the different transcript variants of BCR-ABL in the pathogenesis of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and their impact on prognosis is yet to be definitely enumerated.

Aims:

In this study, we have tried to correlate the presenting features, risk scores and treatment response with the BCR-ABL variants detected in our patients.

Settings and Design:

A cross-sectional unicentric hospital-based study on 80 patients diagnosed to have CML by bone marrow cytogenetics and confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Materials and Methods:

RT-PCR for BCR-ABL was performed on consecutive patients with CML attending the CML clinic from January 2010 to December 2010. The medical charts of these patients were analyzed after a follow-up of 18 months in a retrospective manner.

Statistical Analysis:

Box plot and histogram was used to see the distribution of variables. t-test was performed to enumerate the difference between risk scores in two populations of patients carrying two different BCR-ABL transcript variants.

Results:

Nearly 56.25% of patients had b3a2 (e14a2) while 41.25% of patients showed b2a2 (e13a2) transcripts. The rest 2.5% (two patients) expressed the rare e19b2 variant. Patients with b2a2 presented with higher Sokal, Hasford and European Treatment and Outcomes Study score than their b3a2 counterpart. Different parameters such as the platelet count, leukocyte count, hemoglobin and splenomegaly showed a minor difference between the groups. More patients in the b2a2 group achieved complete hematologic response at 3 months, but it was not significant.

Conclusions:

Patients with b2a2 variant CML tend to present with higher risk score, but do not behave in a vastly different manner than their b3a2 counterparts.