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Wu F, Vierck KR, DeRouchey JM, O'Quinn TG, Tokach MD, Goodband RD, Dritz SS, Woodworth JC. A review of heavy weight market pigs: status of knowledge and future needs assessment. Transl Anim Sci 2017; 1:1-15. [PMID: 32704624 PMCID: PMC7235466 DOI: 10.2527/tas2016.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marketing weight is an important economic variable that impacts the productivity and profitability of finishing pig production. Marketing weight has been increasing worldwide over the past decades driven by the dilution of fixed production cost over more weight per pig and the improvement of genetic selection of lean-type pigs. This review was aimed to summarize current knowledge and assess the future research needs on producing finishing pigs with marketing weight greater than 130 kg. Based on a thorough literature review, increasing marketing weight affected overall pig growth; in particular, cumulative average daily gain (ADG) decreased by 4.0 g, average daily feed intake (ADFI) increased by 78.1 g, and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) decreased by 0.011 for every 10 kg increase of marketing weight. Increasing marketing weight by 10 kg increased carcass yield by 0.41% units, backfat by 1.8 mm, longissimus muscle (LM) area by 1.9 cm2, carcass length by 2.2 cm, and belly yield by 0.32% units, but decreased percentage of fat-free-lean by 0.78 units and decreased loin, shoulder, and ham yields by 0.13, 0.16, and 0.17% units, respectively. Studies that investigated the effects of marketing weight on pork quality observed decreased pH by 0.02 and 0.01 at 45 min and 24 h postmortem, respectively, and increased a* value by 0.28 per 10 kg marketing weight increase. Heavier market pigs had increased concentrations of saturated fatty acids and intramuscular fat. However, studies reported conflicting results for L* and b* values, drip loss, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and sensory properties of pigs in response to increasing marketing weight. A limited amount of research has been conducted to estimate nutrient requirements for pigs greater than 140 kg. Increased weight and size of heavy pigs can create challenges to farm and packer facilities and equipment. Discussions and recommendations are provided concerning the adjustments for floor and feeder space, barn design, ventilation, disease control, transportation, and carcass processing needed for increasing marketing weight. In conclusion, increasing marketing weight creates both opportunities and challenges to current finishing pig production, and future research is needed to provide nutritional and management guidelines and improve feed efficiency and meat quality of heavy weight market pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - K R Vierck
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - T G O'Quinn
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - M D Tokach
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - R D Goodband
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - S S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - J C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
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Galassi G, Malagutti L, Rapetti L, Crovetto GM, Zanfi C, Capraro D, Spanghero M. Digestibility, metabolic utilisation and effects on growth and slaughter traits of diets containing whole plant maize silage in heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2016.1269299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Galassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Malagutti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Rapetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Zanfi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Diego Capraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Mauro Spanghero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
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Magistrelli D, Galassi G, Matteo Crovetto G, Rosi F. Influence of high levels of beet pulp in the diet on endocrine/metabolic traits, slaughter dressing percentage, and ham quality in Italian heavy pigs. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2009.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Galassi G, Malagutti L, Matteo Crovetto G. Growth and slaughter performance, nitrogen balance and ammonia emission from slurry in pigs fed high fibre diets. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2007.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abeni F, Petrera F, Dal Prà A, Rapetti L, Malagutti L, Galassi G. Blood parameters in fattening pigs fed whole-ear corn silage and housed in group pens or in metabolic cages1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3901-8. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Huang YL, Tsai YH, Chow CJ. Water-insoluble fiber-rich fraction from pineapple peel improves intestinal function in hamsters: evidence from cecal and fecal indicators. Nutr Res 2014; 34:346-54. [PMID: 24774071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pineapple peel, a byproduct of agricultural processing, contains high levels of water-insoluble fiber-rich fraction (WIFF) (~42%, wt/wt). Our previous work has demonstrated that cellulose, hemicellulose (xylan and xyloglucan), and pectic substances are the major polysaccharides of pineapple-peel WIFF. Based on its chemical composition and unique characteristics, we hypothesized that daily consumption of WIFF would improve intestinal function in hamsters. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a diet supplemented with either 5% cellulose or various amounts of WIFF (2.5%, 5%, or 10%). Activities of fecal bacterial enzymes, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, and microbial number in the cecal content, and also biochemical indicators in the cecal and feces of hamsters, were evaluated in all groups. The supplementation of WIFF in a diet at a level of 2.5% significantly (P < .05) decreased the daily fecal ammonia output; shortened the gastrointestinal transit time; reduced the activities of β-D-glucosidase, β-D-glucuronidase, mucinase, and urease in feces; and also enhanced the total amounts of short-chain fatty acid in the cecal content and the growth of gut microflora such as Lactobacillus spp and Bifidobacterium spp. These results indicate that WIFF could improve cecal ecosystem function of hamsters by reducing the toxic compounds excreted by intestinal microflora. Therefore, pineapple-peel WIFF could be a promising candidate for a functional ingredient beneficial to human intestinal function and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ling Huang
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan.
| | - Yung-Hsiang Tsai
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Jen Chow
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, 142, Hai-Chuan Road, Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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Zanfi C, Colombini S, Mason F, Galassi G, Rapetti L, Malagutti L, Crovetto GM, Spanghero M. Digestibility and metabolic utilization of diets containing whole-ear corn silage and their effects on growth and slaughter traits of heavy pigs. J Anim Sci 2013; 92:211-9. [PMID: 24243899 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to evaluate 2 levels of dietary inclusion of chopped whole-ear corn silage (WECS) on energy and nutrient utilization, growth, and slaughter performances of heavy pigs. Two in vivo experiments were conducted to determine digestibility and metabolic utilization of WECS using 18 barrows weighing 118 ± 8 kg BW on average, metabolic cages and respiration chambers (Exp. 1), and the effect of WECS on the growth performance and carcass traits on 42 barrows from 90 to 170 kg BW (Exp. 2). In both experiments, pigs were fed 3 experimental diets: a control diet (CON) containing cereal meals, extracted soybean meal, and wheat bran (80%, 9%, and 8% of DM, respectively) and 2 diets containing 15% (15WECS) or 30% WECS (30WECS) on a DM basis in place of wheat bran and corn meal. The diets were prepared daily by mixing the WECS to a suitable compound feed. Feed intake was always restricted to allow a daily DMI of 7.2% BW(0.75) in Exp. 1 and from 8.0% to 6.5% BW(0.75) in Exp. 2. Diets had similar NDF contents (15.2% to 15.8% of DM), and WECS inclusion resulted in a slight reduction in CP content (from 14.0% to 13.6% of DM) and a considerable decrease in P content (from 0.47% to 0.30% of DM). Digestibility of OM, CP, and fat was similar among diets, whereas P digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) for the 30WECS diet (33.5%) in comparison with the CON and 15WECS diets (45.5% and 44.1%, respectively). Nitrogen lost in feces and urine and N retained were not different among diets, whereas P retained decreased with the increase of WECS (5.4, 3.7, and 2.2 g/d for the CON, 15WECS, and 30WECS diets, respectively; P < 0.05). No difference among diets was observed for energy balance. The WECS contained 13.48 MJ ME and 9.39 MJ NE/kg DM. In Exp. 2, feed intake was not depressed by WECS inclusion, and the ADG for the whole experiment was not different among dietary treatments (from 737 to 774 g/d). Fecal pH was lower (P < 0.05) for the WECS diets than the control diet (7.10 and 7.00 vs. 7.40) and for the sampling at 150 kg BW than that at 130 and 110 kg BW (6.96 vs. 7.29 and 7.24). At slaughter, lean percentage in the carcass was lower in the 30WECS diet than those of the other 2 diets (46.8% vs. 48.3% and 48.6%, P = 0.05). The overall experimental data obtained in both trials indicate that substitution of wheat bran and corn meal for WECS (up to 30% of DM) does not affect, with the exception of P utilization and carcass leanness, energy and nutrient utilization and performance of heavy pigs in the last phase of growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zanfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy
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Galassi G, Colombini S, Malagutti L, Crovetto G, Rapetti L. Effects of high fibre and low protein diets on performance, digestibility, nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission in the heavy pig. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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